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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Concentration and molecular weight distribution of hyaluronate in synovial fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with diseased joints.

High molecular weight (MW) hyaluronate (HA) is an integral part of synovial fluid (SF), regulating many important physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Many of its effects depend on, or are reflected in, the concentration and MW of HA. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assess simultaneously the concentration and MW of HA in SF obtained from horses with various arthritides: acute traumatic arthritis; chronic traumatic arthritis, including degenerative joint disease (DJD); and infectious arthritis. The size-exclusion column was calibrated, using appropriate HA concentration and MW standards, before the high-performance liquid chromatographic assays of the SF samples. Calibration of the column disclosed that the maximal limit for MW estimation of HA was around 3 million. In control joints, MW of HA ranged from 2 to 3 x 10(6) (mean 2.5 x 10(6)) and did not differ significantly from MW of HA in SF from horses with acute or chronic traumatic arthritis (mean 2 x 10(6); range 1.5 to 3 x 10(6)). Interestingly, a small amount of HA of moderately high MW (approx 1 to 1.5 x 10(6)) was detected in chromatograms of SF from infected joints. This degree of polymerization of SF HA was significantly (P < 0.01) lower, compared with that for control joints. There was no difference in mean (+/- SD) concentration of HA between control joints and joints with acute or chronic traumatic arthritis (0.33 +/- 0.12 g/L vs 0.18 +/- 0.03 g/L or 0.23 +/- 0.12 g/L), indicating that SF HA concentration probably should not be used as a diagnostic marker for the condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Isolation and properties of prophospholipase A2 and phospholipase A2 from horse pancreas and horse pancreatic juice.

Two phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) with different isoelectric points have been isolated from horse pancreas in high yield (880 mg/kg tissue). From pancreatic juice the more acidic species was isolated as the sole phospholipase A2. Upon tryptic activation the zymogens release a hepta- and pentapeptide, respectively from the N-terminal part of the protein giving rise to the formation of one single enzyme with a specific activity higher than that of pancreatic phospholipases A2 from other mammalian species. Horse phospholipase A2 differs from the porcine and bovine enzymes with respect to amino acid composition and kinetic properties. The sequence of the first 41 amino acid residues at the N-terminus has been determined by automatic Edman degradation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

The effect of horse placental tissue extracts and equine chorionic gonadotrophin on the proliferation of horse lymphocytes stimulated in vitro.

Commercial preparations of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and extracts of horse placenta taken at 80 days gestation were incorporated into mixed lymphocyte culture and mitogen stimulation assays of horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A dose-related inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, indicative of immunosuppressive activity, was observed in both systems, both with commercial eCG preparations and tissue extracts. Negligible inhibitory activity was observed with an extract of term placenta. The inhibitory activity of the placental samples was not related to their eCG content as measured by immunoassay. The fact that one pregnant horn allantochorion extract containing 50 IU/ml of eCG showed an identical dose-dependent lymphoproliferation-inhibitory activity to an extract of a second such allantochorion containing only 1.7 IU/ml of eCG suggests that this hormone does not inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and that commercially available eCG contains inhibitory contaminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Thiophilic adsorption chromatography: purification of Equ c2 and Equ c3, two horse allergens from horse sweat.

Purification of two allergens from horse (Equus caballus) sweat, Equ c2 and Equ c3, by means of salt-promoted chromatography on a "thiophilic" (T-gel) adsorbent is described. Immobilization of these proteins was found to be dependent on the presence of water-structure-forming salts where the ammonium sulphate concentration in the equilibration buffer was 2 M. Equ c2 showed higher affinity towards the thiophilic matrix than Equ c3. Their molecular mass (Mr) values established by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were for Equ c2 approximately 17,000 and for Equ c3 approximately 16,000, and both proteins showed a low isoelectric point of approximately 3.8. Their allergenic properties were also investigated using sera from horse-sensitized patients, where it was demonstrated that these proteins exhibited an IgE antibody binding capacity. In this report we show the broad potential applications of thiophilic adsorption chromatography for the efficient purification of allergens.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1998

The identification of abnormal behaviour and behavioural problems in stabled horses and their relationship to horse welfare: a comparative review.

Many behaviours in domestic animals, such as the 'stable vices' of horses, are treated because they are considered undesirable for economic or cultural reasons, and not because the activity affects the horse's quality of life. The impact of a behaviour on the human reporter is not a function of its impact on the animal performer, and an understanding of the causes and effects of the particular activity is necessary to assess the costs and benefits of treatment. Where the behaviour is a sign of poor welfare, such as an inadequate environment, treatment can best be achieved by removing these underlying causal factors. Pharmacological or physical prevention of a behaviour can be justified only if the behaviour causes harm to the performer or to others. In these cases, prevention of the behaviour without addressing its causes is no cure and may result in its perseverance in a modified form or the disruption of the animal's ability to adapt to its environment. Where the behavioural 'problem' causes no harm and is not related to poor housing, then the education of the reporter, rather than treatment of the performer, may be the best solution.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1973

Horse-play: survey of accidents with horses.

Horse-riding is increasing in popularity. During 1971 and 1972 154 patients had horse-related injuries of sufficient severity to warrant admission to the Radcliffe Infirmary. The injuries sustained are more common and more severe than generally appreciated and are comparable to those sustained by motor-cyclists. Supervision of children is often insufficient and protective leg and head gear is commonly quite inadequate, even when worn.

Accidents↗
PubMed1997

Expression of horse and donkey LH in COS-7 cells: evidence for low FSH activity in donkey LH compared with horse LH.

Horse (Equus caballus) luteinizing hormone (eLH) and chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), which have the same amino acid sequence, are unusual in that, although they express only LH activity in equids, they express dual LH and FSH activities in all other species tested. Donkey (Equus asinus) LH (dkLH) and CG (dkCG), which also share an identical peptide backbone, have been less well characterized and conflicting results concerning their FSH activity in heterologous species have appeared in the literature. In order to assess and compare the intrinsic LH and FSH activities of the horse and donkey LHs in heterologous species, recombinant eLH (r.eLH/CG) and recombinant dkLH (r.dkLH/CG) were expressed, for the first time, in COS-7 cells. Their LH activities were assessed in a rat Leydig cell bioassay, and their FSH activities were estimated in a bioassay using Y1 cells stably expressing the human FSH receptor. Human CG (hCG) was expressed (r.hCG) and analysed in the same system. The results showed that, whereas r.dkLH/CG was about twice as active as r.eLH/CG in the LH bioassay, it was five times less active than r.eLH/CG in the FSH bioassay; r.hCG was about three times less active than r.eLH/CG in the LH bioassay but was completely inactive in the FSH bioassay. These results confirm that dkLH/CG possesses significant FSH activity in heterologous species that is not attributable to contamination with FSH.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The specific blocks of heterochromatin on metaphase chromosomes of horse and Prjewalski horse detected by in situ digestion with restriction endonucleases].

Restriction endonuclease in situ digestion of metaphase chromosomes gives an opportunity to reveal strips with different structure within GC-rich pericentric heterochromatin of the domestic horse and the wild Przewalski horse. Blocks of heterochromatin, which are insensitive to HaeIII and brightly stained with chromomycin A3 after restriction enzyme digestion, are localized on the border with euchromatin in the majority of chromosomes of Equus caballus and E. przewalskii. In contrast to chromosome 5 of E. caballus, acrocentric chromosomes of E. prezewalskii which are homologous to this chromosome have RE-CMA-blocks. We discuss a possible nature of the specific heterochromatin, which is insensitive to restriction enzyme digestion, and its role in the karyotype evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

["Horses no longer have wings". The chapter on the anatomy of a horse from a hippology manuscript by Nakula].

The first part of this paper gives a short historical survey of veterinary medicine in India starting from vedic times. The knowledge about hippiatry was highly valued since horses played an important role in warfare. The review of authors and publications on Indian hippiatry and hippology is followed by a synopsis on these traditions in Europe. The second part of this article includes further references and research on the Aśvaśăstra of Nakula and a translation of chapter 4 describing the anatomy of the horse.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Anesthesia of horses with xylazine and ketamine. 2. Anesthesia in adult horses].

Xylazine and Ketamine were used for anaesthesia in 250 adult horses. This combination is useful both for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. The induction with Xylazine and Ketamine has been successful not only with foals but also with high risk patients such as horses with colic. During the maintenance of anaesthesia Xylazine/Ketamine can be used with injectable anaesthetics as well as with volatile anaesthetics at the same time. A form of injection anaesthesia for short-time surgical procedures like castration and wound repair is presented. The maintenance of a Thiobarbiturate/Guaifenesin anaesthesia with Xylazine/Ketamine seems to be suitable for field conditions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Urinary production in the healthy horse and in horses deprived of feed and water.

Total daily 24-hour urinary output was obtained from 11 healthy horses fed alfalfa hay with free access to salt during periods of high environmental temperatures. Daily urinary volume averaged 15.6 L, with mean specific gravity of 1.028, osmolality of 1,040 mOsm/kg, and urinary flow rate of 1.24 ml/kg/hr. Total 24-hour sample collections of urine were also obtained from horses held without access to feed or water for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours during high environmental temperatures. Average urine production under these conditions was 6.3 L during the 1st day; 3.2 L, the 2nd day; and 3.0 L, the 3rd day. Although total daily urinary electrolyte excretion decreased during these periods, urinary electrolyte concentrations of the major ions often remained unchanged, or in the case of sodium, actually increased. There was a highly significant correlation between the urinary excretion of the principal cations, sodium and potassium, and the principal anion, chloride. The urinary excretion of water and electrolytes appeared to remain stable after 48 hours of feed and water deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Western immunoblotting as a method for the detection of African horse sickness virus protein-specific antibodies: differentiation between infected and vaccinated horses.

A Western immunoblotting procedure has been developed for the detection of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) protein-specific antibody responses. This assay readily identifies antibodies specific for at least 4 distinct, AHSV proteins, including VP5, NS1, NS2 and NS3/NS3a. By using the AHSV non-structural proteins as 'markers', the Western blotting procedure could be employed to provide a reliable means of discriminating between animals vaccinated with a purified, inactivated AHSV vaccine and those either naturally infected or vaccinated with a live, attenuated AHSV vaccine.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1991

Antibodies in horses, mules and donkeys following monovalent vaccination against African horse sickness.

A total of 256 sera collected from three species of domesticated equidae in four different Spanish provinces were examined 1-4 months after the administration of attenuated monovalent African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotype 4 vaccine. Approximately 10% of the sera were negative by ELISA, virus neutralization, agar gel immuno-diffusion and complement fixation tests. Similar negative reactions were recorded with sera from two ponies after experimental primary vaccination. The rapid rise in antibodies in sera from these two ponies, after a second dose of vaccine, suggested they would probably have been immune to challenge. It is therefore suggested that the apparent absence of antibodies against AHSV in some animals after primary vaccination may not necessarily indicate a total lack of protection.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1991

Mechanism of NADPH oxidation catalyzed by horse-radish peroxidase and 2,4-diacetyl-[2H]heme-substituted horse-radish peroxidase.

The mechanism of NADPH oxidation catalyzed by horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) and 2,4-diacetyl-[2H]heme-substituted horse-radish peroxidase (DHRP) was studied. The roles of the different H2O2/peroxidase compounds were examined by spectral studies. The oxidized NADPH species were identified using the superoxide dismutase effect and by measuring the stoichiometry between NADPH oxidized and H2O2 used. In the presence of a mediating molecule, like scopoletin, both enzymes acted via a similar mechanism, producing only NADP degrees, which in turn reacted with O2 producing O2-. Consequently H2O2 was completely regenerated in the presence of superoxide dismutase and partially regenerated in its absence. In the absence of a mediating molecule, the H2O2 complex of both enzymes (compound I) catalysed NADPH oxidation by single-electron transfer, producing NADP degrees; compound II of these enzymes catalyzed NADPH oxidation more slowly by a direct two-electron transfer, producing NADPH+. There were difference between HRP and DHRP. HRP compound II was produced by the oxidation of 1 mol NADPH/mole compound I, while DHRP compound II was formed by the spontaneous conversion of compound I to compound II. The NADPH oxidation catalyzed by DHRP compound I did not lead to the formation of compound II. When H2O2 was produced slowly by the glucose/glucose-oxidase system, compound II was never formed and a pure O2- adduct of DHRP (compound III) accumulated.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1987

Ecology of Rhodococcus equi in horses and their environment on horse-breeding farms.

Quantitative culture of R. equi in the feces of dams and foals, in the air of the stalls and in the soil of the paddocks was carried out on three horse-breeding farms during the foaling season. The isolation rates of R. equi from the feces of dams from the 3 farms suddenly increased to approximately 80% at the end of March, when the snow in the paddocks finished melting, and remained at that level during April and May. The mean number of R. equi and the isolation rate of R. equi from the feces of dams on the farms were investigated for 5 weeks before and 5 weeks after delivery. During the 10 weeks, there were no differences in the isolation rate or in the mean number of R. equi from the feces of dams. R. equi was first isolated from the feces of the foals born in February and the middle of March at 3-4 weeks of age, on the other hand, it was first isolated from the feces of foals born in the end of March and April at 1-2 weeks of age. The number of R. equi in the soil collected from the paddocks used by dams during the winter was approximately 10(2)-10(4) g-1 of soil during the experiment. R. equi was isolated from the air in the stalls at the end of March and the number of R. equi in the air increased particularly on dry and windy days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Actinomycetales Infections↗