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PubMed1995

Increased 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Oxidase Activity in Shoots of Flooded Tomato Plants Raises Ethylene Production to Physiologically Active Levels.

Soil flooding increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) acid oxidase activity in petioles of wild-type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants within 6 to 12 h in association with faster rates of ethylene production. Petioles of flooded plants transformed with an antisense construct to one isoform of an ACC oxidase gene (ACO1) produced less ethylene and had lower ACC oxidase activity than those of the wild type. Flooding promoted epinastic curvature but did so less strongly in plants transformed with the antisense construct than in the wild type. Exogenous ethylene, supplied to well-drained plants, also promoted epinastic curvature, but transformed and wild-type plants responded similarly. Flooding increased the specific delivery (flux) of ACC to the shoots (picomoles per second per square meter of leaf) in xylem sap flowing from the roots. The amounts were similar in both transformed and wild-type plants. These observations demonstrate that changes in ACC oxidase activity in shoot tissue resulting from either soil flooding or introducing ACC oxidase antisense constructs can influence rates of ethylene production to a physiologically significant extent. They also implicate systemic root to shoot signals in regulating the activity of ACC oxidase in the shoot.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Interactions among Flooding, Freezing, and Ice Encasement in Winter Wheat.

Exposure of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to various combinations of flooding and freezing stresses induces much greater damage than the individual stresses. Cold-hardened plants flooded for 1 week or exposed to -6 degrees C for 1 week show 100% survival, while survival of plants exposed to both stresses simultaneously is reduced by 20 to 30%, and cold hardiness decreases by several degrees. The level of nonstructural carbohydrates increases in crown tissue during cold acclimation, but decreases when the plants are exposed to flooding or to -6 degrees C for 1 week. The respiratory capacity of crown tissue segments declines when the plants are stressed. Uptake of (86)Rb by the roots of intact seedlings declines after exposure to either freezing or flooding, whereas passive efflux of amino acids is observed after freezing but not following flooding. This study has shown that detectable stress-induced metabolic changes occur in winter wheat before the applied stress is severe enough to reduce survival.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent.

Land disposal of sewage sludge and effluent is becoming a common practice in the United States. The fertilizer content and humus value of such wastes are useful for agricultural purposes, and the recycling of sewage onto the land eliminates many of our stream pollution problems. The potential exists for crops grown in such irrigated soil to be contaminated by viruses that may be present in the sewage. Studies were initiated to determine viral persistence in soil and on crops grown under natural conditions in field plots that had been flooded to a depth of 1 inch (2.54 cm) with poliovirus 1-inoculated sewage wastes. Lettuce and radishes were planted in sludge- or effluent-flooded soil. In one study, the vegetables were planted 1 day before flooding, and in another they were planted 3 days after the plots were flooded. Survival of poliovirus 1 in soil irrigated with inoculated sewage sludge and effluent was determined during two summer growing seasons and one winter period. The longest period of survival was during the winter, when virus was detected after 96 days. During the summer, the longest survival period was 11 days. Poliovirus 1 was recovered from the mature vegetables 23 days after flooding of the plots had ceased. Lettuce and radishes are usually harvested 3 to 4 weeks after planting.

Poliovirus↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of human rotavirus strains prevailing in Bangladesh in relation to nationwide floods brought by the 1988 monsoon.

The virologic character of human rotavirus strains prevailing in Bangladesh was investigated in relation to the devastating nationwide floods brought by the 1988 monsoon. Human rotaviruses contained in stool specimens that were collected from inpatients with infantile and adult diarrhea in two hospitals in Mymensingh over a 13-month period (January 1988 to January 1989) and in one hospital in Dhaka over a 3-month period (February to April 1988) were examined for their subgroup, VP7 serotype, and RNA electropherotype. In concurrence with the spread of the flood (from the middle of August 1988), the number of infantile and adult diarrhea patients increased greatly. At the same time, the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens in all diarrhea cases also increased remarkably, reaching 54 and 45% in September and October, respectively. An electrophoretic analysis of viral RNA revealed 17 distinct patterns of viral RNA (14 long and 3 short electropherotypes) and a considerable number of mixed electropherotypes, suggesting the simultaneous infection of some patients with more than two rotavirus strains. It was noteworthy that electropherotypes of rotavirus strains prevailing in the community changed considerably after the spreading of the flood and that the frequency of virus specimens showing mixed electropherotypes increased significantly during the flood period. These results suggest that sudden environmental change caused by the devastating floods seriously affected the epidemiology of rotavirus infections by increasing the opportunity of transmission of the virus and by reducing the resistance of the host to infection. In both pediatric and adult patient groups, serotypes 1 and 2 were the most frequent ones detected, followed by serotype 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of a flooding dose of leucine in stimulating incorporation of constantly infused valine into albumin.

Recently, we demonstrated increased incorporation of [13C]valine tracer into muscle protein after administration of a flooding dose of L-leucine. We have now investigated the possibility of a similar effect on albumin synthesis in the same group of volunteers. We gave L-[1-13C]leucine (20 atom%, 0.05 g/kg) during the final 90 min of a 7.5-h primed constant infusion of L-[1-13C]valine (99 atom%, 1.5 mg/kg prime constant infusion of 1.5 mg.kg-1.h-1) in healthy male volunteers in the postabsorptive state. Blood samples, taken at 0.5- to 1-h intervals during the constant infusion and at 5- to 30-min intervals during the application of the flooding dose, were analyzed for the concentration and 13C enrichment of leucine, valine, and their ketoacids. Albumin was isolated and hydrolyzed, and the enrichments of incorporated valine and leucine were compared with the mean enrichment of various possible precursor pools to calculate the apparent rate of albumin protein synthesis according to the standard procedures. During constant infusion of [13C]valine tracer the rate of albumin synthesis (measured using alpha-ketoisovalerate labeling as a surrogate for the true precursor) was 0.250 +/- 0.041%h (SD), a value identical to that routinely obtained using constant leucine tracer infusion and alpha-ketoisocaproate labeling. During the application of the flooding dose of leucine, the rate of incorporation of tracer [13C]valine into albumin increased by 73% to 0.433 +/- 0.129%/h (P < 0.05); the apparent protein synthetic rate calculated from the incorporation of leucine applied during the flood was 0.402 +/- 0.057 (P < 0.001). These results raise further doubts about the validity of the flooding dose method for the measurement of rates of human protein synthesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Influence of valine flooding on channeling of valine into tissue pools and on protein synthesis.

Rates of valine incorporation into protein were measured under control and valine-"flooding" conditions and included correction for the degree of recycling of unlabeled valine derived from the steady-state breakdown of tissue protein into the precursor pool (tRNA bound). The correction factor lambda, which is the ratio of the steady-state specific activity of valine in the tissue tRNA-bound pool to that in the arterial plasma, was determined for each of the tissues. In controls, values of lambda ranged from 0.31 in adrenals to 0.54 in heart; in flooded animals, values were higher, but only in liver was the value of lambda close to 1.0. In control and flooded rats, rates of protein synthesis were highest in liver and adrenals and lowest in skeletal muscle, with intermediate values in brain and heart. Flooding resulted in increased rates of protein synthesis in liver and decreased rates in adrenals. Rates of protein synthesis in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle were not statistically significantly affected by flooding.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Relationships among lung extravascular fluid compartments with alveolar flooding.

We studied the relationship between lung perivascular cuff fluid and alveolar fluid in dogs with alveolar flooding. In one group of dogs, we produced edema with alloxan. We waited 1 h and injected Evans blue dye intravenously. We then caused additional alveolar flooding by a rapid fluid load. The concentration of dye in perivascular fluid cuffs averaged 40% of that in airway edema fluid. We conclude that alveolar fluid derives from microvascular filtrate in the perimicrovascular compartment rather than from fluid in the loose connective tissue spaces. In a second group of dogs, we produced alveolar flooding by mechanically increasing left atrial pressure with a simultaneous fluid load. After flooding stopped and pressures stabilized, we injected Evans blue dye. Morphological examination of lung sections showed no dye present in alveolar fluid, although dye was present in alveolar septa and perivascular cuffs. Flooding occurs during a transient period consistent with an apparent increase in alveolar epithelial permeability, after which an isolated alveolar reservoir is created.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survey of Iowa emergency medical services on the effects of the 1993 floods.

INTRODUCTION: From June through August 1993, extensive flooding in the Mississippi and Missouri River basins resulted in 50 deaths and 12 billion dollars [U.S.] in damages in nine Midwestern states. In Iowa (1990 population 2,777,000), the government declared all 99 counties Federal Disaster Areas. This study examines how this event impacted local emergency medical services (EMS). METHODS: All 797 registered prehospital ambulance, rescue, and first-response companies in Iowa received survey questionnaires. Two follow-up mailings were provided for non-responders. RESULTS: A total of 468 EMS companies (59%) returned completed questionnaires. The geographic distribution of responders and non-responders was similar. Of the companies responding, 132 (28%) reported an impact on their operations from the flood disaster. The most frequently reported operational changes included the use of non-traditional vehicles, providing aid to regions outside usual service areas, and involvement in non-medical rescue operations. CONCLUSION: A major flood provides unique challenges for emergency medical services. Cross-sectional surveys can identify areas of improvement for prehospital systems located in flood-prone areas. Results from this study provide a basis for constructing a more refined instrument to study future flood disasters.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the psychological consequences of environmental catastrophes: a feasibility study based on the 1992 floods in the Vaucluse].

Scientific studies of environmental disasters, whether human or natural in origin, have shown that the psychological impact of such events may be considerable and long-lasting. Several natural disasters have occurred in France, but their impact on public psychological health has not been assessed. In September 1992, there was a major flood in southeast France (Vaucluse), which caused 38 deaths. Four years later, we performed a pilot cross-sectional study to assess the feasibility of a larger epidemiological study to assess the psychological impact of this flood. Two affected towns were chosen for this study: Vaison-la-Romaine (VLR), where the flood was very sudden and 29 people were killed, and Bédarrides, where the water level rose more slowly. In Bédarrides, households were randomly selected from a list of victims (n = 100) and in Vaison-la-Romaine, households were randomly selected from the telephone directory (n = 140). Exposure to the flood was assessed by a series of questions, the answers to which were used to calculate an exposure score. The questionnaire also included psychometric scales for post-traumatic stress disorder (QE-PTSD), anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory). In Bédarrides, the participation rate was high: 69% of the selected households were successfully contacted and found to be eligible for inclusion and 74% agreed to a face-to-face interview. In Vaison-la-Romaine, 51% of the selected households were contacted and eligible and 50% agreed to the face-to-face interview. Our survey showed that exposure was multidimensional and that it was possible to calculate an exposure score suitable for the analysis of exposure-effect relationships. The PTSD scale was completed well by the interviewees, several of whom did not fill in the depression and anxiety scales correctly. However, analysis of the responses obtained showed that these tools had a high level of internal consistency. Cross-correlations between the various psychological scales used in this study were highly significant (p < 10-4). There was some degree of association between some psychometric scales and exposure. This pilot study shows that a cross-sectional study of the long-term psychological consequences of an environmental disaster could be carried out several years after the event but that the feasibility of such a study depends ultimately on its acceptance by the public and the relevant authorities. It underlines the need to collect exposure data immediately after the event and enabled us to identify and to adapt the tools required for this kind of evaluation. It should encourage public health decision-makers to support such evaluation and to improve the psychological and social support available to people exposed to floods.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A community based study on health impact of flood in a vulnerable district of West Bengal.

In order to ascertain the disaster vulnerability and health risks of flood in Hooghly district of West Bengal, this community based study was conducted through record analysis, interview of concerned authorities and household survey of morbidities before and after flood. Two blocks, with most of its population, were found to be the worst affected among all the disaster vulnerable blocks of the district. Incidence of diarrhoea, other enteric diseases and respiratory infections were significantly higher (P < 0.05) among the population in flood affected blocks, compared to the unaffected. The attack rate of diarrhoea in the flood affected population had increased significantly following flood (P < 0.05).

Diarrhea↗
PubMed2002

Willingness to pay for flood and ecological risk reduction in an urban watershed.

Urban watershed managers frequently must address alternative policy goals; flood control and ecological risk reduction. This study combines hydrologic models of flood control and biotic models of ecologic risk with economic models of willingness-to-pay and psychological models of risk processing and planned behavior to evaluate these two alternative policy objectives. The findings reveal that flood risk exposure, especially for those individuals who would remain outside the 100 year flood plain if the project were enacted, does influence the financial support that local residents would be willing to make to a flood control project. Other important determinants include demographic factors such as income, and attitudinal measures of the respondent. Expanding the scope of the project to include ecological risk reduction does not, however, appear to change the average willingness-to-pay for a project.

Demography↗
PubMed2002

Faecal contamination over flood events in a pastoral agricultural stream in New Zealand.

Faecal bacterial dynamics during flood events were studied in the Topehaehae Stream near Morrinsville, New Zealand, in a catchment used for grazing dairy and beef cattle. During the rising limb of a natural flood event, E. coli bacterial concentration rose by more than 2 orders of magnitude and peaked at 41,000 cfu/100 mL. E. coli correlated closely with turbidity over the flood event, and both variables peaked close to the time of maximum flow acceleration rather than peak flow. An artificial flood on the same stream, created by releasing water from a supply reservoir during fine weather with no wash-in from the catchment, produced a broadly similar pattern of faecal contamination (peak E. coli = 12,500 cfu/100 mL). This and other evidence suggests that direct deposition of faecal matter by cattle in the stream channel may be of similar or greater importance than wash-in from land. The flood experiments have been useful for constructing a model of faecal bacterial yields, and they imply that exclusion of livestock from stream channels may appreciably improve water quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Hydrological adjustment and flooding control of wetlands in the Liaohe Delta.

The function of estuary wetland on hydrological adjustment and flooding control is studied in this paper. It is estimated that the evapotranspiration in the reed field during growth season (June to October) is 722.9 mm, which is 37.5% higher than large water body (E601: 525.9 mm). The water replacement rate in the reed field can reach 95% only when the rains continuously for 11 days and the precipitation reached 912 mm. For the water balance in the paddy field, the total water requirement ranges between 1920 and 1860 mm, among which, 31% is from precipitation, and the left is provided by reservoirs. The water usage efficiency is 0.35 at present productivity. Based on the landscape characteristics and functionalities on flooding control, 5 functional zones are designed for the Liaohe Delta; key protected area; underground storage area; flooding discharge area; flood diversion area in emergency; and flood control drainage area.

China↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of the health inpact of the floods in the Gard on respiratory health of disaster victims].

In 2002 the Gard was subjected to exceptional flooding, as much by their size as by the number of affected community victims, more than the Nimes floods in October 1988. No community was spared and more than 800 families had to be rapidly re-located. As the medical bibliography of the impact of the floods on respiratory heath was not conclusive we have proposed to the CHU of Nimes a hospital clinical research project undertaken by the members of RNSA, the Institute of Public Health of Brussels and the European Centre for Medical Bioclimate Research and Teaching, who have accepted to share their knowledge with the Gard. It seems to us to be indispensable, considering the certifications made by the professionals on the health on the department, to validate the study methods for the evaluation of the health impact of the floods, with regard to the development of moulds in the environment, so as to recognise the risk to health, in the very special circumstances, and so allow the mobilisabion of useful resources more rapidly than previously. The new floods to which the department was subjected in December 2003 made us regret that we had not developed this project more quickly.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2005

Development of a method for assessing flood vulnerability.

Over the past few decades, a growing number of studies have been conducted on the mechanisms responsible for climate change and the elaboration of future climate scenarios. More recently, studies have emerged examining the potential effects of climate change on human societies, including how variations in hydrological regimes impact water resources management. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's third assessment report, climate change will lead to an intensification of the hydrological cycle, resulting in greater variability in precipitation patterns and an increase in the intensity and frequency of severe storms and other extreme events. In other words, climate change will likely increase the risks of flooding in many areas. Structural and non-structural countermeasures are available to reduce flood vulnerability, but implementing new measures can be a lengthy process requiring political and financial support. In order to help guide such policy decisions, a method for assessing flood vulnerability due to climate change is proposed. In this preliminary study, multivariate analysis has been used to develop a Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI), which allows for a comparative analysis of flood vulnerability between different basins. Once fully developed, the FVI will also allow users to identify the main factors responsible for a basin's vulnerability, making it a valuable tool to assist in priority setting within decision-making processes.

Disasters↗
PubMed2005

Flood management under climatic variability and its future perspective in Japan.

Devastating magnitudes of flood disasters have been occurring in various areas of Japan, and their impact has been increasing in recent years. Looking ahead, it is foreseen that rainfall and its patterns will be altered due to the climate change accompanied by global warming, and there is concern that the intensity and frequency of flood disasters might be exacerbated. This paper aims to introduce flood characteristics and management policies in Japan that have been undertaken for a long time in order to mitigate these recurrent flood disasters. It also highlights extremely devastating floods in some areas that occurred under recent climate variability, and to address the progress in the assessment of hydro-meteorological tendencies and in the promotion of dialogue among climatologists and hydrologists. Lastly, a new initiative to establish an intemational centre on water-related hazards and its risk management is presented.

Climate↗
PubMed1983

Personnel exposure from flood phantoms and point sources during quality assurance procedures.

Nuclear medicine technologists routinely use flood phantoms containing 5 to 10 mCi (185-370 MBq) of Tc-99m to perform quality assurance tests on scintillation cameras. This paper presents the results of a study that measured the radiation exposure received by three individuals from a Tc-99m flood phantom during the daily performance of flood-field uniformity tests on three scintillation cameras. The extrapolated annual personnel exposure to the anterior trunk and the back of the hand were 172 mR and 220 mR, respectively. Additional measurements indicate that personnel performing these tests with a 10-mCi Co-57 flood disk source or a 200-muCi point source would receive approximately 25% and 1%, respectively, of the exposure from a 10-mCi Tc-99m flood phantom. These exposure levels should be considered when evaluating personnel radiation exposure in a nuclear medicine clinic.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

[Infections during the 1995 flood in Ostlandet. Prevention and incidence].

During the 1995 river floods in eastern Norway, 7,000 people were forced to abandon their houses and the public water supplies of some 150,000 people were threatened. The National Institute of Public Health feared outbreaks of waterborne diseases. We supplemented the local preventive efforts with expert advice and public information. We emphasised measures to maintain safe water supplies and to provide information on safe management of flood water during evacuation and clean-up. We observed no increase in the incidence of acute gastroenteritis or other possibly flood-related communicable diseases among the 329,000 people living in the municipalities affected by the floods. We conclude that the floods did not cause a measurable increase in the incidence of communicable diseases. This was probably due to some extent to the measures taken to protect the water supplies.

Bacterial Infections↗