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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Effect of hyperventilation on airway mucosal blood flow in normal subjects.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hyperventilation (40 L/min) with room air (25 degrees C; 70% relative humidity) and frigid air (-10 degrees C; 0% relative humidity) on airway mucosal blood flow (Qaw) in normal subjects (n = 7; 26 to 54 yr of age). Qaw was measured with the dimethyl ether uptake technique, which reflects blood flow in the mucosa of large airways corresponding to a 50-ml anatomic dead space segment extending distally from the trachea. Mean (+/- SE) baseline Qaw during quiet (room air) breathing was 6.6 +/- 0.6 ml/min (range, 3.9 to 10.9). Qaw failed to change significantly during and after eucapnic hyperventilation with room air (thermal stress, 224 cal/min). In contrast, eucapnic hyperventilation with frigid air (thermal stress, 720 cal/min) increased Qaw in every subject, with the peak value occurring either during or over a 30-min period after hyperventilation; by 60 min, Qaw had returned toward baseline. The mean maximal Qaw was 310 +/- 49% of baseline (p < 0.05). Neither type of hyperventilation had an effect on airway resistance. We conclude that in normal subjects, Qaw increases during and/or after eucapnic hyperventilation with frigid air, and that this response is related to the magnitude of the thermal stress rather than to the level of ventilation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Postexertional airway rewarming and thermally induced asthma. New insights into pathophysiology and possible pathogenesis.

To determine if postexercise thermal events play a role in exercise-induced asthma (EIA), nine normal and eight asthmatic subjects on three occasions exercised while they inhaled frigid air. During the recovery period, either cold air, air at room temperature and humidity, or air at body conditions was administered in a random fashion. On a fourth occasion, body-condition air was given during exercise. Pulmonary mechanics were measured before and after each challenge. No changes in mechanics developed when air at body conditions was inhaled during exercise, however, increasing the heat content of the air during recovery produced progressively greater obstruction in both groups. On a separate occasion, seven asthmatics hyperventilated frigid air and either recovered spontaneously or had their ventilation slowly reduced. Controlling ventilation markedly attenuated the obstructive response. These data demonstrate that the severity of EIA is dependent not only on airway cooling but also upon the rapidity and magnitude of airway rewarming postchallenge.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Freeze-thaw effects on phosphorus loss in runoff from manured and catch-cropped soils.

Concern over nonpoint source P losses from agricultural lands to surface waters in frigid climates has focused attention on the role of freezing and thawing on P loss from catch crops (cover crops). This study evaluated the effect of freezing and thawing on the fate of P in bare soils, soils mixed with dairy manure, and soils with an established catch crop of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.). Experiments were conducted to evaluate changes in P runoff from packed soil boxes (100 by 20 by 5 cm) and P leaching from intact soil columns (30 cm deep). Before freezing and thawing, total P (TP) in runoff from catch-cropped soils was lower than from manured and bare soils due to lower erosion. Repeated freezing and thawing significantly increased water-extractable P (WEP) from catch crop biomass and resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of dissolved P in runoff (9.7 mg L(-1)) compared with manured (0.18 mg L(-1)) and bare soils (0.14 mg L(-1)). Catch crop WEP was strongly correlated with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. Freezing and thawing did not change the WEP of soils mixed with manures, nor were differences observed in subsurface losses of P between catch-cropped and bare soils before or after manure application. This study illustrates the trade-offs of establishing catch crops in frigid climates, which can enhance P uptake by biomass and reduce erosion potential but increase dissolved P runoff.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

[Feasibility to introduce rare tree species Pinus sibirica into China].

Pinus sibirica growing mainly in Siberia of Russia is distributed over the Euro-Asia Taiga forest belt. There are many high-quality populations due to a great deal of variations. This kind of tree has an advantage of standing up to frigid environment, and can spread out in such places that have cold weather and high altitude. In China, boreal forest is a wide-spreaded type of forest that has the largest area and high volume. For this reason, it is feasible to introduce Pinus sibirica into the region that the condition is suitable. Introducing this kind of tree is a strategic project that can improve the structure and quality of our boreal forest. Introducing it can not only meet the demands of improved variety in short time, but also do the experiment of producing edible seeds and build up the developing center of nut, which can be a way of getting rid of poverty of forest region in heavy frigid area where is regarded as infertile area for farming formerly.

China↗
PubMed1984

[Sexual dysfunction in infarct patients and their partner: repercussions on the couple's relations].

We have studied the sexual dysfunction in 115 couples under 60 years a member of whom had overcome a myocardial infarction (M.I.) not less than 6 months and no more than 2 years. We used two distinct questionnaires filled in anonymously one by the patients, the other by their partners. 70 (60,8%) patients have sexual dysfunction in post infarction as: partner's lack of co-operation 34 (48,6%), premature ejaculation 12 (17,1%), erectile failure 7 (10%), frigidity 6 (8,6%), sexual dissatisfaction 4 (5,7%), retarded ejaculation 2 (2,9%), various disorders 5 (7,1%), 58 (50,4%) partners have sexual dysfunction as: frigidity 22 (37,9%), sexual dissatisfaction 19 (32,8%), partners lack of co-operation 7 (12,1%), erectile failure 3 (5,2%), retarded ejaculation 2 (3,5%), various disorders 5 (8,6%). An important factor in sexual dysfunction is the partner's fear concerning the coitus which could provoke another heart attack due to stress and consequently the consort's death. We emphasize the importance acquired by the physician's tasks in favouring a complete psychophysical recovery in patients with previous M.I. whenever there are no rehabilitation institutes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Blood prolactin in 845 cases of clinically idiopathic sexual dysfunction].

Serum prolactin levels were measured in 845 subjects presenting with clinically idiopathic sexual dysfunction, including impotence, premature or defective ejaculation and frigidity in women. Stimulation tests using thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and sulpiride were performed in 80 men. One p. cent of impotent subjects had high serum prolactin levels associated with pituitary adenoma in 4/5 cases; 2.2% of impotent men, 10% of men with premature ejaculation and 5.6% of frigid women had moderate hyperprolactinaemia (50 ng/ml), probably not responsible for the sexual disorder. Mean serum prolactin levels were slightly below normal values (p less than 0.05) in impotent subjects. The results of stimulation tests were normal in all but one case. The mean area under the TRH response curve was moderately reduced in subject with impotence or defective ejaculation (p less than 0,05). The present study suggests that serum prolactin levels should be systematically measured in subjects with sexual impotence.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Simultaneous separation and purification of five bioactive coumarins from the Chinese medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson is a well-known Chinese medicinal plant, which has been used for the treatment of impotence, frigidity, and skin-related diseases, and exhibits strong antipruritic, antiallergic, antidermatophytic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiosteoporotic activities. A high-speed counter-current chromatography method was developed for the separation and purification of five bioactive coumarins from this plant. The crude coumarins were obtained by ethanol extraction from the dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson under sonication. High-speed counter-current chromatography with the two-phase solvent systems n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:4:6, v/v) and n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:6:4, v/v) was successfully performed with stepwise elution. The five relatively pure coumarins were obtained from 500 mg of the crude extract in a single run. Their purities were 90.6-98.9%, and the recoveries were 85.7-94.2%.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Temperature acclimation alters cardiac performance in the lobster Homarus americanus.

The American lobster is a poikilotherm that inhabits a marine environment where temperature varies over a 25 degrees C range and depends on the winds, the tides and the seasons. To determine how cardiac performance depends on the water temperature to which the lobsters are acclimated we measured lobster heart rates in vivo. The upper limit for cardiac function in lobsters acclimated to 20 degrees C is approximately 29 degrees C, 5 degrees C warmer than that measured in lobsters acclimated to 4 degrees C. Warm acclimation also slows the lobster heart rate within the temperature range from 4 to 12 degrees C. Both effects are apparent after relatively short periods of warm acclimation (3-14 days). However, warm acclimation impairs cardiac function at cold temperatures: following several hours exposure to frigid (<5 degrees C) temperatures heart rates become slow and arrhythmic in warm acclimated, but not cold acclimated, lobsters. Thus, acclimation temperature determines the thermal limits for cardiac function at both extremes of the 25 degrees C temperature range lobsters inhabit in the wild. These observations suggest that regulation of cardiac thermal tolerance by the prevailing environmental temperature protects against the possibility of cardiac failure due to thermal stress.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1983

Progress in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction.

Over a decade of research since the publication of Human Sexual Inadequacy by Masters and Johnson has confirmed the effectiveness of psychological treatment for sexual problems, but has not advanced our understanding of aetiology very much. It is generally assumed that anxiety blocks normal function in sexual disorders such as impotence or frigidity, although hormonal changes have also been suggested. Evidence for either proposition is lacking. Our own attempts to understand mechanisms have included the use of a dismantling strategy to investigate the effective components of psychological treatment, and latterly the role of exogenous androgens. In our first study, brief treatment modelled on that of Masters and Johnson proved superior to another version of graded practice in sexual contact which lacked the counselling component. Similarly, the fuller version had more effect than did imaginal desensitization, suggesting that sexual dysfunctions cannot be treated like phobic anxiety. A second study focused on women complaining of little sexual interest or enjoyment. The use of a minor tranquillizer was compared with that of androgen (testoral) in the hope that different treatments would be shown to be best for different types of disorder. Unexpectedly, the androgen proved best overall while another variable, monthly vs weekly sessions, did not produce any differences in effect. In the most recent study, a further 48 women were given androgens or placebo, and were seen weekly or monthly for four months by either one or two therapists. There were few significant differences, the most consistent being greater subjective improvement by the women being seen at weekly intervals. The failure to find a positive hormone effect in comparison with placebo raises the possibility that the anxiolytic used earlier may have been counter-productive. If so, it seems unlikely that either excessive anxiety or simple androgen deficiency is an adequate aetiological explanation for female sexual dysfunction.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1988

Characteristics of laryngeal cold receptors.

This study was designed to further characterize the properties of previously described laryngeal cold receptors (Respir. Physiol. 59:35, 1985). Single unit action potentials were recorded from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. The nervous conduction of fibers originating from 12 laryngeal cold receptors was blocked at a mean (+/- SE) temperature of 18.8 +/- 0.7 degrees C. Twelve receptors were localized on the edge of the vocal folds in correspondence of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. Topical anesthesia (2% lidocaine) blocked their activity within 4-18 sec, suggesting a superficial location. Paralysis of the vocal folds during spontaneous breathing through the upper airway did not alter the activity of 9 of 13 cold receptors. On the other hand, 7 of 12 cold receptors tested with constant flow showed respiratory modulation and laryngeal paralysis abolished the modulation of 3 of these tested with a constant flow of air. During progressive cooling in a stepwise fashion, as in frigid air breathing, laryngeal cold receptors maintained a phasic discharge. Our results indicate that these endings are particularly suited for detecting changes in temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Airway blood flow responses to temperature and humidity of inhaled air.

We determined the effect of breathing cold dry air (-39 degrees C, 0.1% relative humidity, RH) and warm humid air (43 degrees C, 100% RH) on airway mucosal blood flow (Qaw) in normal human subjects (n = 8, age 25-53 years) at rest. Qaw was measured with a dimethylether uptake technique which reflects blood flow in the mucosa of large airways corresponding to a 50 ml anatomical dead-space segment extending distally from the trachea. Mean Qaw was 10.1 +/- 1.9 ml min-1 (mean +/- S.D.) during room air breathing (25 degrees C, 70% RH) and decreased to 4.7 +/- 2.1 ml min-1 during cold dry air breathing (p < 0.05). Within 20 min of resuming room air breathing, mean Qaw had returned to baseline. Breathing warm humid air had no significant effect on mean Qaw (8.2 +/- 1.4 ml min-1). These results indicate that quiet breathing of frigid air causes vasoconstriction in central airways.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Short- and long-term effects of cromolyn sodium on the airway reactivity of asthmatics.

To study the effects of cromolyn sodium on the airway reactivity of asthmatics, we performed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study in which 11 atopic asthmatics inhaled 20 mg of cromolyn sodium or a matching placebo four times daily for 4 wk each, while in their allergy season. Bronchial challenges consisting of either eucapnic hyperventilation with frigid air or methacholine were performed before, in the middle, and at the end of each treatment period. Stimulus-response relationships were assessed with the forced expiratory volume in I sec (FEV1). The level of ventilation (VE) and the provocative dose of methacholine (meth) required to reduce the FEV1 20% from control were recorded as the PD20VE and PD20meth, respectively. There were no significant differences in the baseline FEV1 on any study day. The short-term administration of cromolyn brought about a significant increase In PD20VE prior to both the placebo and active phases of the study. Placebo had no effect on airway reactivity. After 2 wk of cromolyn, PD20VE rose significantly and stayed elevated during the course of the study. Neither the short- nor long-term administration of cromolyn had any effect on the responsiveness to methacholine. These results demonstrated that long-term therapy can attenuate the responsiveness to naturally occurring asthmogenic stimuli even when nonspecific reactivity is unchanged.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Climate of the earth: an overview.

Climate has varied over a large range in the recent history of the Earth, with extremes represented by equable environments of the Cretaceous and Eocene and the comparatively frigid conditions of the ice ages that punctuated the past few million years. It is suggested that major shifts in climate are controlled largely by variations in CO(2) with related fluctuations in modes of ocean circulation. Changes in climate can proceed rapidly, on time scales as short as centuries or even decades, as indicated by data for the Younger Dryas (a period of globally cold conditions interrupting recovery of the Earth from the last ice age) and the Little Ice Age (a cold snap extending from about 1250 to about 1850 ad). Rapid fluctuations in climate appear to be linked to changes in production of deep water in the North Atlantic, possibly also to variations in circulation of intermediate waters in the Pacific. Mechanisms are discussed whereby changes in ocean circulation can result in shifts of climate on a global scale. A 10 000 year record of climate from Norway is used to provide context for a discussion of possible changes in climate today arising as a result of the build-up of industrially related greenhouse gases. Brief, somewhat pessimistic, comments are offered concerning the prospects for meaningful near-term predictions of the response of climate to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. Studies of past climates, by drawing attention to important processes and feedbacks, can play a valuable role in the development of credible models for the future.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

The Antarctic cold desert and the search for traces of life on Mars.

The cryptoendolithic microorganisms that live inside rocks in the frigid Ross Desert of Antarctica can serve as a terrestrial model for what may have happened to life forms on Mars when the planet became dry and cold. Trace fossils of microbial rock colonization exist in Antarctica, and similar structures could have formed on Mars. In some respects, such trace fossils could be an easier target for life-detection systems than fossils of cellular structures.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2004

An event-related potential study of two kinds of source judgment errors.

The neural correlates of source judgment errors for confusable and nonconfusable source-item pairings were investigated. At study, subjects were presented with a series of lists of word pairs. Word pairs belonging to the same list were formed by pairing one of two associated words with different associates of an unstudied theme word (e.g., ship-frost, captain-chilly, ship-freeze, captain-frigid, etc., in one list; wife-pane, husband-glass, wife-curtain, husband-sill, etc., in another list). At test, subjects discriminated 'Old pairs' (e.g., ship-frost) from 'Intra' rearranged pairs (e.g., ship-chilly), 'Inter' rearranged pairs (e.g., ship-pane), and 'Old-New' pairs (e.g., ship-bulb). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for each class of test item. Similar proportions of 'yes' responses to Old and Intra rearranged pairs were observed, but the false alarm rate for Inter rearranged pairs was markedly lower. ERPs elicited by correctly classified Old pairs and false alarms to Intra rearranged pairs were indistinguishable and exhibited 'left parietal' and 'right frontal' effects, characteristic of recollection-based recognition. ERPs for false alarms to Inter rearranged pairs did not show these effects. It is concluded that source judgment errors for confusable source-item pairings are mediated by the same processes that support correct source judgments. Such errors reflect recollection of gist information which is nondiagnostic with respect to source.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Bilateral fat necrosis of the scrotum.

The typical patient with fat necrosis of the scrotum is a prepuberal heavy set male subject who has extratesticular scrotal masses, usually bilateral, with mild to moderate pain but no systemic complaints or symptons related to voiding. The masses are firm, tender and do not transmit light. With a firm diagnosis expectant treatment will allow spontaneous resolution of the lesions. If doubt exists appropriate surgical intervention is advocated. Hypothermic injury, such as swimming in frigid water, is the most probable etiologic agent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A "cryptic" microbial mat: a new model ecosystem for extant life on Mars.

If life were present on Mars to day, it would face potentially lethal environmental conditions such as a lack of water, frigid temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, and soil oxidants. In addition, the Viking missions did not detect near-surface organic carbon available for assimilation. Autotrophic organisms that lived under a protective layer of sand or gravel would be able to circumvent the ultraviolet radiation and lack of fixed carbon. Two terrestrial photosynthetic near-surface microbial communities have been identified, one in the inter- and supertidal of Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and one in the acidic gravel near several small geysers in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, U.S.A.). Both communities have been studied with respect to their ability to fix carbon under different conditions, including elevated levels of inorganic carbon. Although these sand communities have not been exposed to the entire suite of Martian environmental conditions simultaneously, such communities can provide a useful model ecosystem for a potential extant Martian biota.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Factors affecting the flow among domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of Trichinella.

Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are maintained in nature by sylvatic or domestic cycles. The sylvatic cycle is widespread on all continents, from frigid to torrid zones, and it is maintained by cannibalism and scavenging behavior of carnivores. Trichinella is primarily a parasite of carnivorous mammals, although one non-encapsulated species, Trichinella pseudospiralis, has also been detected in birds. The anaerobic metabolism of larvae in nurse cells allows their survival in extremely decayed meat. Encapsulated larvae in the decomposing carcass function similarly to the species-dispersing population of eggs or larvae of other nematodes, suggesting that the natural cycle of Trichinella includes a free-living stage when the parasite is no longer protected by the homeothermy of the host. Consequently, environmental temperature and humidity play an important role in the transmission of Trichinella among wildlife. Of the 10 recognized genotypes of Trichinella, only Trichinella spiralis is transmitted and maintained in a domestic cycle, although it can be present also in wildlife. All other genotypes (Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, T. pseudospiralis, Trichinella murrelli, Trichinella nelsoni and Trichinella papuae, Trichinella T6, T8, and T9) are transmitted and maintained only in a sylvatic cycle. This generalization does not preclude sylvatic species of Trichinella from invading the domestic habitat, and T. spiralis may return to this habitat when humans fail in the management of wildlife and domestic animals. However, the presence of sylvatic genotypes of Trichinella in the domestic habitat represents a "dead-end" for the sylvatic cycle. Synanthropic animals (rats, foxes, mustelids, cats, dogs, etc.) contribute to the flow of sylvatic Trichinella genotypes from wildlife to domestic animals and of T. spiralis from domestic to sylvatic animals. Furthermore, human behavior not only influences the transmission patterns of Trichinella genotypes in the domestic habitat, but also it can contribute to the transmission and spread of this infection among wildlife, for example by improper hunting practices.

Animals↗