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PubMed2002

Identification of chemosensory sensilla activating antennular grooming behavior in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus.

Crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters clean or 'groom' their olfactory organ, the antennule, by wiping it through a pair of mouthpart appendages, the third maxillipeds. In the lobster, only a few chemicals found in prey extracts, especially glutamate, elicit grooming. Chemosensory input driving grooming is likely to be mediated via sensilla located on antennules and third maxillipeds. Chemosensory antennular sensilla are innervated by neurons with central projections either to the glomerular olfactory lobe (aesthetasc sensilla) or to non-glomerular antennular neuropils (nonaesthetasc sensilla). By selectively ablating the chemosensory sensilla on the antennules and the third maxillipeds we have determined that the aesthetascs are necessary and sufficient to drive grooming behavior. Chemosensory activation of antennular grooming behavior likely follows a 'labeled-line' model in that aesthetasc neurons tuned to glutamate provide adequate input via the olfactory lobe to motor centers in the brain controlling antennular movements.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Redistribution of cardiac output during grooming of the rat.

Changes in blood flow in the carotid, superior mesenteric, or renal artery or terminal aorta during grooming were measured in the conscious rat with a chronically implanted electromagnetic flow probe. Arterial pressure was measured simultaneously with an indwelling catheter. During grooming, carotid flow almost doubled and arterial pressure rose slightly, while hindquarter (terminal aortic) flow decreased by an average of about 20%. Superior mesenteric flow decreased occasionally and renal flow remained almost unchanged. Heart rate increased by an average of about 10%. An increase in carotid flow during grooming was similarly observed after cervical sympathectomy. After ganglion blockade with hexamethonium, grooming did not decrease hindquarter flow any more. These findings suggest that during grooming a substantial amount of blood flow is switched from the hindquarters to the carotid areas, to achieve a redistribution of cardiac output largely by excitation of the respective regional sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers and that sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers supplying different vascular areas are controlled by separate pathways from separate neuron groups.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of antidepressant drugs and different receptor antagonists on the grooming induced by the dopamine D-1 agonist SKF 38393.

The effect of four antidepressant drugs: imipramine (IMI), amitriptyline (AMI), citalopram (CIT) and mianserin (MIA), as well as various receptor antagonists: prazosin (alpha 1), yohimbine (alpha 2), ritanserin (5-HT2), atropine (Ach), chlorpyramine (H1) and SCH 23,390 (D-1) on grooming potentiated by the selective D-1 receptor agonist SKF 38,393, as well as on spontaneous grooming was studied. Antidepressant drugs inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the SKF-38,393-induced grooming, as well as spontaneous grooming in rats and mice. A similar, dose-dependent inhibitory effect was shown by all the compounds mentioned above, which block various receptors. The results indicate that the inhibitory effect of antidepressants on the SKF 38,393-induced grooming is not specific.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Classification of opioids on the basis of their ability to antagonize bombesin-induced grooming in rats.

Bombesin (0.001-0.125 microgram) elicits dose-related excessive grooming when administered i.c.v. to rats. In contrast to the grooming produced by various other endogenous and exogenous agents, bombesin-induced grooming is not markedly affected by behaviorally non-depressant doses (determined by a novel method) of morphine (3 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.). The benzomorphan, ethylketocyclazocine (0.25-0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), does attenuate bombesin-induced grooming in a dose-related and stereospecific manner. In this study, we have classified 27 opioids on the basis of their ability to antagonize bombesin-induced grooming. The results of the classification indicate that a benzomorphan nucleus is required for activity in this test. Our test provides evidence that postulated benzomorphan binding sites are functionally active as pharmacologic receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Consistent improvement in sphincterotome orientation with manual grooming.

BACKGROUND: During ampullary cannulation with standard sphincterotomes, wire orientation is frequently to the right of 0 and can not always be rotated to the 12 o'clock ideal. It is not known if the presence of a wire guide alters a sphincterotome's orientation or if grooming in a standardized manner improves the orientation in the majority of cases. METHODS: The intra-ampullary range of orientation of a double channel sphincterotome was prospectively evaluated before and after catheter grooming in 25 patients undergoing ERCP. The range of orientation was also measured with and without an indwelling biliary wire guide in 14 cases. RESULTS: The maximal right orientation of the untrained sphincterotomes was 35 +/- 16 degrees; with a wire guide it was 33 +/- 22 degrees. Maximal left orientation was 17 +/- 16 degrees, wire guided it remained 19 +/- 14 degrees. Manual grooming shifted the mean maximal left orientation of the sphincterotomes to -37 +/- 28 degrees (p < 0.0001), permitting 80% of groomed sphincterotomes to achieve a 0 (12 o'clock) orientation and 100% to orient 10 degrees or less from zero. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the wire guide did not alter the orientation of the sphincterotome. Because manual grooming reliably improved the orientation of double-channel sphincterotomes, it should be routinely performed before their use.

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde↗
PubMed2001

Weeding and grooming of pathogens in agriculture by ants.

The ancient mutualism between fungus-growing ants and the fungi they cultivate for food is a textbook example of symbiosis. Fungus-growing ants' ability to cultivate fungi depends on protection of the garden from the aggressive microbes associated with the substrate added to the garden as well as from the specialized virulent garden parasite Escovopsis. We examined ants' ability to remove alien microbes physically by infecting Atta colombica gardens with the generalist pathogen Trichoderma viride and the specialist pathogen Escovopsis. The ants sanitized the garden using two main behaviours: grooming of alien spores from the garden (fungus grooming) and removal of infected garden substrate (weeding). Unlike previously described hygienic behaviours (e.g. licking and self-grooming), fungus-grooming and garden-removal behaviours are specific responses to the presence of fungal pathogens. In the presence of pathogens, they are the primary activities performed by workers, but they are uncommon in uninfected gardens. In fact, workers rapidly eliminate Trichoderma from their gardens by fungus grooming and weeding, suggesting that these behaviours are the primary method of garden defence against generalist pathogens. The same sanitary behaviours were performed in response to the presence of the specialist pathogen Escovopsis. However, the intensity and duration of these behaviours were much greater in this treatment. Despite the increased effort, the ants were unable to eliminate Escovopsis from their gardens, suggesting that this specialized pathogen has evolved counter-adaptations in order to overcome the sanitary defences of the ants.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Training chronic mental patients to independently practice personal grooming skills.

Schizophrenic patients typically have poor grooming and self-care skills, which hinder their social relationships and their chances of successful adaptation in the community. A practical and inexpensive program for teaching grooming skills to hospitalized chronic mental patients has been developed in a California state hospital. Patients are also taught to evaluate their grooming behavior and to carry out grooming activities independently. Grooming deficits and improvements are rated on an 11-category performance checklist. Two small-scale pilot studies showed that the program is efficacious and that nursing staff can effectively apply the procedures; in another study, the program was implemented on a large psychiatric unit with minimal staffing and resources.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques.

Grooming behavior of which the primary function appears to be the removal of lice on other (Tanaka and Takefushi [1993] Anthropological Science 101:187-193) was studied in Japanese maceques at Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan, June 1990-July 1993. Several louse egg-handling techniques used during grooming were identified (with differences in efficiency) in a free-ranging group. In the low-ranking maternal lineages, the distribution of these techniques is quite homogeneous, suggesting social transmission with goal emulation (one form of social learning) based on maternal kin. However, there is considerable variation in the high-ranking matriline. The social system of dominance--the tendency of subordinates to groom more often than to be groomed--may result in oblique transmission of more effective techniques from low-ranking monkeys to some offspring of high-ranking females.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cortex, striatum and cerebellum: control of serial order in a grooming sequence.

Rats emit grooming actions in sequences that follow characteristic patterns of serial order. One of these patterns, a syntactic chain, has a particularly stereotyped order that recurs spontaneously during grooming thousands of times more often than could occur by chance. Previous studies have shown that performance of this sequence is impaired by excitotoxin lesions of the corpus striatum. In this study we examined whether the striatum is unique in its importance to this behavioral sequence or whether control of the sequence instead depends equally upon the cortex and cerebellum. In two experiments, a fine-grained behavioral analysis compared the effects of striatal ablation to the effects of motor cortex ablation, ablation of the entire neocortex, or ablation of the cerebellum. Cortical and cerebellar aspiration produced mere temporary deficits in grooming sequences, which appeared to reflect a general factor that was nonsequential in nature. Only striatal damage produced a permanent sequential deficit in the coordination of this syntactic grooming chain. We conclude that the striatum has a unique role in the control of behavioral serial order. This striatal role may be related to a number of sequential disorders observed in human diseases involving the striatum.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Evidence for a noradrenergic mechanism in the grooming produced by (+)-amphetamine and 4, alpha-dimethyl-m-tyramine (H 77/77) in rats.

Rats were kept on a 12-h light-dark cycle. One hour after the light was switched on, physiological saline, (+)-amphetamine 1 mg/kg, and H 77/77 5 mg/kg were injected s.c.; the number of groomings was counted 1-2 h after the treatments. (+)-Amphetamine and H 77/77 produced increased grooming which was antagonized by the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor H 44/68 (250 mg/kg), the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA 63 (40), the neuroleptics haloperidol (0.1 and 0.5), and clozapine (1 and 5). The (+)-amphetamine-induced grooming was also antagonized by the NA-receptor blocker aceperone (10) but not by the sedative phenothiazines mepazine (10) and diphenhydramine (20) nor diazepam (1). These results indicate that NA-release is involved in the mediation of (+)-amphetamine- and H 77/77-induced grooming. The inhibition of haloperidol and clozapine is presumably due to NA-receptor blockade.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1993

Neurological dysfunction expressed in the grooming behavior of developing weaver mutant mice.

The present study provides the first quantitative developmental analysis of movement in the weaver (wv/wv) mutant mouse. This autosomal recessive mutation affects both striatal and cerebellar circuitries that are related to motor performance. We report data on post-swim grooming behavior in 14 mutant and 14 control animals on alternate postnatal Days 13-20. Mutant animals showed a greater number, but shorter duration, of grooming bouts across this developmental period. The mutant animals also used external support during grooming, expressed various forms of ataxia, performed a higher proportion of smaller forelimb strokes than did the control animals, and failed to complete as many full stereotypic grooming sequences. These differences between mutant and control animals followed distinctive developmental courses. Our data demonstrate that previous anatomical and physiological characterizations of the weaver mutation have overt motor correlates.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Effect of stimulation of subthalamic nucleus on grooming movements and their rhythmicity in pups and mature rats.

The effect of rhythmic stimulation of subthalamic nucleus on grooming movements and their rhythmicity was studied on mature rats and on 13- and 14-day rat pups. Unilateral monopolar stimulation of subthalamic nucleus was performed on unrestrained animals via implanted electrodes. This stimulation activated virtually all grooming movements (scratching, hair-plucking, licking, and body-shaking); the effect was most pronounced in pups. Acceleration of the rhythm of grooming movements was observed only in rat pups for hair-plucking and scratching on the contralateral side relatively to the stimulated nucleus. In mature rats stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus prolonged grooming movements in most cases, but did not increase their number and rhythm.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Synchronism of pressor response and grooming behavior in freely moving, conscious rats following intracerebroventricular administration of ACTH/MSH-like peptides.

After the i.c.v. administration of 300 pmol ACTH-(1-24) or [Nle4,D-Phe7]alpha-MSH, a long-lasting increase in blood pressure was observed synchronously with the incidence of excessive grooming. Two structurally related peptides with no grooming behavior-inducing potency, ACTH-(7-16)-NH2 and gamma 2-MSH, in doses of 300 and 500 pmol, respectively, caused a slight and short-lasting increase in blood pressure or had no effect, respectively. When the grooming behavior-inducing effect of ACTH-(1-24) was abolished, either by the prior manipulation of central dopaminergic neurotransmission by the i.c.v. administration of the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, or, due to the occurrence of single-dose tolerance to ACTH-(1-24), the pressor response was abolished as well. These data are in support of the postulate that the incidence of grooming behavior and the elevation of blood pressure are temporally associated and indicate that the two phenomena are causally related.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1994

Differential ability of tachykinin NK-1 and NK-2 agonists to produce scratching and grooming behaviours in mice.

Potent and selective NK-1 and NK-2 agonists as well as compounds with lower selectivity and affinity for NK-1 binding sites were compared in their ability to produce scratching and grooming behaviours when injected intracerebroventricularly in mice. Septide, an agonist with a low affinity for NK-1 binding sites, [Sar9, Met(O2)11]SP and to a lesser extent [Pro9]SP, two potent and selective NK-1 agonists were the most effective drugs in stimulating these behaviours. Only high doses of [Apa9,10]SP and [Lys5, Tyr7, Pro8]NKA(4-10), two agonists with low affinity for NK-1 binding sites, produced scratching and grooming responses. Similarly, only high doses of [Lys5, MeLeu9, NLe10]NKA(4-10), a potent NK-2 agonist, produced grooming behaviour. When coinjected with the endopeptidase enzyme inhibitor phosphoramidon, the effects of [Apa9,10]SP, [Lys5, Tyr7, Pro8]NKA(4-10) and [Pro9]SP were markedly enhanced. Analyses of the potency of the different agents to displace 3H-SP binding in mouse subcortical structures revealed that the affinities of the agonists for NK-1 receptors are similar to those previously reported in rat brain. The efficacy of the agonists at producing behavioural responses was not equivalent to their potency to bind to central NK-1 receptors. These findings therefore suggest that a stimulation of NK-1 but also non classical NK-1 receptors are involved in the induction of scratching and grooming behaviours.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pharmacological characterization of grooming induced by a selective NK-1 tachykinin receptor agonist.

Bilateral intranigral administration of the selective NK-1 tachykinin receptor agonist [AcArg6, Sar9, Met(O2)11]SP6-11 (0-1 nmol total bilateral dose) selectively induced grooming in rats. This response was blocked by concurrent intranigral administration of the NK-1 tachykinin receptor antagonist RP 67580 (2 nmol), but not by NK-2 (L-659,877) or NK-3 ([Trp7, beta-Ala8]NKA4-10) antagonists. Pretreatment with systemic opioid (naloxone 1.5 mg/kg) and D1 dopamine (SCH 23390 100 micrograms/kg) receptor antagonists also attenuated tachykinin-induced grooming, which was unaffected by D2 dopamine (sulpiride 30 mg/kg) or 5-HT2A+C (ritanserin 2 mg/kg) antagonists. Grooming induced by intranigral [AcArg6, Sar9, Met(O2)11]SP6-11 was also attenuated by bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. These findings indicate that grooming induced by intranigral tachykinins reflects activation of NK-1 receptors and is dependent upon endogenous dopamine and consequent selective stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Modulation of ACTH-induced grooming by [Des-Tyr1]-gamma-endorphin and haloperidol.

Intraventricular administration of ACTH1-24 into the rat induced excessive grooming behavior. This response could be blocked by local administration of of neuroleptics into either the nucleus accumbens or the neostriatum. Local administration of [Des-Tyr1]-gamma-endorphine (LPH62-77) but not alpha-endorphin (LPH61-76) in either the nucleus accumbens or the neostriatum mimicked the effect of the neuroleptics. A second intraventricular injection of ACTH1-24 4 h after the first did not cause excessive grooming suggesting the development of acute tolerance. Both haloperidol and DT-gamma-E reduced the development of acute tolerance to ACTH-induced grooming. It is suggested the DT-gamma-E modulates the dopaminergic activity underlying the display of ACTH-induced excessive grooming.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1996

Theophylline-induced grooming: possible indirect dopaminergic mechanism.

The ability of theophylline, an adenosine antagonist and phosphodiesterase inhibitor, to induce grooming was studied in rats. Grooming was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of different doses (6-25 mg/kg) of theophylline to rats. The effect was dose-dependent. However, the response was decreased with increasing doses of the drug from 25-75 mg/kg. Administration of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 (1-phenyl-7,8-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride; 16 mg/kg i.p.) also caused grooming in a dose-dependent manner. The response induced by SKF 38393 (1-4 mg/kg i.p.) was decreased by the high doses of theophylline (50 and 75 mg/kg i.p.). The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (R-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1 H-benzazepine-7-ol maleate) decreased the theophylline and SKF 38393 response. Pretreatment of animals with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg i.p., 24 h) reduced the effect of theophylline (12.5 and 25 mg/kg i.p.) but not that of SKF 38393 (1 and 4 mg/kg i.p.). It is concluded that theophylline elicits grooming through an indirect D1 dopaminergic mechanism.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1985

Grooming behavior induced by ACTH involves cerebral cholinergic neurons and muscarinic receptors.

The grooming behavior induced by intracerebroventricular administration of ACTH was specifically antagonized by the muscarinic receptor antagonists, atropine and scopolamine. The antagonism occurred in a dose-dependent manner with an ED50 of 0.2 mg/kg (i.p.) for atropine, and 0.03 mg/kg (i.p.) for scopolamine. Neither methylscopolamine nor methylatropine, injected intraperitoneally affected grooming induced by ACTH (except for a small inhibition at the largest dose of methylscopolamine), but pronounced inhibition occurred when these drugs were administered intracerebroventricularly. The grooming induced by ACTH was also inhibited by prior intracerebroventricular administration of hemicholinium-3, a cholinergic antagonist that acts presynaptically by inhibiting the uptake of choline and hence, the synthesis of acetylcholine. These data suggest a role for cholinergic neurons and muscarinic receptors in the CNS in grooming behavior induced by ACTH.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗