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PubMed2006

Seasonal variations in active dispersal of natural populations of Triatoma infestans in rural north-western Argentina.

The flight dispersal of Triatoma infestans Klug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is one of the main mechanisms determining community re-infestation after control interventions. An empirical model of flight initiation coupled with data from a longitudinal study predicted that the flight dispersal of T. infestans would peak in summer. To test this prediction, longitudinal light trap collections were conducted during 3-8 nights in March (late summer), July (winter) and November (spring) 2003, and in March 2004 in a rural community in north-west Argentina. Following each light-trapping collection date, all peridomestic sites around light traps were inspected to assess the relative abundance and nutritional status of T. infestans at each site. A total of 21 adult and five nymph T. infestans, six Triatoma guasayana Wygodzinsky & Abalos, and nine Triatoma garciabesi Carcavallo et al. were collected in 96 light-trapping nights, whereas 696 T. infestans were collected from the peridomestic sites that surrounded the light traps. The arrival of T. infestans in the light traps occurred in 64% of catch stations and peaked in the summer surveys (10-14 bugs) compared with spring and winter surveys. When winds were < 5 km/h, the arrival of adult T. infestans at the light traps was significantly associated with maximum temperature and relative humidity. This is the first field report of seasonal variations in the flight dispersal activity of T. infestans.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed1995

Decentralized data management in nutritional surveillance for timely warning and intervention.

In this paper we describe a theoretical approach for decentralized data management in sentinel community nutritional surveillance systems for timely warning and intervention, by using customized computer programs. By making the data available at lower levels first, the decentralized data management system builds the institutional capacity at regional level and allows rapid and appropriate action by decision-makers. In addition, it facilitates the flow of information and strengthens the involvement of field staff. Reports from field experiences should further demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy, costs and benefits of customized data management computer programs.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Case management in the Community Psychiatric Nursing Service in Hong Kong: describing the process.

PURPOSE: To explore the roles, functions, and work practices of case managers and their perceptions on the implementation of case management in the Community Psychiatric Nursing Services. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Data were collected from daily reports, field observations, reflective diaries, and small group interviews. FINDINGS: The study showed the work practices of case managers were more intensive compared to the conventional community psychiatric nursing practice, and there was more involvement of clients and their family in the treatment process. Case managers identified liaison, coordination, supportive and family counseling, and teaching practical living skills as their important roles. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable information in understanding the process of case management and contributed to the development of case management as a care delivery model in Hong Kong.

Case Management↗
PubMed1985

Biotin in swine nutrition.

For many years, it was believed that supplemental biotin was not needed in swine diets because of the wide distribution of biotin in feedstuffs used in the formulation of swine diets, and because of the known synthesis of biotin by the animal's intestinal microflora. However, interest in biotin nutrition for swine was rekindled in the mid-1970s when several field reports indicated a biotin deficiency in swine that was responsive to biotin supplementation in many cases. Results from university research are accumulating, especially from long-term sow studies (three to four parities), which suggest that supplemental biotin will improve litter size, conception rate, weaning-to-estrus interval, toe lesions, and haircoat condition. Milk biotin concentration and plasma biotin concentration of sows and piglets were also elevated when supplemental biotin was fed. Using presently available feedstuffs and under modern swine production conditions, a marginal biotin deficiency is possible. Swine producers experiencing poor reproductive performance in their sow herds, associated with excessive loss of hair and severe foot lesions, should evaluate the biotin content of their sow diet and consider supplemental biotin.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Effect of U and 137Cs chronic contamination on dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system of the rat.

Following the Chernobyl accident, the most significant problem for the population of the former Soviet Union for the next 50-70 years will be chronic internal contamination by radionuclides. One of the few experiments carried out in this field reported that neurotransmitter metabolism in the central nervous system of the rat was disturbed after feeding with oats contaminated by 137Cs for 1 month. The present study assessed the effect of chronic contamination by depleted U or 137Cs on the metabolism of two neurotransmitters in cerebral areas of rats. Dopamine and serotonin were chosen because their metabolism has been shown to be disturbed after external irradiation, even at moderate doses. Dopamine, serotonin, and some of their catabolites were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with an electrochemical detector in five cerebral structures of rats contaminated over a 1-month period by drinking water (40 mg U.L -1 or 6500 Bq 137Cs.L -1). In the striatum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum, the dopamine, serotonin, and catabolite levels were not significantly different between the control rats and rats contaminated by U or 137Cs. These results are not in accordance with those previously described.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1994

Minute virus of canines (MVC, canine parvovirus type-1): pathogenicity for pups and seroprevalence estimate.

Minute virus of canines (MVC, canine parvovirus type-1) caused inapparent to severe illness in neonatal specific-pathogen-free pups exposed by the oronasal route. The experimental disease was generally mild. Four of 21 infected pups had clinical signs of respiratory illness, but only 2 pups, not euthanized during the early postinoculation period, developed severe illness or died. Principal pathologic changes included bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia with various degrees of lymphadenitis. In contrast to the reported field cases, enteric signs were absent in the experimentally infected animals. Histopathologic changes in the small intestine were mild or absent. Bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelial cells appeared to be the sites of initial and most extensive viral growth, reflecting the pattern of histopathologic changes. The disease caused by MVC was mild in comparison to that caused by canine parvovirus-type 2. MVC now appears to be established as a cause of illness in young pups and of transplacental infections with embryo resorption. The prevalence of MVC hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies was high (approximately 50%) in adult dog sera from widely separated geographic areas of the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea.

Intraspecific group hunting has received considerable attention because of the close links between cooperative behaviour and its cognitive demands. Accordingly, comparisons between species have focused on behaviours that can potentially distinguish between the different levels of cognitive complexity involved, such as "intentional" communication between partners in order to initiate a joint hunt, the adoption of different roles during a joint hunt (whether consistently or alternately), and the level of food sharing following a successful hunt. Here we report field observations from the Red Sea on the highly coordinated and communicative interspecific hunting between the grouper, Plectropomus pessuliferus, and the giant moray eel, Gymnothorax javanicus. We provide evidence of the following: (1) associations are nonrandom, (2) groupers signal to moray eels in order to initiate joint searching and recruit moray eels to prey hiding places, (3) signalling is dependent on grouper hunger level, and (4) both partners benefit from the association. The benefits of joint hunting appear to be due to complementary hunting skills, reflecting the evolved strategies of each species, rather than individual role specialisation during joint hunts. In addition, the partner species that catches a prey item swallows it whole immediately, making aggressive monopolisation of a carcass impossible. We propose that the potential for monopolisation of carcasses by one partner species represents the main constraint on the evolution of interspecific cooperative hunting for most potentially suitable predator combinations.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed2005

Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California, USA.

The use of pyrethroid insecticides is increasing for agriculture, commercial pest control, and residential consumer use. In addition, there is a trend toward the use of newer and more potent compounds. Little is known about the toxicity of sediment-associated pyrethroid residues to aquatic organisms, yet recent work has shown they commonly are found in aquatic sediments in the heavily agricultural Central Valley of California, USA. Minimal data exist on the sensitivity of standard sediment toxicity testing species to pyrethroids, despite two or more decades of agricultural use of these compounds. Sediment concentrations causing acute toxicity and growth impairment to the amphipod Hyalella azteca were determined for six pyrethroids in three sediments, ranging from 1.1 to 6.5% organic carbon (OC). In order of decreasing toxicity of sediment-associated residues, the compounds tested were bifenthrin (average 10-d median lethal concentration [LC50] = 0.18 microg/g OC), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.45 microg/g OC), deltamethrin (0.79 microg/g OC), esfenvalerate (0.89 microg/g OC), cyfluthrin (1.08 microg/g OC), and permethrin (4.87 microg/g OC). In a sediment containing about 1% OC, most pyrethroids, except permethrin, would be acutely toxic to H. azteca at concentrations of 2 to 10 ng/g dry weight, a concentration only slightly above current analytical detection limits. Growth typically was inhibited at concentrations below the LC50; animal biomass on average was 38% below controls when exposed to pyrethroid concentrations roughly one-third to one-half the LC50. Survival data are consistent with current theory that exposure occurs primarily via the interstitial water rather than the particulate phase. A reanalysis of previously reported field data using these toxicity data confirms that the compounds are exceeding concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive species in many agriculture-dominated water bodies.

Amphipoda↗
PubMed2003

Bovine viral diarrhoea, bovine herpesvirus and parainfluenza-3 virus infection in three cattle herds in Egypt in 2000.

This study reported field outbreaks of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection, either alone or mixed with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and/or parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V) in Egypt during 2000. In Lower Egypt, young calves in three cattle herds in El-Minufiya Province, El-Fayoum Province and in governmental quarantine in El-Behira Province, showed symptoms of enteritis, either alone or accompanied by respiratory manifestations. The affected herds were visited and the diseased animals were clinically examined. Many epidemiological aspects, such as morbidities, mortalities and case fatalities, as well as the abortive rate, were calculated. Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid-blood samples, sterile nasal swabs and serum samples were obtained for virological and serological diagnosis. The laboratory investigations revealed that the main cause of calf mortalities in the three herds was infection with BVDV, either alone, as on the El-Minufiya farm, or mixed with PI-3V, as on the El-Fayoum farm, or mixed with both BHV-1 and PI-3V, as in the herd in governmental quarantine in El-Behira Province. A total of nine dead calves from the three herds were submitted for thorough post-mortem examination. Tissue samples from recently dead calves were obtained for immunohistochemical and histopathological studies. The most prominent histopathological findings were massive degeneration, necrosis and erosions of the lining epithelium of the alimentary tract. Most of the lymphoreticular organs were depleted of lymphocytes. In pneumonic cases, bronchopneumonia and atypical interstitial pneumonia were evident. The present study suggested that the immunosuppressive effect of BVDV had predisposed the animals to secondary infection with BHV-1 and PI-3V. This study concluded that concurrent infection with BVDV, BHV-1 and PI-3V should be considered as one of the infectious causes of pneumoenteritis and, subsequently, the high morbidities and mortalities among young calves in Egypt. Preventive and control measures against these infectious agents should therefore be adopted. All animals imported into Egypt should be free from BVDV infection. Control programmes for the detection and removal of BVDV-persistent cattle should be applied in cattle herds all over the country.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mortality in concurrent type 1 diabetes and anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies in this field report early occurrence of diabetic complications, but excess mortality, though expectable, has not been reported. We combined information from earlier studies to estimate the mortality for this group of patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The observed mortality is analyzed using crude mortality rate (a percentage), standardized mortality ratio (SMR), incidence rate ratio, risk difference, and survival analysis. RESULTS: After approximately 10 years of follow-up, 13 of 510 females with type 1 diabetes, 43 of 658 females with anorexia nervosa (AN), and 8 of 23 concurrent case subjects had died. Mortality rate was 2.2 (per 1,000 person-years) for type 1 diabetes, 7.3 for AN cases, and 34.6 for concurrent cases. Crude mortality rates were 2.5, 6.5, and 34.8%, respectively. SMR was 4.06 in type 1 diabetes, 8.86 in AN, and 14.5 in concurrent cases. Survival analysis indicated between-group differences in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent type 1 diabetes and AN is a rare but serious condition in females. All indexes of mortality evidence excess mortality in this preliminary study. Vigorous and well-directed treatment efforts seem vital for this subpopulation. Collaboration between diabetologists and eating disorder specialists is warranted. The implications of other eating disorders and subclinical eating disorders in diabetic populations need to be analyzed, especially because these conditions are more frequent than clinical eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Dietary selenate versus selenite for cattle, sheep, and horses.

Food and Drug Administration regulations currently permit addition of .3 mg of Se per kilogram of diet for chickens, turkeys, ducks, swine, sheep, and cattle. However, field reports indicate that this level may not be adequate for ruminants in all situations. Because sodium selenite is the most common supplemental form and is known to be readily absorbed to particles or reduced to insoluble elemental Se or selenides in acid, anaerobic environments, studies were conducted with dairy cattle, sheep, and horses fed sodium selenate to determine whether Se from this source was more bioavailable than Se from sodium selenite. A 2-wk period of no Se supplementation was followed by 49 or 56 d of Se supplementation at .3 mg/kg of dietary DM. Serum Se concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities measured initially and periodically thereafter revealed no difference between Se forms in sheep and horses and only a small (P less than .05) advantage for selenate in supporting serum Se concentration in dairy cattle. Selenium concentrations in skeletal muscle and liver of sheep were not different between Se forms. Serum Se, but not GSHPx, increased with time, and .3 mg of supplemental Se per kilogram of dietary DM from either sodium selenate or sodium selenite supported normal serum Se concentrations in sheep, dairy cattle, and horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Female rats are susceptible to cardiac hypertrophy induced by copper deficiency: the lack of influence of estrogen and testosterone.

In contrast to a previous report (Fields M, Lewis C, Scholfield DJ, Powell AS, Rose AJ, Reiser S, Smith, JC. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 183:145-149, 1986), female rats were shown to be susceptible to copper (Cu) deficiency giving rise to restriction of growth, cardiac hypertrophy, and anemia. The severity of these effects was, however, found to be less marked than in the male rats which had similar liver Cu levels. Castration or ovariectomy of Cu-deficient rats had little effect on CH or the other parameters associated with Cu deficiency, and supplementation of the neutered animals with estrogen or testosterone was similarly without effect. The ultrastructural appearance of the hypertrophied Cu-deficient female heart was similar to that previously found in males and was characterized by a large increase in mitochondrial area with disrupted cristae. The results also indicated that in contrast to Cu-deficient males iron (Fe) was not accumulated in the liver of the Cu-deficient female rats. It may be concluded that the limited protection of female rats to the effects of Cu deficiency observed in this study were unconnected with the sex steroids.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Viremia and antibody response to La Crosse virus in sentinel gray squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and chipmunks Tamias striatus).

Six isolates of La Crosse (LAC) virus were obtained from sentinel gray squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and four from sentinel chipmunks (Tamias striatus) in an endemic area. Viremia titers were measured by plaquing on Vero cells. Antibody responses of the animals were measured by a microneutralization test employing four California group viruses: LAC, snowshoe hare (SSH), trivittatus, and Jamestown Canyon. In both species LAC antibody titers peaked at approximately 21 days and were still detectable in all animals at 256 days post-viremia. In chipmunks, homologous LAC virus antibody levels were consistently higher than heterologous antibody responses throughout the period recorded. However, in squirrels, homologous LAC virus and heterologous SSH virus antibody responses were initially comparable. This heterologous SSH titer rapidly declined while LAC antibody levels remained relatively high. Data indicate that antibody response persists from one summer season to the next. Viremia titers in both species indicate that these two species are capable of infecting Aedes triseriatus, the principal vector of LAC virus. This is the first reported field isolation of LAC virus from the squirrel.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Old age in Nepal: some preliminary observations.

Problems of old age in Nepal are examined using census data and field reports. The paper is organized in three parts. "The first part gives a demographic sketch [of the aged in Nepal]...along with a short discussion of the economy....Next, a brief account of...cultural and social values is given. Finally, the question of old age is reviewed in light of social changes taking place in Nepal's urban centres, and their implications for policy and planning."

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Laparoscopic and general surgery guided by open interventional magnetic resonance].

Interventional magnetic resonance (IMR) machines have produced unique opportunity for image-guided surgery. The open configuration design and fast pulse sequence allow virtual real time intraoperative scanning to monitor the progress of a procedure, with new images produced every 1.5 sec. This may give greater appreciation of anatomy, especially deep to the 2-dimensional laparoscopic image, and hence increase safety, reduce procedure magnitude and increase confidence in tumour resection surgery. The aim of this paper was to investigate the feasibility of performing IMR-image-guided general surgery, especially in neoplastic and laparoscopic field, reporting a single center -- St. Mary's Hospital (London, UK) -- experience. Procedures were carried out in a Signa 0.5 T General Elettric SP10 Interventional MR (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with magnet-compatible instruments (titanium alloy instruments, plastic retractors and ultrasonic driven scalpel) and under general anesthesia. There were performed 10 excision biopsies of palpable benign breast tumors (on female patients), 3 excisions of skin sarcoma (dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans), 1 right hemicolectomy and 2 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. The breast lesions were localized with pre- and postcontrast (intravenous gadolinium DPTA) sagittal and axial fast multiplanar spoiled gradient recalled conventional Signa sequences; preoperative real time fast gradient recalled sequences were also obtained using the flashpoint tracking device. During right hemicolectomy intraoperative single shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) and fast spoiled gradient recalled (FSPGR) imaging of right colon were performed after installation of 150 cc of water or 1% gadolinium solution, respectively, through a Foley catheter; imaging was also obtained in an attempt to identify mesenteric lymph nodes intraoperatively. Concerning laparoscopic procedures, magnetic devices (insufflator, light source) were positioned outside scan room, the tubing and light head being passed through penetration panels. Intraoperative MR-cholangiography was performed using fast spin echo (SSFSE) techniques with minimal intensity projection 3-dimensional reconstruction. About skin sarcomas, 2 of them were skin recurrences of previously surgically treated sarcomas (all of them received preoperative biopsy) and the extent of the lesion was then determined using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence. The skin was closed in each case without need for any plastic reconstruction. The breast lesions were visualized with both Signa and real-time imaging and all enhanced with contrast: 2 (20%) were visualized only after contrast enhancement; intraoperative real time imaging clearly demonstrated a resection margin in all cases. Maximum dimensions of breast specimens (range 8-50 mm, median 24.5 mm) were not significantly different from those measured by Signa (p>0.17, Student's paired t-test) or real time images (p>0.4): also there was no significant difference in lesion size between Signa and real time images (p>0.25). All postprocedure scans clearly demonstrated complete excision. The extent of the tumor at MR imaging was greater in each case than suggested by clinical examination. Adequate resection margins were planned using STIR sequences. Histological examination confirmed clear surgical margins of at least 1 cm in each case. During right hemicolectomy, both intraoperative SSFSE and FSPGR contrast imaging revealed the lesion and details of the colonic surface; imaging of the lymph node draining right colon was only partially successful, due to movement artifact. Concerning laparoscopic procedures, both FSE and SSFSE techniques produced reasonable images of the gallbladder and intrahepatic ducts, but the FSE imaging was of poor quality due to respiration artifact; however, SSFSE allowed visualization of the gallbladder and part of the common bile duct. About skin sarcomas, the extent of the tumor at MR imaging was greater in each case than suggested by clinical examination and in each case the complete tumor excision was confirmed. Histological examination confirmed clear surgical margins of at least 1 cm in each case. Intraoperative MR scanning reliably identifies palpable breast tumours and skin sarcomas and is sufficiently accurate to guide their surgical excision. Further work may be done to develop laparoscopic and open abdominal surgery as well.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Particle distribution in low-volume capillary-loaded chambers.

Accurate determination of sperm concentration in fluid suspension is a critical component in a semen analysis. Inaccurate estimations can lead to misinterpretation of the spermiogram and, in the case of livestock production, can lead to faulty insemination doses, which can adversely affect stud power, fertility, fecundity, and cost effectiveness of breeding programs. Capillary-loaded slides, like the hemacytometer, have been the standard for calibration of other concentration estimation modalities such as photometry, Coulter counter, flow cytometry, and computer-automated semen analysis (CASA). Single-use capillary-loaded slides, much smaller than the hemacytometer, are frequently used by many of the current CASA systems. As the use of CASA increases, more field reports are suggesting differences between CASA results and hemacytometry. In this article, we establish that these differences are, in large part, due to the Segre-Silberberg effect, which occurs during Poiseuille flow in high-gradient fluid flow in thin capillary-loaded slides. We develop the theory of this phenomenon and derive the scaling and significance of the effect. Finally, we graphically provide a means for predicting the necessary compensation factor when using capillary-loaded slides to determine sperm concentration.

Animals↗