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PubMed1979

Gender identity.

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Female↗
PubMed1989

The association of gender identity disorder with parental separation.

56 boys diagnosed with gender disturbance, ages 3 to 18 yr. (mean age 8.4 yr.), were classified according to family structure. The proportion of gender-disturbed subjects separated from one or both parents (66%) was significantly higher than the 35% to 48% separated from one or both parents in comparable US general population statistics.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endocrinologic treatment of gender identity disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To review the diagnosis, therapeutic options, and potential complications of treatment of transsexualism. METHODS: We summarize the appropriate initial assessment and the current guidelines for hormonal and surgical treatment of patients with transsexualism. RESULTS: The cardinal feature of transsexualism is the permanent feeling of gender dysphoria. As part of the treatment of this condition, patients may seek medical and surgical therapies to change their physical appearance to match their internal gender identity. Cross-sex hormone therapy is a key medical management and is often prescribed in consultation with an endocrinologist. Patients should participate in a period of psychotherapy before such hormonal therapy is initiated. Medical therapies for transsexualism are associated with potentially serious complications, such as thromboembolism related to estrogen treatment and testosterone-induced hepatotoxicity. Patients should be carefully selected for therapy with use of the current management guidelines published by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. CONCLUSION: Physicians caring for patients with transsexualism should have a general knowledge about the diagnosis, available treatment, and monitoring for complications of hormonal therapy. Ongoing research and education are necessary for improvement in the health care of these patients.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Career aspirations, job satisfaction and gender identity in female student nurses.

This study examines the gender-role orientation, gender-role conflict, job commitment and work motivation of female student nurses in the Republic of Ireland. Career aspirations, year of nurse training and geographical area of upbringing were examined as potential concomitants of these dependent measures. Subjects completed self-report measures of job involvement, work motivation, gender-role orientation and gender-role conflict. Results obtained showed that aspiring towards a traditionally female career area of nursing was associated with higher levels of work motivation and lower levels of gender-role conflict. Higher levels of job commitment amongst final year students were also significantly related to traditionally female career aspirations. Year of training had a significant and negative influence on work motivation and job commitment. Finally, nurses from rural areas aspiring towards a traditionally female area of nursing had significantly more feminine gender-role orientations than either their urban counterparts or rural colleagues with non-traditional career aspirations. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Adolescents with gender identity disorder who were accepted or rejected for sex reassignment surgery: a prospective follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a prospective follow-up study with 20 treated adolescent transsexuals to evaluate early sex reassignment, and with 21 nontreated and 6 delayed-treatment adolescents to evaluate the decisions not to allow them to start sex reassignment at all or at an early age. METHOD: Subjects were tested on their psychological, social, and sexual functioning. Follow-up interviews were conducted from March 1995 until July 1999. Treated patients had undergone surgery 1 to 4 years before follow-up; nontreated patients were tested 1 to 7 years after application. Within the treated and the nontreated group, pre- and posttreatment data were compared. Results between the groups were also compared. RESULTS: Postoperatively the treated group was no longer gender-dysphoric and was psychologically and socially functioning quite well. Nobody expressed regrets concerning the decision to undergo sex reassignment. Without sex reassignment, the nontreated group showed some improvement, but they also showed a more dysfunctional psychological profile. CONCLUSIONS: Careful diagnosis and strict criteria are necessary and sufficient to justify hormone treatment in adolescent transsexuals. Even though some of the nontreated patients may actually have gender identity disorder, the high levels of psychopathology found in this group justify the decision to not start hormone treatment too soon or too easily.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The retiree identity: gender and race differences.

OBJECTIVES: This study's focus on the retiree identity complements research on institutionalized retirement criteria. We test whether tensions between individuals' own life circumstances and institutionalized retirement criteria manifest themselves in the extent to which individuals assume a retiree identity and in the overlap between self-definitions and attainment of institutionalized retirement criteria. METHODS: The analyses rely on logistic regressions and are based on data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,633). RESULTS: Labor force participation serves as the main basis for the retiree identity, but other life experiences (work history, disability, spouse's retirement, economic status, family history) also contribute to individuals' self-identification as retiree and the "fit" between self-identification and attainment of institutionalized retirement criteria. Men's retirement identity seems more closely tied to their attainment of institutionalized retirement criteria and a continuous and successful work career, whereas a variety of life circumstances impinge on women's retiree definitions. Moderately disabled African Americans are more likely to self-identify as partly or fully retired. DISCUSSION: While employment constitutes the main reference for individuals' self-definition as retiree, other life circumstances also have some influence. Full understanding of retirement transitions will require more attention to the meaning context of retirement among divergent population groups.

Black or African American↗