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PubMed2005

Frustration between syn- and anticlinicity in mixtures of chiral and non-chiral tilted smectic-C-type liquid crystals.

We study the effects of mixing ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid-crystal compounds (FLCs and AFLCs) when the former are strictly synclinic and the latter strictly anticlinic, i.e. one mixture component exhibits only SmC* and the other only SmC(a)* as tilted phase. Three different paths between syn- and anticlinicity were detected: transition directly between SmC* and SmC(a)*, transition via the SmC(beta)* and SmC(gamma)* subphases, or by "escaping" the clinicity frustration by reducing the tilt to zero, i.e. the SmA* phase is extended downwards in temperature, separating SmC* from SmC(a)* in the phase diagram. The most common path is the one via the subphases, demonstrating that these phases appear as a result of frustration between syn- and anticlinic and, consequently, between syn- and antipolar order. For assessing the role of chirality, we also replaced the FLC with non-chiral synclinics. With one of the AFLCs, the route via supbhases was detected even in this case, suggesting that chirality--although necessary--does not have quite the importance that has previously been attributed to the appearance of the subphases. The path chosen in the mixture study seemed to be determined mainly by the synclinic component, the subphase induction occurring only when the SmA*-SmC* transition was second order.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Physiological and Emotional Reactivity to Learning and Frustration.

This study examined the behavioral (arm, facial) autonomic (heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA], and adrenocortical axis) reactivity of 56 4-month-old infants in response to contingency learning and extinction-induced frustration. During learning, infants displayed increases in operant arm response and positive emotional expressions. Changes in average RSA(V(NA)) paralleled the observed changes in facial expressions in general and maintained an inverse relation with heart rate throughout most of the session. When frustrated by extinction, infants displayed increases in negative expressions, heart rate, and a brief increase in RSA(V(NA)) followed by a significant decrease. No significant changes were observed for cortisol. These behavioral and facial responses are consistent with earlier work. The physiological changes, along with the facial expressions and instrumental responses, indicate that the autonomic nervous system functions as a coordinated affect system by 4 months of age.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Anger expression in the Picture-Frustration study under stressful conditions.

In order to study anger expression in health and illness, the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration study was administered to hospitalized depressives, parents of seriously ill children, and healthy controls. A follow-up study then compared responses of acutely and chronically ill adults. Externally directed aggression was lower in people experiencing more severe stress, and was negatively correlated with external locus of control and with depression. It is suggested that within limits outer-direction of blame for frustration may characterize unstressed, well-adjusted people, and that further research with the Rosenzweig in relation to assertion training would be valuable.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Aggression in abused children: differential responses to the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study.

The Children's Form of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study was used to measure direction of aggression in a sample of 30 physically abused children and a matched control group of 30 nonabused children. The abused children had higher E scores and lower M scores than the nonabused, but only on a subset of the pictures involving child-child interactions. These findings support previous reports in the literature that responses to the test differ according to whether the frustrating agent is an adult or a child. Implications of the results for the use of the test and for abused children are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

Variability of responses within the aggression categories on the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study, Children's Form.

This study examined whether the procedure for combining scores to make aggression categories on the Children's Form of the Picture-Frustration Study is psychometrically sound. Subjects were 245 children from Grades 1 through 6. Their responses were rated according to the 11 kinds of responses defined in the manual (Rosenzweig, 1978c). Results indicated that most of the scores did not correlate with their corresponding categories. Thus, the way scores are combined into aggression categories may be invalid, because they seem to be combinations of very dissimilar kinds of responses to frustration. Until psychometrically sound and empirically validated ways of combining the 11 scores are determined, it is recommended that the 11 scores themselves be used for clinical and research purposes.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Relationship of the children's form of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study to children's behavior, gender, and fantasies.

To examine the validity of the Children's Form of the Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, the instrument was administered to 245 children in Grades 1 through 6. Children were also administered the Make A Picture Story (MAPS) and the Response Hierarchy Measure. Teachers rated children's aggression on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Hostile responses on the P-F Study were related to self-reported verbal and physical aggression in conflict situations but were unrelated to teachers' ratings of aggressive behavior. Hostile responses were exhibited more often by boys than girls. Responses on the measure were related to children's fantasy patterns. Results supported the validity of the P-F Study as a measure of children's thought content in response to frustration.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Causes of frustration in soldiers during the period of adaptation to the military environment].

The aim of this study was to determine the frustrations that prevent soldier's successful adaptation to the military environment in the first three months of military duty. The sample consisted of 200 adapted (group A) and 400 maladapted (group NA) soldiers. The applied instrument was the Adjustment questionnaire. It was concluded that the most important cause of frustration was the problem of establishing the interpersonal relationship of soldier and his comrades in the unit. The presence of the actual factor of decompensation was also important, in the sense that it could disqualify for military duty, temporarily or permanently, even a well adapted soldier. Commanding officers and comrades could positively influence the socialization of a personality, by helping the less sociably adaptable soldiers in their adaption to the military environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

[Behavior of delinquents in social conflict situations. A study using the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test (PFT)].

35 delinquents with chronic dissocial developments and 35 neurotics (of equal sex and age) have been investigated with the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test (PFT). The results show a number of significant differences: The dissocial personalities are characterized by a denial of their strong latent guilt-feelings. They experience frustrations generally as a blame and try to remove the unbearable conflicts as soon as possible, especially by developing great activity. A modification of the evaluation of the PFT (differentiation between ego- and super-ego-blocking items) leads to the result that only the test-situations where the subjects are confronted with own fault and blame (super-ego-blocking) show clear differences between neurotics and delinquents. Clusteranalysis with super-ego-reactions to super-ego-blocking items show a great homogenity of the delinquent subjects. The other clusteranalyses lead to 2 subgroups which are interpreted as 2 ways of the delinquents to handle their strong latent guilt-feelings: the subjects of one subgroup show a defiant denial of guilt-feelings with a latent passive resignation; the subjects of the other subgroup emphasize the guilt-feelings, but are unable to take full responsibility, and they show a strong tendency to become active in order to get rid of the guilt-feelings.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Diagnostic significance of ego and superego blocking situations in the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test].

The article deals with an investigation on 200 subjects (4 groups of 50 subjects each: females and males, psychologically healthy persons and neurotics) with the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test (PFT). The reactions are analyzed by a modified method: separately for ego- and super-ego-blocking items. The results show that the subjects--apart from diagnosis--perceive ego-blocking situations as frustrating and react to them in a non-aggressive way (depreciating the conflict, complaisant reactions, passivity). In contrast to this the super-ego-blocking items provoke more aggressive impulses. For differential diagnostic purpose especially the ego-blocking items are significant: the neurotics are characterized by avoiding conflicts and withdrawal, while the psychologically healthy subjects show a greater ability to handle conflictual situations in an active way. It is proposed to use this modification (ego vs. super-ego-blocking items) also for follow-up studies (therapy-control) and for the investigation of patients with different ego-structure (for example schizophrenics, borderline personalities, patients with transference neuroses).

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Reaction of a frustrated citizen.

Participation on a board of a Comprehensive Community Mental Health Center is a frustrating, saddening, but occasionally positive experience. The positives can continue to outweigh the negatives only if the partnership between staff and citizen can be strengthened. Continued manipulation by either side of the partnership will in the end only destroy the goals we have worked for. With the reduction of federal commitment and the expiration of grants for most of the centers in the country we must band together to find new and creative ways to stay alive. Community Health Centers have made a real difference in the lives of ordinary citizens and in the lives of those who have served on their boards. Hopefully a renewed effect to bring staff and citizen/consumers together will bring about the new partnership without which there may be no Community in Mental Health Centers.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed1984

Goal frustration and life events in the aetiology of painful gastrointestinal disorder.

Life events and difficulties were recorded for the year preceding onset of abdominal pain in 135 consecutive referrals to three gastrointestinal clinics, and for the equivalent time period in a matched, healthy community comparison series. Fifty-six patients were found to have an organic gastrointestinal disorder. Severely threatening events and major difficulties known to play a critical aetiological role in clinical depression, occurred with much the same frequency during the 38 weeks before onset of non-organic ('functional') gastrointestinal disorder. There was no such relationship between the severity of threat and organic disorder. A measure of 'goal frustration' reflecting the degree to which the subjects aims and ambitions were insurmountably obstructed by the occurrence of the event, was significantly associated with organic disorder. This finding may explain the often reported association between life stress and organic gastrointestinal disorder.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1978

Frustration and temporomandibular joint pain.

The significance of frustration as a cause of temporomandibular joint pain is investigated through the use of bilateral electromyographic recording. Interpretation of both parametric and nonparametric data indicates the lack of relationship. The need for careful controls and the problems of psychologizing are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Changes in serum cortisol reveal functional differences in frustration-induced chain chewing in pigs.

The pituitary-adrenal correlates of oral stereotypes in pigs were studied in two frustration situations of intermittent food distribution in which small amounts of food were given every 4 min (n = 4), and a massed food situation in which the same total amount of food was given in one meal at the beginning of the session (n = 5). Control animals (n = 6) were exposed to intermittent food but without a chain. Both intermittent-food and massed-food pigs developed chain chewing at similarly high rates. Blood samples were taken on days 8 and 21 of the experiment. Serum cortisol decreased between the beginning and the end of session 21 in intermittent-food pigs, but increased in pigs subjected to the massed-food condition. These findings suggest that oral stereotypies elicited by an intermittent schedule of food presentation are not equivalent to those elicited by the massed-food regimen.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Restraint, but not frustration, induces prostaglandin-mediated hyperthermia in pigs.

Three experiments were carried out to investigate stress hyperthermia in prepubertal pigs. Experiment 1 examined the effect of frustrative nonreward (psychological stress) on deep body temperature in animals (n = 7) trained to make operant responses for food following a 17.5-h period of deprivation. There was no change in body temperature when the feeders were switched off whereas there was a small increase (NS) during normal operant feeding that might be attributable to physical exertion. In Experiment 2, the effects of 15-min physical restraint (snaring) were examined in the same group of animals. This procedure induced a significant (p < 0.01) rise in core temperature that was completely abolished by prior administration of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin, 2 mg/kg given intravenously). The final experiment investigated the effects of snaring on plasma cortisol concentrations. Blood samples were taken from indwelling catheters in pigs (n = 5) subjected to 15-min restraint with, or without, indomethacin pretreatment. Snaring produced a significant (p < 0.001) increase in cortisol release that was not affected by the administration of indomethacin. These results suggest that snaring, a physical stress that may also have energy expenditure components, induces a prostaglandin-mediated hyperthermic response in the growing pig.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The effects of chronic lead exposure on reactivity to frustrative nonreward in rats.

Prior to straight runway training two groups of rats received lead exposure (500 ppm via the drinking water) for 106 days. Two additional groups of animals received access to plain tap water. An 80-trial runway acquisition phase followed an initial 60-day fluid exposure phase. During acquisition one lead-exposed group and one water-exposed group received 50% partial reinforcement training, while the remaining animals received continuous reinforcement training. An 80-trial extinction phase immediately followed acquisition. Acquisition results were characterized by superior performance by the continuous reinforcement animals. The partial reinforcement animals took significantly longer to extinguish the alleyway response than did the continuous reinforcement animals. Moreover, the lead-exposed, partial reinforcement animals took longer to extinguish in the goal section of the runway than did the water-exposed, partial reinforcement animals. Conversely, the lead-exposed, continuously reinforced animals displayed significantly more rapid goal-measure extinction than did the water-exposed, continuously reinforced animals. When interpreted by the classic frustration theory [1,2], these latter two findings are supportive of a heightened emotional reaction being promulgated by lead exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Seizures induced by frustration and despair due to unresolved moral and political issues: a rare case of reflex epilepsy.

We present a case of reflex-induced simple partial seizures, triggered by feelings of frustration, anger and despair. Such emotions were provoked by pondering over complex national and international, political and moral issues. The present case may suggest that activation of right temporal networks may mediate negative and adverse emotions induced by preoccupation with agitating, controversial issues.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Meperidine addiction or treatment frustration?

There have been few studies of the psychiatric characteristics of analgesics addiction. The physician's perceptions that patients were addicted to analgesics might be partially attributable to frustration with poor response to treatment. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the medical records of 20 subjects (15 male and 5 female) who were perceived as having addiction to meperidine by general physicians. The most common medical diagnosis among these patients was chronic pancreatitis (7/20). Among them, five had a past history of suicide attempt and three had self-injury behavior during the index admission. The fact that subjects were perceived as being addicted might be attributable to a vicious cycle of the following factors: 1) chronic intractable pain; 2) poor staff-patient relationship; 3) lower pain threshold or tolerance due to anxiety or depression; 4) patients with a history or tendency of substance abuse; 5) placebo use and inadequate analgesics regimen. The findings of this study suggest that the importance of the following diagnostic and treatment procedures in these patients: 1) suicide risk should be evaluated; 2) comorbid psychiatric diseases should be treated; 3) factors that cause a vicious cycle in pain control should be identified; 4) misconceptions of opiate analgesics among medical staff should be discussed; 5) poor staff-patient relationship should be managed aggressively; and 6) "addiction" is a critical diagnosis that should be avoided if possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Enhanced frustrative nonreward effect following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the lateral septum in the rat.

The effect of local injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the lateral septum was tested in a paradigm known to lead to an energizing behavior, through a possible frustrative effect, induced by partial or total omission of reward in hungry rats. Biochemical assays in the septum showed that 6-OHDA reduced endogenous dopamine and, to a lesser extent, noradrenaline concentrations and left intact noncatecholaminergic neurons such as serotoninergic terminals. The first behavioral experiment was conducted in a double straight alley. The animals were submitted to three phases of testing with differing degrees of reinforcement: (a) an acquisition phase, in which the reinforcement was continuously delivered in the goal box of the two alleys, (b) a partial reinforced phase, in which animals received 50% partial reinforcement in the first alley and continuous reinforcement in the second alley, and (c) an extinction phase performed in one alley without any reinforcement. Animals with lesions ran faster for food than controls in the partial reinforcement or extinction situation, although there was no difference between the two groups in the acquisition phase of the continuous schedule of reinforcement or in the 50% reinforced trials of the partial reinforcement phase. The two groups also behaved similarly after the first six trials of the extinction phase. In a second experiment, the animals were tested in a lever-press conditioning task. Animals with lesions and control animals learned this task equally well, both with respect to the number of lever presses and the time to obtain a fixed number of food pellets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗