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Application of graph theory to morphological analysis of cells described by n parameters is presented. The analysis takes advantage of the possibility of describing structures in a multi-dimensional space. The method may be useful in determining similarity or differences between studied structures.
Specific criteria are given for several methods of determining the basal body temperature shift. The specific criteria selected have been coded for a uniform interpretation by computer, and interpretations have been compared for 8496 charts. Our results indicate that the method that defines the temperature shift as 0.3 degrees F or more above the running low average for at least 3 consecutive days provides the best concurrent chart interpretation method. A method that creates a smoothed curve that transects the average of all temperatures on a completed graph provides a good retrospective method for identifying the temperature shift. Both the temperature averaging technique and curve smoothing technique identified a temperature shift in more than 95% of the charts with complete temperature readings.
Problems in child-rearing can be quickly analyzed and solutions recommended by using a graph to spot key problem areas. The strictness or permissiveness of each parent is plotted on the horizontal axis, and stress is plotted on the vertical axis. Patterns are readily identified by noting the basic positions of the parents and their subsequent shifts as stress increases.
Bilateral corneal endothelial photomicrographs of 90 cases, who underwent unilateral cataract extraction 5 years ago, were analyzed utilizing a specular microscopy and a graph pen digitizer. Data on surface areas of the corneal endothelium in each group of three different surgical procedures were compared mutually and with those of more recent cases. Mean cell areas in the cases of intracapsular lens extraction, planned extracapsular lens extraction and implantation of intracapsular lens extraction, planned extracapsular lens 604.5 +/- 210.6 micronm2 and 847.4 +/- 289.4 micronm2, respectively. In the IOL cases the mean cell are relatively small when the IOL ws implanted following extracapsular lens extraction. In the 18 cases who had the IOL implanted last year, the mean cell area was significantly smaller than in the previous IOL cases.
The graph of an enzymic reaction having the form of a multidimensional parallelepiped with equal opposite sides may be substituted, as shown, by consideration of n separate unidimensional subgraphs, which simplifies significantly the procedure of derivation of steady-state relations. The applications of this method to derivation of steady-state rate equation for a two-substrate reaction with random addition mechanism and to generalization of the Monod et al. model for multisubstrate reactions have been considered.
The new formula for cumulative biological effect (CBE) derived on the basis of main characteristics of Strandquist's graphs has been used for an analysis of experimental fractionation data. Some new aspects concerning fractionated irradiation have been mentioned.
Information processing in hospitals, especially in university hospitals, is currently faced with two major issues: low-cost hardware and progress in networking technology leads to a further decentralization of computing capacity, due to the increasing need for information processing in hospitals and due to economic restrictions, it is necessary to use commercial software products. This leads to heterogeneous hospital information systems using a variety of software and hardware products, and to a stronger demand for integrating these products and, in general, for a dedicated methodology for the management of hospital information systems to support patient care and medical research. We present a three-level graph-based model (3LGM) to support the systematic management of hospital information systems. 3LGM can serve as a basis for assessing the quality of information processing in hospitals. 3LGM distinguishes between a procedural level for describing the information procedures (and their information interchange) of a hospital information system and thus its functionality, a logical too level, focusing on application systems and communication links, and a physical tool level with physical subsystems (e.g., computer systems) and data transmission. The examples that are presented have been taken from the Heidelberg University Hospital Information System.
We have examined the utility of a graph-theoretic algorithm for building comparative RNA models. The method uses a maximum weighted matching algorithm to find the optimal set of basepairs given the mutual information for all pairs of alignment positions. In all cases examined, the technique generated models similar to those based on conventional comparative analysis. Any set of pairwise interactions can be suggested including pseudoknots. Here we describe the details of the method and demonstrate its implementation on tRNA where many secondary and tertiary base-pairs are accurately predicted. We also examine the usefulness of the method for the identification of shared structural features in families of RNAs isolated by artificial selection methods such as SELEX.
A graphic method is presented that facilitates the recording and interpretation of data in cases of leg-length discrepancy. It provides a mechanism for predicting future growth that automatically takes into account the child's growth percentile and the degree of growth inhibition in the short leg. It can be used to predict the effects of corrective surgical procedures and to choose a surgical timetable. A series of cases of epiphyseodesis is presented, showing the straight-line graph method to be significantly more accurate than the so-called growth-remaining method, particularly in cases of growth inhibition.
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Estimates of number of receptor sites and evaluation of the complexity of the binding process require collection of a spectrum of binding measurements and selection of a theoretical model to fit the experimental data. The appropriateness of the measurements and of the model can be visually judged on graphic displays of the model-data fitting curves in Scatchard and semilogarithmic coordinates. This approach is helpful for detecting the two types of errors most frequently found in reports of binding studies: (1) underestimating the number of binding sites, and (2) failure to recognize the complexity of the binding process. While the former is readily recognizable on semilogarithmic but not on Scatchard plots of the model fitting the data, the latter might not be apparent on either plot. Collection of extensive measurements over a wide range of ligand concentrations with graphic display of the model-data fitting curves in Scatchard and semilogarithmic coordinates should be used to recognize and prevent both errors.
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Computerized interactive 3-dimensional graphical displays were originally developed to aid in the exploration of multidimensional data from particle physics experiments. This technique can be equally well applied to speed the analysis of multivariate pharmaco-kinetic and pharmacodynamic data. The application of this technique to the results of a drug study demonstrated its effectiveness in providing a rapid overview of the data and in displaying new perspectives on the multivariate data, helping to identify sources of variability within the study. Multiple concentration-time curves from a given administration period can be distinguished within a single plot, using visual cues provided by rotating the display. Simultaneous comparison of large numbers of curves allows rapid evaluation of intersubject variability. Comparing the concentration-time curves from a single subject, each in succession, quickly identifies sources of intra-subject variability. Manipulating the display by a fourth dimensional parameter shows the degree of relationship between the concentration-time curves and associated dynamic variables. Exploratory analysis using such kinematic display software, provides a rapid, visually concrete impression of the relationships present in kinetic and dynamic data before the application of standard statistical routines.
This note examines the distribution of a medical school's physician graduates among states. Computer graphy plots of this distribution are shown to be an alternative way of providing information to health care administration decision-makers concerned with physician practice location.
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