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PubMed2003

Association between seed coat polyphenolics (tannins) and disease resistance in common bean.

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) contain a number of antinutritional factors such as condensed tannins. Reducing tannin concentration might contribute to improving the nutritional quality of common bean. But polyphenolics are involved in resistance to diseases and pests, and reducing tannin concentration may have a negative effect on plant resistance. Furthermore, the effects of tannin on disease resistance in different gene pools or in different seed colors are not defined. To investigate these effects, 790 accessions from a common bean core collection were investigated. Data were subjected to independent sample t-tests, and the calculation of correlation coefficients. The mean coat extracts of black and red bean classes were highest (with 0.129 g/g and 0.124 g/g of seed coat, respectively). Among the gene pools, the coat extract was greater in the Middle American gene pool (0.129 g/g) than in the Andean gene pool (0.108 g/g). Coat extract in the Andean gene pool was positively correlated with susceptibility to Middle American isolates of anthracnose and to common bacterial blight, but negatively correlated with susceptibility to Andean isolates of angular leaf spot and to empoasca. Only empoasca damage showed negative correlation with coat extract in the Middle American gene pool. However within gene pools, the coat extracts of different seed classes varied in correlations with reactions to disease and pest infestations. Significant correlations were particularly associated with the black seed class in both gene pools. The relationships between coat extract and disease reactions are complex. A better understanding will help breeders to select germplasm with improved nutritional quality without adversely affecting disease resistance.

Breeding↗
PubMed2004

Resistance of Phaseolus species to ice crystallization at subzero temperature.

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars possess little or no freezing tolerance and are killed at the temperature of ice formation in their tissues. An increase in frost tolerance by 2-3 degrees C would expand dry bean production in the short growing seasons of the Canadian prairies and possibly to higher altitudes in the tropics where episodic frosts occur during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in frost resistance of Phaseolus species in both controlled and field environments. Leaflets of dry bean cv. CDC Nighthawk, and wild relatives from the primary gene pool (P. vulgaris var. mexicanus Freytag and P. vulgaris var. aborigineus (Burkart) Baudet) and the tertiary gene pool (P. acutifolius var. tenuifolius A. Gray, P. filiformis Bentham, P. angustissimus A. Gray and P. ritensis M.E. Jones) were subjected to subzero temperatures with and without ice nucleation to determine the levels of tolerance and avoidance, respectively. The lethal temperature at which 50% of the leaflets were killed (LT(50)) was 0.5-1 degrees C lower for species of the tertiary gene pool compared to those from the primary gene pool. Leaflets of species from the tertiary gene pool were also characterized by extensive supercooling compared to leaflets of species from the primary gene pool. Resistance of Phaseolus species to spring and autumn frosts were determined on seedlings transplanted to the field. Phaseolus angustissimus, a species of the tertiary gene pool had the highest seedling survival in response to both autumn and spring frosts, when the minimum air temperatures were -5 and -7 degrees C, respectively. Frost resistance of Phaseolus angustissimus, if successfully introgressed into bean germplasm, may enable the development of frost resistant dry bean cultivars.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Reduced representation sequencing: a success in maize and a promise for other plant genomes.

Plant, and particularly cereal genomes, are challenging to sequence due to their large size and high repetitive DNA content. Gene-enrichment strategies are alternative or complementary approaches to complete genome sequencing that yield, rapidly and inexpensively, useful sequence data from large and complex genomes. The maize genome is large (2.7 Gbp) and contains large amounts of conserved repetitive elements. Furthermore, the high allelic diversity found between maize inbred lines may necessitate sequencing several inbred lines in order to recover the maize "gene pool". Two gene-enrichment approaches, methylation filtration (MF) and high C(o)t (HC) sequencing have been tested in maize and their ability to sample the gene space has been examined. Combined with other genomic sequencing strategies, gene-enriched genomic sequencing is a practical way to examine the maize gene pool, to order and orient the genic sequences on the genome, and to enable investigation of gene content of other complex plant genomes.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Codon usage comparison of novel genes in clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae.

A similarity statistic for codon usage was developed and used to compare novel gene sequences found in clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae with a reference set of 80 prokaryotic, eukaryotic and viral genomes. These analyses were performed to obtain an indication as to whether individual genes were Haemophilus-like in nature, or if they probably had more recently entered the H.influenzae gene pool via horizontal gene transfer from other species. The average and SD values were calculated for the similarity statistics from a study of the set of all genes in the H.influenzae Rd reference genome that encoded proteins of 100 amino acids or longer. Approximately 80% of Rd genes gave a statistic indicating that they were most like other Rd genes. Genes displaying codon usage statistics >1 SD above this range were either considered part of the highly expressed group of H.influenzae genes, or were considered of foreign origin. An alternative determinant for identifying genes of foreign origin was when the similarity statistics produced a value that was much closer to a non-H.influenzae reference organism than to any of the Haemophilus species contained in the reference set. Approximately 65% of the novel sequences identified in the H.influenzae clinical isolates displayed codon usages most similar to Haemophilus sp. The remaining novel sequences produced similarity statistics closer to one of the other reference genomes thereby suggesting that these sequences may have entered the H.influenzae gene pool more recently via horizontal transfer.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders.

The island of Bali lies near the center of the southern chain of islands in the Indonesian archipelago, which served as a stepping-stone for early migrations of hunter-gatherers to Melanesia and Australia and for more recent migrations of Austronesian farmers from mainland Southeast Asia to the Pacific. Bali is the only Indonesian island with a population that currently practices the Hindu religion and preserves various other Indian cultural, linguistic, and artistic traditions (Lansing 1983). Here, we examine genetic variation on the Y chromosomes of 551 Balinese men to investigate the relative contributions of Austronesian farmers and pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers to the contemporary Balinese paternal gene pool and to test the hypothesis of recent paternal gene flow from the Indian subcontinent. Seventy-one Y-chromosome binary polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) and 10 Y-chromosome-linked short tandem repeats (STRs) were genotyped on a sample of 1,989 Y chromosomes from 20 populations representing Indonesia (including Bali), southern China, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Near East, and Oceania. SNP genotyping revealed 22 Balinese lineages, 3 of which (O-M95, O-M119, and O-M122) account for nearly 83.7% of Balinese Y chromosomes. Phylogeographic analyses suggest that all three major Y-chromosome haplogroups migrated to Bali with the arrival of Austronesian speakers; however, STR diversity patterns associated with these haplogroups are complex and may be explained by multiple waves of Austronesian expansion to Indonesia by different routes. Approximately 2.2% of contemporary Balinese Y chromosomes (i.e., K-M9*, K-M230, and M lineages) may represent the pre-Neolithic component of the Indonesian paternal gene pool. In contrast, eight other haplogroups (e.g., within H, J, L, and R), making up approximately 12% of the Balinese paternal gene pool, appear to have migrated to Bali from India. These results indicate that the Austronesian expansion had a profound effect on the composition of the Balinese paternal gene pool and that cultural transmission from India to Bali was accompanied by substantial levels of gene flow.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed2003

Genetic variation in the endangered wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) in Belgium as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers.

The genetic variation within and between wild apple samples (Malus sylvestris) and cultivated apple trees was investigated with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and microsatellite markers to develop a conservation genetics programme for the endangered wild apple in Belgium. In total, 76 putative wild apples (originating from Belgium and Germany), six presumed hybrids and 39 cultivars were typed at 12 simple sequence repeats (SSR) and 139 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci. Principal co-ordinate analysis and a model-based clustering method classified the apples into three major gene pools: wild Malus sylvestris genotypes, edible cultivars and ornamental cultivars. All presumed hybrids and two individuals (one Belgian, one German) sampled as M. sylvestris were assigned completely to the edible cultivar gene pool, revealing that cultivated genotypes are present in the wild. However, gene flow between wild and cultivated gene pools is shown to be almost absent, with only three genotypes that showed evidence of admixture between the wild and edible cultivar gene pools. Wild apples sampled in Belgium and Germany constitute gene pools that are clearly differentiated from cultivars and although some geographical pattern of genetic differentiation among wild apple populations exists, most variation is concentrated within samples. Concordant conclusions were obtained from AFLP and SSR markers, which showed highly significant correlations in both among-genotypes and among-samples genetic distances.

Belgium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Possible effects of (trans)gene flow from crops on the genetic diversity from landraces and wild relatives.

Gene flow is a potential concern associated with the use of transgenic crops because it could affect genetic diversity of related landraces and wild relatives. This concern has taken on added importance with the looming introduction of transgenic crops in centers of crop domestication (Mexico, China) and those producing pharmaceutical compounds. For gene flow to take place among cultivars and their wild relatives, several steps have to be fulfilled, including the presence of cultivars or wild relatives within pollen or seed dispersal range, the ability to produce viable and fertile hybrids, at least partial overlap in flowering time, actual gene flow by pollen or seed, and the establishment of crop genes in the domesticated or wild recipient populations. In contrast with domestication genes, which often make crops less adapted to natural ecosystems, transgenes frequently represent gains of function, which might release wild relatives from constraints that limit their fitness. In most sexually reproducing organisms, the chromosomal region affected by selection of a single gene amounts to a small percentage of the total genome size. Because of gene flow, the level of genetic diversity present in the domesticated gene pool becomes a crucial factor affecting the genetic diversity of the wild gene pool. For some crops, such as cotton and maize, the introduction of transgenic technologies has led to a consolidation of the seed industry and a reduction in the diversity of the elite crop gene pool. Thus, diversity in improved varieties grown by farmers needs to be monitored. Several areas deserve further study, such as the actual magnitude of gene flow and its determinants in different agroecosystems, the long-term effects of gene flow on genetic diversity both across gene pools and within genomes, the expression of transgenes in new genetic backgrounds, and the effects of socio-economic factors on genetic diversity.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed1994

Phaseolin nucleotide sequence diversity in Phaseolus. I. Intraspecific diversity in Phaseolus vulgaris.

Most information about the molecular biology of phaseolin, the major seed storage protein in Phaseolus vulgaris, has been obtained from the T-type phaseolin, which is characteristic of the Andean gene pool of the species. In the work reported here, two cDNA clones for the S-type phaseolin representing the other major, Middle American gene pool were isolated and sequenced. Analysis of the DNA sequences revealed the presence of two subtypes of S phaseolin, alpha and beta, depending on the presence or absence, respectively, of a 27-bp direct repeat. These are similar to the alpha- and beta-phaseolin subtypes found in the Andean, T phaseolin; however, the additional 15-bp direct repeat also found in the T alpha-phaseolin gene type was apparently absent from the S alpha-phaseolin genes. The overall sequence identity was greater between the alpha or beta subtypes of different gene pools than between the alpha or beta subtypes within gene pools. This implies that the gene subtypes were formed prior to the formation of the two major gene pools of P. vulgaris. Analysis of the putative amino acid sequence revealed that both the 'Sanilac' phaseolin subtypes contained an additional methionine, however, not at the same site. This opens the possibility of increasing the nutritionally limiting methionine level in phaseolin either through protein engineering or by screening accessions for recombinant phaseolin sequences that combine both substitutions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Alternatives to the species concept for virus taxonomy.

The species concept seems to be inescapably based on the occurrence, in a population, of regular genetic interchange which leads to the formation of common gene pools and on the presence of barriers to interchange which distinguish one gene pool from another. Present knowledge indicates that some types of viruses (e.g. Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae) may exchange genes and have a gene-pool population structure; application of the species concept here is legitimate and likely to be feasible in practice. However, it seems that other types of viruses (e.g., tobamoviruses, tombusviruses) do not indulge in regular gene exchange and that common gene pools, distinct from each other, do not occur. Rather, there is clonal multiplication, accumulation of variants, and a fanwise radiation of types with little or no genetic exchange across the rays of the fan. Here, the species concept cannot usefully be applied at either the theoretical or the practical level. If viruses within some major groups are not amenable to being classified and named as species, it follows that attempts to apply the species concept to all viruses should be abandoned. An alternative system that can embrace all cases is already used by plant virologists and merits careful examination by others. Adoption of a 'nonspecies' general approach need not exclude the proposition that in some instances virus species do exist and can be identified and named, as special subsets of the general case. If we cease to aim for the universal pigeonholing of viruses into genera and species, binomial latinized names lose their chief justification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Genes, Viral↗
PubMed1978

The genetic and demographic impact of immigrants in a largely endogamous community.

Historical demographic data extending back approximately 300 years were analysed to determine the demographic and genetic impact of in-migrants to an endogamous Swiss Alpine village. In-migrants were involved in only 14% of the marriages recorded in the village. In addition, only slightly more than 50% of the in-migrants were represented in the 1970 gene pool of the village. However, in-migrants accounted for nearly 38% of this gene pool. This seemingly anomalous situation can be explained by the fact that while the fertility of in-migrants and the marriage rate among their children are reduced (accounting for the near 50% "drop-our rate" of in-migrants from the gene pool), the fertility of the children of in-migrants and the marriage rate among the grandchildren of in-migrants are increased relative to village natives (accounting for the high proportion of genes in the gene pool ultimately attributable to in-migrants). Our results clearly demonstrate that although this community forms an endogamous population, it is definitely not a genetic isolate. Other investigators are cautioned against automatic invocation of the simplifying (and, thus, extremely tempting) assumption that endogamy is equivalent to genetic isolation.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed2004

[Origin of the house mice (superspecies complex Mus musculus sensu lato) from the Transcaucasian region: A new look at dispersal routes and evolution].

We analyzed our results and literature evidence on variability of nuclear protein genes in 39 populations of eight synanthropic and wild species of house mice (superspecies complexes Mus musculus and M. spicilegus) from Transcaucasia, Eastern and Western Europe, Near and Middle East, Central, South, and East Asia, and Cuba. These data were for the first time ever combined into a single database by unification of nomenclature of 21 loci examined by different authors in 39 populations. Analysis of geographical allele distribution have shown that populations of domestic Transcaucasian mice are close to Indo-Pakistani populations of form oriental of the species M. castaneus, which preserved a high level of ancestral polymorphism. We concluded that a very heterogeneous, rich gene pool of house mice from Transcaucasia could not develop only by secondary contacts of differentiated M. musculus s. str. and M. domesticus forms, since it is similar to the ancestral gene pool of the superspecies complexes M. musculus and M. spicilegus. In this context, unique characteristics of some Central Asian populations were examined; these populations may have served as a "transit station" in the dispersal of synanthropic house mice forms. We suggest that the Transcaucasian populations are genealogically closely related to an early Near East form of M. musculus, which, as M. domesticus and M. castaneus, split from the common ancestor and preserved nondifferentiated pool of ancestral alleles of protein genes. This hypothesis admits the involvement of differentiated species M. musculus s. str. and M. domesticus in the ultimate formation of the gene pool of Transcaucasian house mice. Apparently, these populations resulted from alternation and (or) "overlapping" of different evolutionary processes. A scenario suggesting that hybrid events having occurred in Transcaucasia at different times, were "superposed" on the gene pool of the ancient autochtonous population of house mice from this region seems most plausible. Analysis of allozyme variability in the modern Transcaucasian Mus populations could not always distinguish between ancestral polymorphism and hybridization consequences.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of expressed NBS-LRR resistance gene candidates from common bean.

A complex ancestral resistance (R) gene cluster, localized at the end of linkage group B4, and referred to as the B4 R gene cluster, has been previously genetically characterized. The B4 R gene cluster existed prior to the separation of the two major gene pools of cultivated common bean and contains several resistance specificities effective against the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. In this paper we report the molecular analysis of four expressed resistance gene candidates (RGCs) that map at the B4 R-cluster and co-localize with R-specificities or R-QTLs effective against C. lindemuthianum. These RGCs have been isolated from two genotypes that are representative of the two major gene pools of common bean: the BA8 and BA11 RGCs originating from the Mesoamerican BAT93 genotype, and the JA71 and JA78 RGCs originating from the Andean JaloEEP558 genotype. These RGCs encode NBS-LRR resistance-like proteins that are closely similar to the tomato I2 R-protein. Based upon sequence comparisons and genetic localization, we established that these four bean RGCs belong to two different subfamilies of R-sequences independently of their gene pool of origin. No feature discriminating the four RGCs according to their gene pool of origin has been observed yet. Comparative sequence analyses of the full-length RGCs and their flanking genomic sequences confirmed the ancestral origin of the B4 R-cluster.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Cloning and sequence analysis of tumor-associated gene hMMTAG2 from human multiple myeloma cell line ARH-77.

In order to look for the tumor-associated genes from human multiple myeloma (MM), a cDNA library of human multiple myeloma cell line ARH-77 was constructed with eukaryote expression vector pcDNA3.1(+). The length of inserted fragments in library was 1.2 kb in average. All clones in cDNA library were transferred in situ to nylon membrane, which was divided into eight equal parts (A-H) and cultured in LB medium to set up gene pools. The plasmids in cDNA library and in gene pools were extracted and NIH/3T3 cells were transfected respectively. By G418 screening and colonies counting, gene pool A was chosen for the second cycle transfection. After several cycles, a clone, A62-17, was obtained, which had significant transforming ability. The length of this clone was 993 bp. The RACE technique was used for rapid amplification of A62-17 5'-end. The full length of this sequence has 1300 bp and was named as hMMTAG2 gene. hMMTAG2 consists of 8 exons and codes for a polypeptide of 263 amino acids (the accession number in GenBank: AY137773). It was located at chromosome 1q42.13. hMMTAG2 had same transforming activities in NIH/3T3 cells as the clone A62-17, and the number of transformant foci was 6 folds more than the blank vector pcDNA3.1(+). The analysis of bioinformatics revealed that hMMTAG2 had many phosphorylation sites for several protein kinases, N-myristoylation sites and nuclear localization signals, so it may be a signal molecule in the nucleus.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1995

Differential impact of obesity in related populations.

To search for genetic and environmental determinants of obesity, we compared the prevalences and the impact of obesity in three populations from two cities: Mexican Americans (n = 820) and non-Hispanic whites (n = 1112) from San Antonio, Texas, and Mexicans from Mexico City (n = 1878). In the age range examined, 35-64 years, only Mexican men and women showed a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity with age. On the other hand, genetic ancestry, especially in women, made significant differences in the rates of obesity. Mexican Americans showed relatively high, and non-Hispanic whites low, rates of obesity. To discriminate between genetic and environmental influences mediating the impact of obesity on a set of hemodynamic and metabolic variables, we compared this impact between Mexican Americans and both non-Hispanic whites (same macro-environment, different gene pools), and Mexicans (same gene pool, different environments). We found that obesity always worsens the hemodynamic and metabolic profiles of individuals, but the magnitude of the effects may be variable. We showed that the levels of insulin concentrations for a given level of obesity were similar in Mexicans and Mexican Americans, suggesting that genetic influences predominate in determining insulin levels; the levels of triglycerides and HDL for a given level of obesity were similar in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites, suggesting predominant environmental influences on lipid levels. On the other hand, the levels of glucose and systolic blood pressure for a given level of obesity were usually different between Mexican Americans and either of the other two populations, suggesting that these levels may result from genotype-by-environment interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

New enzymes from environmental cassette arrays: functional attributes of a phosphotransferase and an RNA-methyltransferase.

By targeting gene cassettes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) directly from environmentally derived DNA, we are able to amplify entire open reading frames (ORFs) independently of prior sequence knowledge. Approximately 10% of the mobile genes recovered by these means can be attributed to known protein families. Here we describe the characterization of two ORFs which show moderate homology to known proteins: (1) an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase displaying 25% sequence identity with APH(7") from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and (2) an RNA methyltransferase sharing 25%-28% identity with a group of recently defined bacterial RNA methyltransferases distinct from the SpoU enzyme family. Our novel genes were expressed as recombinant products and assayed for appropriate enzyme activity. The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase displayed ATPase activity, consistent with the presence of characteristic Mg(2+)-binding residues. Unlike related APH(4) or APH(7") enzymes, however, this activity was not enhanced by hygromycin B or kanamycin, suggesting the normal substrate to be a different aminoglycoside. The RNA methyltransferase contains sequence motifs of the RNA methyltransferase superfamily, and our recombinant version showed methyltransferase activity with RNA. Our data confirm that gene cassettes present in the environment encode folded enzymes with novel sequence variation and demonstrable catalytic activity. Our PCR approach (cassette PCR) may be used to identify a diverse range of ORFs from any environmental sample, as well as to directly access the gene pool found in mobile gene cassettes commonly associated with integrons. This gene pool can be accessed from both cultured and uncultured microbial samples as a source of new enzymes and proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

[Russian genofond. Genogeography of surnames].

Surnames are traditionally used in population genetics as "quasi-genetic" markers (i.e., analogs of genes) when studying the structure of the gene pool and the factors of its microevolution. In this study, spatial variation of Russian surnames was analyzed with the use of computer-based gene geography. Gene geography of surnames was demonstrated to be promising for population studies on the total Russian gene pool. Frequencies of surnames were studied in 64 sel'sovets (rural communities; a total of 33 thousand persons) of 52 raions (districts) of 22 oblasts (regions) of the European part of Russia. For each of 75 widespread surnames, an electronic map of its frequency was constructed. Summary maps of principal components were drawn based on all maps of individual surnames. The first 5 of 75 principal components accounted for half of the total variance, which indicates high resolving power of surnames. The map of the first principal component exhibits a trend directed from the northwestern to the eastern regions of the area studied. The trend of the second component was directed from the southwestern to the northern regions of the area studied, i.e., it was close to latitudinal. This trend almost coincided with the latitudinal trend of principal components for three sets of data (genetic, anthropological, and dermatoglyphical). Therefore, the latitudinal trend may be considered the main direction of variation of the Russian gene pool. The similarity between the main scenarios for the genetic and quasi-genetic markers demonstrates the effectiveness of the use of surnames for analysis of the Russian gene pool. In view of the dispute between R. Sokal and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza about the effects of false correlations, the maps of principal components of Russian surnames were constructed by two methods: through analysis of maps and through direct analysis of original data on the frequencies of surnames. An almost complete coincidence of these maps (correlation coefficient rho = 0.96) indicates that, taking into account the reliability of the data, the resultant maps of principal components have no errors of false correlations.

Gene Pool↗
PubMed2001

Lectin and lectin-related proteins in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) seeds: biochemical and evolutionary studies.

Lectin-related polypeptides are a class of defence proteins found in seeds of Phaseolus species. In Lima bean (P. lunatus), these proteins and their genes have been well characterized in the Andean morphotype, which represents one of the two gene pools of this species. To study the molecular evolution of the lectin family in Lima bean we characterized the polypeptides belonging to this multigene family and cloned the genes belonging to the Mesoamerican gene pool. The latter gene pool contains components similar to those of the Andean pool, namely: an amylase inhibitor-like (AIL), an arcelin-like (ARL) lectin and the less abundant Lima bean lectin (LBL). These proteins originate from an ancestor gene of the lectin type which duplicated to yield the lectin gene and the progenitor of ARL and AIL. In this species. ARL represents an evolutionary intermediate form that precedes AIL. Phylogenetic analysis supports an Andean origin for Lima bean. The molecular evolutionary studies were extended to the genes of common bean and demonstrated that true lectin genes and the ancestor of lectin-related genes are the result of a duplication event that occurred before speciation. Lima and common bean followed different evolutionary pathways and in the latter species a second duplication event occurred that gave rise, in Mesoamerican wild genotypes, to arcelin genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Genetics of resistance to the geminivirus, Bean dwarf mosaic virus, and the role of the hypersensitive response in common bean.

Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV) is a single-stranded DNA virus (genus: Begomovirus, family: Geminiviridae) that infects common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and causes stunted plant growth, and mosaic and mottle symptoms in leaves. BDMV shows differential pathogenicity in common bean, infecting germplasm of the Andean gene pool (e.g., the snap bean cultivar Topcrop), but not that of the Middle American gene pool (e.g., the pinto bean cultivar Othello). Resistance to BDMV in Othello is associated with development of a hypersensitive response (HR) in vascular (phloem) tissues. In this study, Middle American germplasm representing the four recognized races (i.e., Durango, Guatemala, Jalisco, and Mesoamerica) and the parents of Othello were inoculated with BDMV and a BDMV-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. All genotypes showed partial or complete resistance to BDMV and BDMV-GFP, indicating the widespread distribution of resistance in the Middle American gene pool. A number of BDMV-resistant germplasm did not show the HR, indicating it is not correlated with resistance. In the F(1), F(2), and F(3) of reciprocal crosses between Othello and Topcrop, a single dominant allele, Bdm, conferred BDMV resistance.

DNA, Viral↗