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PubMed1981

The criminal fantasy technique: a comparison of sex offenders and substance abusers.

Presented a newly developed projective technique that utilizes criminal fantasy in an attempt to help in the prediction of crime and to gain psychodynamic insights into such offenders. Protocols of 37 compulsive sex offenders were compared to a group of 13 substances abusers who served as clinical controls. Statistical significance regarding the difference in number of judged pathological stories for the two groups was reached for all cards that were designed to elicit sexual fantasy. Cards depicting crimes of a non-sexual nature were not seen differently by the two groups, which was an expected finding. Raw data that highlighted the richness of the elicited projective material also were presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Feelings and fantasy in eating disorders: a factor analysis of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale.

The aim of the study was to examine the factor structure of alexithymia in patients with eating disorders and to compare scores on these factors with a non-eating disordered population. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was given to patients with restricting anorexia nervosa (AN/R, n = 29), bulimia nervosa (BN, n = 83), anorexia with a subtype bulimia (AN/BN, n = 15), and 79 female students. Factors were extracted using a principal-components factor analysis. Four factors were found--inability to Identify Feelings, Paucity of Fantasy, Noncommunication of Feelings, and Concrete Thinking. All three eating disorder groups were less able to identify their feelings than the comparison group and AN/R patients had a more diminished fantasy life than BN patients and students. Groups did not differ significantly on concrete thinking but there was a trend towards significance on noncommunication of feelings, with patient groups expressing their feelings less than comparison subjects. Differences between patient groups on factors of the TAS suggest that scores are not simply a result of psychopathology in general. Approaches which promote the identification and expression of feelings may be particularly useful in the treatment of eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

On the inter-relationship of cognition and affect: fantasies of deaf children.

A few projective studies focusing on the impact of cognition on affect in the deaf have reported strikingly disparate results with little systematic inquiry. A new and previously unreported play situation (with the deaf) was devised to elicit a detailed story. Fantasies were obtained in a uniform fashion from four groups of five-year-old boys comprising middle-class deaf and hearing children and lower socio-economic-class deaf and hearing children. Results suggest that: (1) The impact of deafness on cognitive functioning in these children is akin to--but apparently no worse than--the cultural deprivation phenomenon experienced by low socio-economic-status children. (2) There is no paucity of fantasy life in the deaf or deprived child, despite the absence or relative lack of verbal skills. (3) A problem common to both disadvantaged children and the deaf children tested in the intrusion of anxiety into autonomous ego functions, so that practice necessary for the firm development of cognitive schemata is interfered with. (4) The clinical impulsivity secondary to these emotional pressures may perpetuate itself by interfering with cognitive decentration in time and space in relation to others.

Affect↗
PubMed1985

Sexual fantasy alternation: procedural considerations.

Leonard and Hayes (1983) reported several clinical trials of the sexual fantasy alternation procedure, a form of orgasmic reconditioning. Due apparently to unfamiliarity with several essential components of the procedure, their results were equivocal and they questioned the clinical utility of the technique. In this report the Leonard and Hayes study is evaluated on the issues of subject selection, evaluation of pre-treatment baseline data, prediction for direction and magnitude of effect, mechanisms of effect and ethical concerns. It is concluded that, if clinicians respect certain basic conventions, the sexual fantasy alternation procedure is considerably more orderly than the authors believe.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2001

Another White Christmas: fantasy proneness and reports of 'hallucinatory experiences' in undergraduate students.

In the current experiment, 44 undergraduate students were asked to listen to white noise and instructed to press a button when they believed hearing a recording of Bing Crosby's White Christmas without this record actually being presented. Fourteen participants (32%) pressed the button at least once. These participants had higher scores on fantasy proneness and the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS) compared to participants without hallucinatory reports. Both groups did not differ in terms of imagery vividness or sensitivity to social demands. Logistic regression suggested that fantasy proneness is a better predictor of hallucinatory reports than are LSHS scores. This might imply that hallucinatory reports obtained during the White Christmas test reflect a non-specific preference for odd items rather than schizophrenia-like, internal experiences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Psychoanalysis and sexual fantasies.

Psychoanalysis began as a depth psychology, heavily based on the sexual experiences and memories of patients. A long-term treatment, utilizing a free association method, psychoanalysis has provided a window onto the meanings and functions of fantasy, including sexual fantasy. Although psychoanalysis has produced some scientific research, the field has tended to rely on observational data collected from individuals studied in depth. Sex research on the other hand, carried out by investigators from different disciplines is based on empirical investigation. Each field has made contributions fundamentally important to the other. In this article, we review psychoanalytic ideas about human sexuality and distinguish those that have been invalidated by systematic research from those that remain useful. Perhaps, the single most important revision of psychoanalytic theory during the past century was concerned with the psychological development of girls and women. We separately discuss the development of the sexes, and stress the need for bridge building between psychoanalysis and sex research.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Children's internal representations, empathy, and fantasy play: a validity study of the SCORS-Q.

The authors investigated relationships among internal representations, empathy, and affective and cognitive processes in fantasy play to test the validity of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale Q-Sort (SCORS-Q; D. Westen, 1995) with children. Eighty-six 8-10-year-olds were administered 8 Thematic Apperception Test cards, a standardized play task, and a self-report empathy measure. Teachers rated children's empathy and helpfulness. As predicted, internal representations were related to empathy, helpfulness, and quality of fantasy play. Developmental differences on the SCORS-Q were consistent with object relations theory and with results from the original SCORS. The findings support the value of internal representations as a means of understanding children's interpersonal functioning and contribute to the validity of the SCORS-Q for use with children.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Correlates of hypnotizability in children: absorption, vividness of imagery, fantasy play, and social desirability.

This study examined correlates of hypnotizability in children that had previously been reported for adults. Forty-two children (ages 7-14) completed the Fantasy Questionnaire (FQ), the Children's Social Desirability Questionnaire (CSDQ), the Zelter and LeBaron (1984) revision of the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale for Children (SHCS:C-R), and the Children's Fantasy Inventory: Absorption and Vividness Scales (CFI: A & V). The nine-item SHCS:C-R yields separate scores for Observed Behavior (OB), and Realness (R), as well as a Total Score (TS). Results indicated significant correlations between SHCS:C-R scores and those for CFI: A & V, and the FQ (r = .42-.53) but not for the CSDQ. On the SHCS:C-R, correlations between R (involuntariness) scores and the above measures were not appreciably different from those found for OB scores. Observations suggested that attitudes towards hypnosis may influence children's hypnotic responsiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Goal-directed fantasy does not explain the training effect of the Carleton Skills Training Package.

Two treatments to enhance the hypnotic responsiveness of subjects who pretested as low in hypnotic susceptibility were compared. Subjects in one modification treatment (n = 20) received the Carleton Skills Training Package (CSTP). Those in a second modification treatment (n = 20) were administered a partial training that did not include information about imaginal strategies. The authors of the CSTP assume that goal-directed fantasies underlie subjects' feelings of involuntariness, so teaching imaginal strategies is the primary agent of subjective changes after the training. Controls (n = 20) received no treatment. Both training packages enhanced behavioral and subjective response to an equivalent degree. Control subjects' performances were stable across tests. Modest increases in hypnotizability scores following training were related neither to enhancing goal-directed fantasies nor to use of imagery. Other mechanisms, possibly compliance, may underlie the CSTP effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Fantasy proneness, reported childhood abuse, and the relevance of reported abuse onset.

This study investigated the relationship between fantasy proneness and the age at which reported childhood sexual abuse occurs. Seventeen adult females who reported having been sexually abused before the age of 7 years, 20 females who reported having been abused after the age of 7 years, and 20 females who reported having never been abused were administered two measures of imaginative involvement (Tellegen Absorption Scale [TAS] and Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings [ICMI]). Participants who were reportedly abused early in childhood obtained higher scores on the TAS and ICMI than participants who were reportedly abused later in childhood, who in turn obtained higher scores than the control participants. Findings are discussed in terms of factors that mediate fantasy proneness and reports of childhood abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Fantasy play in 5- and 6-year-old children.

We studied the verbal pretend play of 5- and 6-year-old boys and girls to delineate age and sex differences during the later preoperational period. Sixteen children with average language ability were paired by age and sex and were videotaped for three 15-min intervals. Verbal interactions were transcribed, and the pretend play was classified as object fantasy, imaginative action plans/themes, or fantasy roles. Language used for pretend play increased in proportion to all utterances with age. Older children referred to more invented objects than younger ones but primarily in the service of realistic action formats. Girls' conversations were scored as having significantly more verbal pretending than boys' and a higher proportion of it referred to play roles. There were both age and sex differences in the types of themes, toys used, and roles enacted, including more sex-typed behavior in older children. The continued increase in the proportion of pretend play to all verbal interaction with age and the characteristics of play behavior is consistent with developmental theory.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

The role of fantasy in the treatment of a severely disturbed child.

This case study demonstrates the psychodynamic role of a system of fantasies that dominated the emotional life of a severely disturbed child. Transformations in these fantasies revealed her development of a more stable sense of reality and the capacity for object relations.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed1993

Reality, fantasy, and adolescence.

Psychoanalytic views of reality and fantasy are contingent upon a theory of ego/mind: A mental-apparatus-objective approach is distinguishable from an experiential-subjective approach. These two views are highly correlated with Being and Doing as underlying modalities of processing experience. Adolescent development necessitates the integration and amalgamation of these two modalities, which are reflected in relating to reality as objective and separate from, or as merged and fused with, the ego, with corresponding fantasy contents and ego states. As social reality exists as an independent variable, it poses real problems for such crucial aspects of adolescence as identity formation, psychosocial moratorium, and the generational gap.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The association between religiosity, sexual fantasy, participation in sexual acts, sexual enjoyment, exposure, and reaction to sexual materials among black South Africans.

This study investigated the association of religiosity with sexual fantasies, participation, enjoyment, exposure, and reaction to sexual materials of 1,292 first-year university students. Participants who scored higher on the religiosity scale were more likely to report fantasies about heterosexual intercourse but less likely to have participated in heterosexual intercourse and less likely to report enjoyment of heterosexual or lesbian sexual intercourse or oral sex. Participants who were more religious were less likely to have been exposed to almost all types of sexual material and were more likely to disapprove of almost all types of sexual material.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confirmatory factor analysis of a Spanish version of the sex fantasy questionnaire: assessing gender differences.

The objective of this study was to validate the factor structure of Wilson's Sex Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ; Wilson, 1978; Wilson & Lang, 1981) using a Spanish version. In order to do this, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis on two nonclinical samples containing 195 men and 315 women. Both groups were tested for the structure proposed by Wilson and also for some alternative models. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that four factors were reasonably distinct, especially for the men. We proposed shortened version of the instrument that would have sufficient psychometric guarantees for assessing sexual fantasies in both genders. This abridged version improved the fit of the four-factor oblique factor equally for both the samples of men and women. In the light of the results of the validation hypothesis established with some criterion variables (dyadic sexual desire, unconventional sex, homophobia), we discuss discrepancies between both versions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Reaction reading: a tool for providing fantasy imagery for long-term care facility residents.

Reaction reading, the choral reading of poetry in small groups, gives mentally alert long-term care residents an opportunity to react to poetry with knowledge, opinion, emotion, and imagination. The activity can be led by a nonprofessional. Residents are encouraged to share their reflective fantasy (memory of past places and events) and projective fantasy (ideas of places beyond the contemporary setting) as inspired by poetic images. Application of the reaction reading method and its benefits are described.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Effects of stimulating psychodynamically relevant unconscious fantasies on schizophrenic psychopathology.

This article reviews a series of studies investigating the relationship between various unconscious fantasies and manifest pathology in adult schizophrenics. The results support the view that the activation of specific fantasies can lead to both the exacerbation and amelioration of symptoms in schizophrenia. The theoretical and clinical implications of the experimental findings are discussed, and suggestions for further research are offered.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

The links between the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES), fantasy proneness, and anxiety symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to further examine the psychometric properties of the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES). A sample of normal adolescents (N = 331) aged 12 to 18 years completed the A-DES and questionnaires measuring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, other anxiety disorder symptoms, and fantasy proneness. Factor analysis indicated that the A-DES, at least in nonreferred youths, is assessing a single dimension of dissociation. Furthermore, A-DES scores are not only significantly related to PTSD symptoms but also to other anxiety disorder symptoms (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder) and fantasy proneness. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗