Palatability of piglet feeds: trial methods and practical results.
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Animal Feed↗
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Low-income mothers' views on breastfeeding.
Nourishing infants presents women today with choices, desires, obligations and constraints. Despite mounting evidence about the health, psychosocial and societal benefits of breastfeeding both for women and infants, current breastfeeding rates worldwide are far from optimal, particularly among low-income women. Many mothers choose to use infant formula. Drawing from structured interviews with 154 mothers from an urban low-income multiethnic population in the United States, a typology of mothers' feelings about their infant feeding method is developed. Findings indicate that regardless of their feeding method, mothers tended to attribute higher health benefits to breastfeeding and perceived community norms as probreastfeeding. They differed in their rating and perceptions of logistics and the extent to which benefits mattered in their infant-feeding decision. Contradictions associated with the practice of breastfeeding even among mothers who breastfed, were reflected in their perceptions of social disapproval of breastfeeding in public, reports of ridicule by friends, lack of support from some health providers, and difficulties associated with working. A typology of mothers' emotional states resulting from such contradictions summarizes the findings and underscores how some mothers who did not, but would have liked to breastfeed, may be subjected to feelings of guilt and deprivation. Implications for educational interventions are to amplify prenatal infant feeding consultations and address ways to overcome logistical and apprehension barriers.
Bottle Feeding↗
Comparison of breastfeeding attitudes and practices: low-income adolescents and adult women.
Breastfeeding attitudes and practices of two independent samples of low-income adolescents were compared to a third sample of low-income, adult women. Low-income status was based on subject eligibility for the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Breastfeeding attitudes were significantly related to setting, race, and age. Other factors, such as previous exposure to breastfeeding, also influenced breastfeeding attitudes. Breastfeeding rates were 16.7% and 32.4% for the two teen samples, and 35.4% for the sample of adult women. Choice of infant feeding method post delivery was significantly related to intention regarding feeding method during pregnancy. Implications of these findings for health care professionals are discussed.
Adolescent↗
An evidence-based guideline for introducing oral feeding to healthy preterm infants.
The ability of a preterm infant to make the transition from gavage to oral nipple feeding depends on the infant's neurodevelopment in relation to behavioral organization, to a rhythmic suck-swallow-breathe pattern, and to cardiorespiratory regulation. Research-based knowledge about infant neurodevelopment in these three areas has led to the creation of a semidemand feeding method to aid in this transition. The method combines the use of nonnutritive sucking to promote awake behavior for feeding, use of behavioral assessment to identify readiness for feeding, and systematic observation of and response to infant behavior cues to regulate frequency, length, and volume of oral feedings. Semidemand feeding may be individualized for healthy preterm infants. This article discusses both the relevant knowledge about neurodevelopment and the semidemand feeding method itself.
Bottle Feeding↗
[Comparative evaluation of various methods for feeding children with pyloric stenosis].
Pylorostenosis is still the most frequently encountered type of congenital intestinal obstruction. A severe course of the disease with a fatal outcome is observed today. Successful treatment is linked in many respects with adequate feeding of the patient. The authors examined and performed operations on 90 children. According to the type of feeding they were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of patients given the generally accepted oral diet in portions, group 2 was made up of infants fed according to a "forced" schedule (the physiological requirements were supplied by the natural way by the 3rd-4th postoperative day), and group 3 received enteral feeding through a tube. The tube was introduced by means of an endoscope before or during the operation. It was found that in feeding through a tube children with pylorostenosis could be given 2-3 times more milk before the operation and in the first days after it. Regurgitation and the phenomena of esophagitis and jaundice are arrested in this case. The gain in weight is 3 times that in children of group 1. The authors consider this type of feeding to be justified in gravely ill patients. The "forced" schedule is used in an uncomplicated course of the disease. Feeding of infants with pylorostenosis by the generally accepted method was found to be unsatisfactory and the authors rejected it.
Enteral Nutrition↗
Practices and attitudes toward breast-feeding among medical professionals.
The results of a mail survey conducted among pediatricians, obstetricians, family practitioners, and nurses, and results of an adjunct survey conducted among hospital administrators are presented. According to the findings, breast-feeding is advocated by physicians; however, the topic is not always initiated, so the mother is influenced by other sources. Supplementary foods and vitamins are advocated to varying degrees and not necessarily in keeping with present knowledge about nutrition. Physicians are willing to counsel mothers regarding problems with breast-feeding and feel that further physician encouragement is necessary for more breast-feeding or longer breast-feeding. Mothers should have an opportunity during pregnancy, while they are in the hospital, and postnatally to learn as much as they can about feeding methods. The obstetrician can initiate earlier discussion with the mother on feeding methods and can assume a more aggressive role in initiating this discussion. In the hospital, a mother who chooses to breast-feed can be assisted in having a successful breast-feeding experience by spending as much time as possible with her infant starting with the period immediately following birth. Postnatally, physicians can encourage successful breast-feeding and breast-feeding of longer duration by not encouraging the early initiation of supplements and solid foods. The increasing trend in breast-feeding can best be facilitated by these positive actions taken by physicians, nurses, and health care facilities.
Adult↗
Effects of corn grain conservation method on feeding behavior and productivity of lactating dairy cows at two dietary starch concentrations.
Effects of conservation method of corn grain and dietary starch concentration on dry matter intake (DMI) and productivity of lactating dairy cows were evaluated. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (55 +/- 15.9 d in milk; mean +/- SD) were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets contained either ground high-moisture corn (HM) or dry ground corn (DG) at two dietary starch concentrations (32 vs 21%). Mean particle size and dry matter (DM) concentration of corn grain were 1863 pm and 63.2%, and 885 microm and 89.7%, for HM and DG, respectively. DMI was lower for HM compared to DG treatment in high-starch diets (20.8 vs 22.5 kg/d), but similar for the HM and DG treatments in low-starch diets (19.7 vs 19.6 kg/d). This reduction in DMI is attributed to smaller meal size for HM compared to DG in high-starch diets (1.9 vs 2.3 kg of DM for high-starch diets; 2.1 vs 2.0 kg of DM for low-starch diets). Faster starch fermentation for HM in high-starch diets might result in satiety with smaller meal size. Milk yield was greater when cows were fed high-starch diets compared to low-starch diets (38.6 vs 33.9 kg/d) regardless of corn grain treatment. High-starch diets increased solids-corrected milk yield by 3.3 kg (35.2 vs 31.9 kg/d) compared to low-starch diets for cows fed DG, but did not increase for cows fed HM. This was because of a lower milk fat concentration for cows fed HM in high-starch diets. Reducing ruminal starch fermentation by substituting DG for HM can increase the productivity of lactating cows fed high-starch diets.
Animal Feed↗
Survival-determining factors in patients with neurologic impairments who received home health care in Japan.
BACKGROUND: The Japanese have become the longest-lived nation population in the world, and numbers of elderly who require medical and nursing care are increasing. The capacity of nursing homes and nursing institutions is sharply limited in Japan; further, as a group, elderly Japanese patients prefer home care to institutional care. For these reasons, the home health care system in Japan has been increasingly important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify factors determining long-term survival in Japanese patients receiving home health care for neurologic disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 180 patients with neurologic disease, who received home health care conducted by our hospital between 1992 and 2001. Factors considered were age; gender; illnesses; prognosis; follow-up period; activities of daily living (ADL); behavioral, cognitive, and communicative functions; swallowing function; feeding method; serum nutritional values (total protein, albumin, and total cholesterol); hemoglobin concentration; and social care services provided at home. RESULTS: Variables affecting long-term survival in 180 patients with neurologic disease were age (P<0.0002) and severity of dysphagia (P<0.04) by Cox's proportional hazard test. CONCLUSION: Maintenance of swallowing function and adequate nutrition through a variety of feeding methods that can be provided by a home health care program are important for long-term survival of patients with stroke and also that of patients with other neurologic diseases.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Continuous feeding promotes gastrointestinal tolerance and growth in very low birth weight infants.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of continuous versus intermittent feeding on gastrointestinal tolerance and growth in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. STUDY DESIGN: In a randomized, controlled trial conducted at 3 neonatal units, 70 premature infants with a gestational age 24 to 29 weeks and birth weight < 1200 g were assigned to 1 of 3 feeding methods: continuous nasogastric feeding, intermittent nasogastric feeding, or intermittent orogastric feeding. Feeding was initiated within 30 hours of birth. Daily enteral and parenteral volumes, caloric and protein intakes, growth, enteral intolerance, and clinical complications were recorded. Cox regression analysis was used to determine primary outcome, the time to achieve full enteral feeding. RESULTS: The continuously fed infants achieved full enteral feeding significantly faster than the intermittently fed infants (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07 to 3.22). In stratified analysis according to birth weight, the improvement was even more pronounced in the smallest infants, those with birth weight < or = 850 g (adjusted HR = 4.13; 95% CI = 1.48 to 11.53). Growth rate was significantly faster in the continuously fed infants ( P = .002). CONCLUSION: In VLBW infants, continuous feeding seems to be better than intermittent feeding with regard to gastrointestinal tolerance and growth.
Analysis of Variance↗
Factors contributing to preterm infant engagement during bottle-feeding.
BACKGROUND: Preterm infants have difficulty maintaining engagement throughout early oral feedings, which can lead to less efficient feeding and prolonged feeding skill development. OBJECTIVE: To examine contributions of the infant, mother, and feeding context to infant engagement during bottle-feeding. METHODS: Bottle-feedings of very-low-birthweight infants (n = 22) by their mothers were observed. Infant and maternal behaviors were coded and synchronized with physiologic measures. At completion of the feeding, the mothers were interviewed, and their working model of feeding coregulation was scored. Feedings were subdivided into feeding episodes (n = 114). Using multilevel linear regression analyses, four dyadic characteristics (working model of the caregiver's role as coregulator, birthweight, postconceptional age, baseline oxygen saturation) and five episode characteristics (readiness at episode onset, episode baseline oxygen saturation, mean oxygen saturation during the episode, maternal feeding behavior, and phase of feeding) were examined as potential predictors of feeding episode engagement. RESULTS: Conditions observed during the feeding observation explained most of the variation in engagement. Engagement was more likely to occur during the early phase of feeding (p <.05), during feeding episodes that began with infant readiness (p <.05), and during feeding episodes with higher mean oxygen saturation during the episode (p <.05). Feeding episodes with less jiggling of the nipple had a significantly greater amount of engagement (p <.05). CONCLUSIONS: The ability of the preterm infant to maintain engagement during bottle-feeding cannot be explained by characteristics of the infant or by the prefeeding condition of the infant alone. Rather, engagement is coregulated by the caregiver and the infant throughout the feeding. Strategies to assist infants in maintaining physiologic stability during bottle-feeding and further study of effective and contingent caregiver feeding behaviors are needed.
Adult↗
Constant rate enteral nutrition in bucco-pharyngeal cancer care. A highly efficient nutritional support system.
The incidence of protein and calorie malnutrition in bucco-pharyngeal cancer patients is high and therefore nutritional support is indicated. Two methods of tube feeding, fractioned enteral (FEN) versus constant rate enteral nutrition (CREN) have been compared in a prospective study. Based on anthropometrical, biological and immunological criteria, patients on CREN showed a significant improvement of their post-operative protein state in comparison with patients on FEN. This difference was due to a better tolerance to CREN, which allowed a more appropriate protein and calorie intake. Furthermore the time of intravenous infusion was reduced in patients on CREN. In conclusion, CREN is a highly efficient feeding method for patients with head and neck cancer. It has the great advantage of being simple and cheap.
Anthropometry↗
Exploring women's views of breastfeeding: a focus group study within an area with high levels of socio-economic deprivation.
There is ample evidence of the short- and long-term health benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and infants, yet breastfeeding rates remain low in the UK, particularly in areas of high social deprivation. It is imperative that appropriate strategies are utilized to support more women to initiate and continue breastfeeding. This study used focus group methodology to explore women's views in relation to breastfeeding. The study was conducted within an area with high levels of socio-economic deprivation in the north-east of England and aimed to identify local barriers to breastfeeding, influences on choice of infant-feeding method and strategies which might improve breastfeeding rates. Focus group discussions were conducted with low-income women, adolescent women and women from a minority ethnic group. The five key themes that emerged from the data were: society's negative attitudes towards breastfeeding; the influence of family and friends and the experience on choice of method of infant feeding; lack of knowledge of some aspects of infant feeding; perceptions of professional support; and women's positive and negative experiences of breastfeeding. Recommendations for promoting and supporting breastfeeding include improving facilities to breastfeed in public, enhancing the provision of information, addressing conflicting advice and poor professional practice and implementing support mechanisms. The findings and recommendations have been used to develop a breastfeeding strategy to meet local needs. This project was funded by the English Department of Health Infant Feeding Initiative.
Adolescent↗
Development of a scale to measure gender-role attitudes toward breast-feeding among primiparas.
Women's roles have undergone rapid transformation in recent decades and appear to affect the decision to breast-feed. Research in this area has been hampered by the lack of valid instruments to measure the relevant domains of gender-role related considerations. This study developed a scale to measure gender-role attitudes toward breast-feeding in primiparous women. Ninety-one married women, recruited during childbirth education classes in the Chicago metropolitan area, were surveyed by mail at eight weeks postpartum regarding their experiences as new mothers. Questionnaire items measuring infant feeding method (breast-feeding, bottle feeding) and attitudes toward breast-feeding were developed specifically for this investigation. Validity and reliability were assessed by structural equations analysis using LISREL. The LISREL fit statistics supported a one factor measurement model and combining the six items into a scale. Reliability analysis yielded a standardized alpha coefficient of .74. If results of future research are promising, the scale could be used to target new mothers with multiple roles for education and support and to evaluate interventions designed to promote positive breast-feeding attitudes and behavior.
Adult↗
Laboratory oviposition, fecundity and egg hatching ability of colonized Anopheles albimanus from southwestern Mexico.
Fecundity, oviposition patterns and egg hatching characteristics were studied in two colonies of Anopheles albimanus isolated from the Pacific coast of southern Mexico. Fecundity was inversely proportional to the cage space available to the female and was influenced by the bloodmeal source, feeding method and previous feeding history. The length of the gonotrophic cycle decreased with succeeding experience from a mean 6.6 in the first to 2.6 days for the fifth cycle. Oviposition timing was also dependent on availability of oviposition substrate. Hatching success of eggs increased significantly when the oviposition site was witheld until 48 hr post-bloodmeal.
Animals↗
Surface electromyography of facial muscles during natural and artificial feeding of infants.
OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare the activity of the masseter, temporalis and buccinator muscles in different infant feeding methods. METHOD: Cross-sectional study of 60 full-term infants with no intercurrent diseases, aged between two and three months, classified into the following groups: 1) exclusive breastfeeding; 2) breastfeeding plus bottle-feeding; and 3) exclusive breastfeeding plus cup feeding. Surface electromyography was performed during infant feeding. The Krushal-Wallis test was used, complemented by multiple paired comparisons of the groups. A 5% significance level was chosen for the tests. RESULTS: Statistically higher results were verified in the breastfeeding group in relation to the bottle-feeding one, both in the range of movement and the mean contraction of the masseter. With regard to the temporalis muscle, statistically higher results were found in the breastfeeding group comparatively to the bottle-feeding one. As to the buccinator muscle, statistically higher results were observed in the breastfeeding group in relation to the bottle-feeding one, although in this case, the difference concerned only the range of contraction. CONCLUSION: The similarities between the muscle activity in the breastfeeding and in the cup-feeding groups suggests that cup-feeding can be used as an alternative infant feeding method, being better than bottle-feeding, due to the hyperactivity of the buccinator muscle, which could result in changes to the structural growth and development of the stomatognathic system functions.
Age Distribution↗
Effect of method of feeding protein and protein insolubility on milk production by Jersey cows.
Each of two feeding trials used 32 first and second lactation Jersey cows to evaluate four methods of protein supplementation of corn silage: A) 20% crude protein grain mixture, B) 1.36 kg of soybean meal replaced an equal amount of grain mixture, C) 2.27 kg of alfalfa-orchardgrass hay daily and 16% crude protein grain mixture, and D) 2.72 kg of soybean meal mixed with the silage daily. Concentrates were fed at 1 to 4 kg fat-corrected milk for treatments A, B, and C. All cows received 1.18 kg of 16% crude protein concentrate mixture daily in the milking parlor. Protein contents, as percents of dry matter intake, for respective treatments were 12.9, 15.0, 12.7, and 17.2. Treatments did not differ significantly for milk production, fat-corrected milk, and change of body weight; however, percents milk fat for 1.36 and 2.72 kg soybean meal were higher. In trial 2, protein insolubility of ration components was determined by four extracting methods: A) autoclaved rumen fluid, B) sodium chloride solution, C) Burroughs' solution, and D) boiling water. Insoluble protein intake determined by autoclaved rumen fluid and hot water methods accounted for more of the variance of milk and fat-corrected milk production than total protein intake.
Animals↗
Maternal intention and actual behavior in infant feeding at one month postpartum.
Five-hundred and ninety-one mothers completed a follow-up questionnaire at one month postpartum. The total breastfeeding rate declined from 83.4% before discharge to 50.8% at one month. One-hundred and fifty-three (25.9%) mothers exclusively breastfed, 147 (24.9%) mothers mixed fed, and 291 (49.2%) mothers formula fed their babies at that time. Among the mothers who initially intended to exclusively breastfeed, 39.3% changed to formula feeding, while 7.1% of the mothers who intended to mix feeding and 4.8% of the mothers who intended to formula feed changed to exclusive breastfeeding at one month postpartum. Nine percent of the breastfeeding mothers weaned within the 1st week, 9.2% weaned between the 1st and 2nd week, 8.4% weaned between the 2nd and 3rd week, while another 14.8% weaned between the 3rd and 4th week. Milk insufficiency, maternal tiredness, not knowing whether the infant had enough to eat and breast problems were the four major reasons for changing feeding method from breastfeeding to formula feeding. Positive breastfeeding attitude, non-employment and husband's approval of breastfeeding was negatively associated with changing feeding behavior from breastfeeding to formula feeding within one month postpartum. In conclusion, successful breastfeeding not only depends on factors related to the mother, but also on her environment. Education regarding breastfeeding should be provided to the entire family including the mother and father. The workplace needs to be more accommodating to breastfeeding mothers, so that they can continue breastfeeding after returning to work.
Breast Feeding↗
Initiation and duration of breast-feeding in women receiving antiepileptics.
OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to characterize breast-feeding initiation and the duration of breast-feeding in women receiving antiepileptics. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort study was performed on 34 pregnant epileptic women receiving antiepileptics and 34 pregnant age-matched controls. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the group receiving antiepileptics chose breast-feeding as the initial feeding method, which was significantly less than the controls (85%, p = 0.004). The decision to choose initial feeding methods was closely associated with advice from physicians and other sources. The 17 women in the antiepileptics group who chose breast-feeding initially terminated breast-feeding significantly earlier than did the control group (4.7 +/- 2.6 vs 9.3 +/- 5.7 months post partum, p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Mothers receiving antiepileptics tend to choose formula feeding. Even when they choose breast-feeding initially, its duration is shorter than usual. Consensus and guidelines on this matter among experts remain to be reflected on and effectively implemented in current medical practice.
Adult↗