Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FLASH”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Type of menopause, patterns of hormone therapy use, and hot flashes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between the type of menopause (natural, hysterectomy with ovarian conservation, and hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy) and the experiencing of hot flashes while accounting for different patterns of hormone therapy (HT) use among the menopausal groups. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Women who reported their history of hot flashes and HT use through a mailed survey. PATIENT(S): Postmenopausal women ages 40-60 years residing in the Baltimore metropolitan area. INTERVENTION(S): No interventions were administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Associations between type of menopause and the experiencing of hot flashes. RESULT(S): Among all participants, both types of surgical menopause were associated with a decreased risk of experiencing any, moderate or severe, and daily hot flashes. After taking into account HT use patterns, women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy were at increased risk of experiencing any, moderate or severe, and daily hot flashes compared with women with natural menopause, although only the results for moderate or severe hot flashes were statistically significant. Women who underwent hysterectomy with ovarian conservation remained at significantly lower odds of experiencing any hot flashes than women with natural menopause. CONCLUSION(S): Women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy and who are not given HT to prevent the onset of menopausal symptoms are at increased risk of experiencing hot flashes, especially those that are moderate to severe in nature, compared with women with natural menopause.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether individually tailored acupuncture is an effective treatment option for reducing postmenopausal hot flashes and improving quality of life. METHODS: In a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study, 29 postmenopausal participants averaging at least seven moderate to severe hot flashes per 24h, with a baseline estradiol concentration of less than 50 pg/mL and a normal TSH level, were randomized to receive 7 weeks (nine treatment sessions) of either active acupuncture or placebo acupuncture (placebo needles that did not penetrate the skin at sham acupuncture points). Participants recorded hot flashes in logs that were reported daily. Global indices of the severity and frequency of hot flashes were derived from the participants' daily logs. RESULTS: Participants receiving the active treatment had a greater reduction in hot flash severity (24.5+/-30.7%) compared to those receiving placebo (4.4+/-17.1%, P=0.042). Within group repeated measures analyses of variance revealed a significant reduction in hot flash severity in the active (P=0.042), but not in the placebo treatment group (P=0.15). Although there was no significant group difference in the reduction of hot flash frequency between the active (42.4+/-32.2%) and placebo groups (32.0+/-26.5%; P>or=0.352), within group repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that the reduction was statistically significant in both groups (P<or=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Standardized, individually tailored acupuncture treatment was associated with significantly greater decrease in the severity, but not the frequency, of hot flashes, in symptomatic postmenopausal women when compared to placebo acupuncture of equal duration. Future, larger scale, studies are needed.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Genetic polymorphisms, hormone levels, and hot flashes in midlife women.

OBJECTIVE: Hot flashes disrupt the lives of millions of women each year. Although hot flashes are a public health concern, little is known about risk factors that predispose women to hot flashes. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine whether sex steroid hormone levels and genetic polymorphisms in hormone biosynthesis and degradation enzymes are associated with the risk of hot flashes. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study design, midlife women aged 45-54 years (n=639) were recruited from Baltimore and its surrounding counties. Participants completed a questionnaire and donated a blood sample for steroid hormone analysis and genotyping. The associations between genetic polymorphisms and hormone levels, as well as the associations between genetic polymorphisms, hormone levels, and hot flashes were examined using statistical models. RESULTS: A polymorphism in CYP1B1 was associated with lower dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and progesterone levels, while a polymorphism in CYP19 (aromatase) was associated with higher testosterone and DHEA-S levels. Lower progesterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels, lower free estradiol index, and a higher ratio of total androgens to total estrogens were associated with the experiencing of hot flashes. A polymorphism in CYP1B1 and a polymorphism in 3betaHSD were both associated with hot flashes. CONCLUSION: Some genetic polymorphisms may be associated with altered levels of hormones in midlife women. Further, selected genetic polymorphisms and altered hormone levels may be associated with the risk of hot flashes in midlife women.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗
PubMed2000

Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in survivors of breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hot flashes can be troublesome, especially when hormonal therapy is contraindicated. Preliminary data have suggested that newer antidepressants, such as venlafaxine, can diminish hot flashes. We undertook a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial to assess the efficacy of venlafaxine in women with a history of breast cancer or reluctance to take hormonal treatment because of fear of breast cancer. METHODS: Participants were assigned placebo (n=56) or venlafaxine 37.5 mg daily (n=56), 75 mg daily (n=55), or 150 mg daily (n=54). After a baseline assessment week, patients took the study medication for 4 weeks. All venlafaxine treatment started at 37.5 mg daily and gradually increased in the 75 mg and 150 mg groups. Patients completed daily hot-flash questionnaire diaries. The primary endpoint was average daily hot-flash activity (number of flashes and a score combining number and severity). Analyses were based on the women who provided data throughout the baseline and study weeks. FINDINGS: 191 patients had evaluable data for the whole study period (50 placebo, 49 venlafaxine 37.5 mg, 43 venlafaxine 75 mg, 49 venlafaxine 150 mg). After week 4 of treatment, median hot flash scores were reduced from baseline by 27% (95% CI 11-34), 37% (26-54), 61% (50-68), and 61% (48-75) in the four groups. Frequencies of some side-effects (mouth dryness, decreased appetite, nausea, and constipation) were significantly higher in the venlafaxine 75 mg and 150 mg groups than in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION: Venlafaxine is an effective non-hormonal treatment for hot flashes, though the efficacy must be balanced against the drug's side-effects. Confirmation of the results of this 4-week study awaits the completion of three ongoing randomised studies to assess the effects of other related antidepressants for the treatment of hot flashes.

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Most women receiving systemic therapy for breast cancer experience hot flashes. We undertook a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-institutional trial to assess the efficacy of gabapentin in controlling hot flashes in women with breast cancer. METHODS: 420 women with breast cancer who were having two or more hot flashes per day were randomly assigned placebo, gabapentin 300 mg/day, or gabapentin 900 mg/day by mouth in three divided doses for 8 weeks. Each patient kept a 1-week, self-report diary on the frequency, severity, and duration of hot flashes before the start of the study and during weeks 4 and 8 of treatment. Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: Evaluable data were available on 371 participants at 4 weeks (119 placebo, 123 gabapentin 300 mg, and 129 gabapentin 900 mg) and 347 at 8 weeks (113 placebo, 114 gabapentin 300 mg, and 120 gabapentin 900 mg). The percentage decreases in hot-flash severity score between baseline and weeks 4 and 8, respectively were: 21% (95% CI 12 to 30) and 15% (1 to 29) in the placebo group; 33% (23 to 43) and 31% (16 to 46) in the group assigned gabapentin 300 mg; and 49% (42 to 56) and 46% (34 to 58) in the group assigned gabapentin 900 mg. The differences between the groups were significant (p=0.0001 at 4 weeks and p=0.007 at 8 weeks by ANCOVA for overall treatment effect, adjusted for baseline values); only the higher dose of gabapentin was associated with significant decreases in hot-flash frequency and severity. INTERPRETATION: Gabapentin is effective in the control of hot flashes at a dose of 900 mg/day, but not at a dose of 300 mg/day. This drug should be considered for treatment of hot flashes in women with breast cancer.

Amines↗
PubMed1998

Definitions of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.

Menopause is an expected event in a woman's life. Treatment for breast cancer can impact the onset of menopause and precipitate symptoms such as hot flashes. Yet this sequelae of events is not well measured, defined or assimilated into quality of life assessments for cancer survivors. Though not life threatening, hot flashes can greatly impact a woman's quality of life or functional ability. It is important for health care professionals to more fully understand the nature of the experience of hot flashes so as not to underestimate their disruptive potential. As part of a larger clinical trial to look at the effectiveness of vitamin E for hot flashes, breast cancer survivors kept a log of both the frequency and intensity of their hot flashes. These women then wrote descriptions to define the severity of those hot flashes. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the experience of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors and to describe the severity of hot flashes with narratives given by the women experiencing them.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A pilot trial assessing the efficacy of paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil) in controlling hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Many breast cancer survivors suffer debilitating hot flashes. Estrogen, the drug of choice in perimenopausal women, is generally not recommenced to breast cancer survivors. Nonhormonal treatments are mostly disappointing. Anecdotal reports in our institution suggested that the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, paroxetine hydrochloride, might be efficacious in alleviating hot flashes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty women with prior breast cancer who were suffering at least two hot flashes a day entered a single institution pilot trial to evaluate paroxetine's efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of hot flashes. After completing daily diaries for one week on no therapy, the women received open-label paroxetine, 10 mg daily for one week, followed by four weeks of paroxetine, 20 mg daily. The women completed hot-flash daily diaries throughout the study period, and a health-related symptom-assessment questionnaire and a quality-of-life rating scale in the first and sixth week of the study. RESULTS: Twenty-seven women completed the six-week study period. The mean reduction of hot flash frequency was 67% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 56%-79%). The mean reduction in hot flash severity score was 75% (95% CI: 66%-85%). There was a statistically significant improvement in depression, sleep, anxiety, and quality of life scores. Furthermore, 25 (83%) of the study participants chose to continue paroxetine therapy at the end of study. The most common adverse effect was somnolence, resulting in drug discontinuation in two women, and dose reduction in two women. One woman discontinued drug due to anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Paroxetine hydrochloride is a promising new treatment for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors, and warrants further evaluation in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes.

Hot flashes are the most common symptom of menopause. Although the appearance of hot flashes coincides with estrogen withdrawal, this does not entirely explain the phenomenon because estrogen levels do not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Luteinizing throughout? hormone pulses do not produce hot flashes nor do changes in endogenous opiates. Recent studies suggest that hot flashes are triggered by small elevations in core body temperature (T(c)) acting within a reduced thermoneutral zone in symptomatic postmenopausal women. This narrowing may be due to elevated central noradrenergic activation, a contention supported by observations that clonidine and some relaxation procedures ameliorate hot flashes. Because hot flashes are triggered by T(c) elevations, procedures to reduce T(c), such as lowering ambient temperature, are beneficial. Estrogen ameliorates hot flashes by increasing the T(c) sweating threshold, although the underlying mechanism is not known. Recent studies of hot flashes during sleep call into question their role in producing sleep disturbance.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of hot flashes and night sweats.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of hot flashes and night sweats, two vasomotor symptoms associated with the hormonal changes of the menopause transition. METHODS: Participants were 293 women, aged 45 to 55, randomly selected from automated demographic and membership records of a health maintenance organization in the northeast USA. Letters were mailed to eligible women, followed by face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: Hot flashes during the month before interview were reported by 57% of the participants, although only 9% of the entire sample reported hot flashes to be "bothersome". Night sweats were reported by 36% of all participants, with 6% reporting night sweats to be "bothersome". Fifty-four percent of women reporting hot flashes also reported night sweats. In logistic regression analyses that controlled for menopause status and use of hormone therapy (HT), daily alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk of hot flashes, night sweats, and bothersome night sweats. Higher education and an excellent self-rating of health decreased the risk of night sweats, but not hot flashes. Smoking increased the risk of bothersome hot flashes, but not bothersome night sweats. CONCLUSIONS: In logistic regression analyses, alcohol consumption was a significant predictor of vasomotor symptoms. A slightly different set of variables were associated with hot flashes compared to night sweats.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2002

Intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone versus oral megestrol for the control of postmenopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Hot flashes are frequent in postmenopausal breast cancer patients, especially when treated with tamoxifen. Estrogen replacement therapy is the most effective treatment for hot flashes, but its use is controversial in breast cancer survivors. Progestins may offer a good alternative for the control of hot flashes in this setting; in particular, oral megestrol acetate has been proven effective in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. With the aim of further improving these results, we have designed a randomized study comparing oral megestrol acetate with depot intramuscular (i.m.) medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for the control of hot flashes in postmenopausal patients with a history of breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-one postmenopausal patients were randomized to receive an i.m. injection of depot MPA 500 mg on days 1, 14 and 28, or oral megestrol acetate 40 mg daily for 6 weeks. Patients recorded daily the number and severity of their hot flashes; response was defined as a > or =50% decrease in the number and severity of hot flashes. RESULTS: At week 6, hot flashes were reduced by 86% on average in the whole group of patients, without significant differences between the two progestins. Response was obtained by 75 and 67% of patients receiving MPA or megestrol, respectively (P = 0.5). Responders were followed to assess maintenance of response (without further treatment), which was significantly better with i.m. MPA: in this group, 89% of responders still showed a benefit at week 24, compared with 45% in the megestrol group (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that a short cycle of i.m. depot MPA injections provides significant and long-lasting relief from postmenopausal hot flashes in patients with a history of breast cancer, offering an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy or prolonged administration of oral megestrol.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2007

Venlafaxine is superior to clonidine as treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients--a double-blind, randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Classical hormone replacement therapy for hot flashes is contraindicated in breast cancer especially in endocrine responsive disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized phase III study, breast cancer patients suffering from hot flashes at least twice a day, who were not taking any medication against hypertension and depression received either clonidine 0.075 mg twice a day or venlafaxine 37.5 mg twice a day for 4 weeks. The primary end point was defined as the frequency of hot flashes after 4 weeks of treatment. A self-reported 1-week hot flash and other symptom questionnaire were kept before the start of treatment until the end of treatment course. RESULTS: From April 2002 to October 2004, 80 patients were recruited of whom 64 were assessable for efficacy analyses. Thirty-three received clonidine and 31 venlafaxine, nine patients stopped early because of side-effects and seven withdrew consent. At the end of treatment week 4, the median hot flash frequency dropped by 7.6 hot flashes per day for patients receiving venlafaxine and 4.85 hot flashes per day for those receiving clonidine (P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Venlafaxine is significantly more effective in reducing the frequency of hot flashes in breast cancer patients than clonidine.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Minimal decrease in hot flashes desired by postmenopausal women in family practice.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the minimal important difference in the frequency and severity of hot flashes that postmenopausal women desire from a nonhormonal agent. DESIGN: Women recorded their number of hot flashes daily, along with their degree of severity, using a diary for 1 week and completed the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. Women were asked to report the percentage reduction in hot flashes that they would find clinically important. Distribution-based estimates were used to estimate the minimal important difference. RESULTS: Approximately 69% of the postmenopausal women who reported their hot flashes as moderate to severe responded that they wanted a nonhormonal agent that provided at least a 50% mean reduction in the frequency of hot flashes (95% CI, 32% to 66%). Median hot flash reduction for all respondents was 50%. CONCLUSIONS: The minimal clinically important difference in hot flashes is approximately 50%. This estimate can provide the basis to calculate sample size in clinical trials of anti-hot flash agents and in selecting possible candidates for investigation.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oxybutynin for refractory hot flashes in cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: There is little information available on the treatment of hot flashes in patients refractory to pharmaceutical interventions. Anecdotal evidence led to the use of oxybutynin for the management of hot flashes in refractory cancer patients; therefore, we performed a retrospective chart review of such patients to determine the effect of oxybutynin in treating hot flashes and to observe the side effects of the drug in these patients. DESIGN: A prospective database of all patients treated for hot flashes was started in July 2004 and was retrospectively analyzed as of March 2006. Also included were individual charts preceding July 2004. Fifty-two patient charts were examined. Demographic information was obtained along with baseline severity and frequency of hot flashes, dose and duration of treatment with oxybutynin, patient response to oxybutynin, and side effects. RESULTS: More than 90% of patients analyzed were refractory to hot flash treatments before starting oxybutynin. Seventy percent of patients showed a partial or excellent response to oxybutynin. The duration of oxybutynin use ranged from 2 weeks to 5 years with more than half of patients currently on oxybutynin or taking oxybutynin for longer than 6 months. Of those patients who experienced an excellent or partial response to treatment, 12% stopped because of documented oxybutynin-related side effects within 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: Oxybutynin seems promising in the management of hot flashes with tolerable side effects in the majority of refractory patients. A placebo-controlled, randomized study is being developed to look more closely at the effectiveness of oxybutynin in reducing hot flashes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Venlafaxine for the control of hot flashes: results of a longitudinal continuation study.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the intermediate term efficacy and toxicity of the use of venlafaxine for the control of hot flashes. DESIGN: An open-label continuation phase study following a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial that tested three doses of venlafaxine for the control of hot flashes. SETTING: North Central Cancer Treatment Group institutions. SAMPLE: 102 postmenopausal women. METHODS: Women could titrate venlafaxine to optimum efficacy while recording daily hot flash counts and weekly toxicity information. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Hot flash frequency, hot flash score. FINDINGS: The reduction in hot flashes previously reported in the randomized study phase was maintained during the open-label study. Toxicity did not appear to increase over time. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this study provides evidence that venlafaxine has intermediate term efficacy and good tolerability as a treatment for hot flashes. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses can inform symptomatic women that an effective nonhormonal alternative exists to control their hot flashes.

Anorexia↗
PubMed2001

Methodologic lessons learned from hot flash studies.

PURPOSE: In the course of conducting a series of prospective clinical trials devoted to defining new treatment opportunities for hot flashes in cancer survivors, considerable experience has been acquired with related methodologic issues. This article has been written in response to many queries regarding this methodology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of seven different clinical trials that involved 968 patients was used for this work. Reliable and valid definitions of hot flash intensity were developed from patient-reported descriptions. Concomitant validity and reliability assessment of patient-completed diaries was undertaken to compare hot flash data with toxicity and quality-of-life (QOL) end points and to examine consistency across patient groups using variability analysis and correlation procedures. Parametric data from this meta-analysis was used to examine relative power considerations for the design of phase II and phase III clinical trials. RESULTS: Daily diaries used in these studies exhibited consistency and reliability and had few missing data. Hot flash frequency and hot flash score (frequency multiplied by average severity) variables produced almost identical end point results. For phase III placebo-controlled studies, 50 patients per treatment arm seem appropriate to provide sufficient power specifications to detect a clinically meaningful change in hot flash activity. For phase II trials, 25 patients per trial seem to provide reasonable estimates of eventual hot flash efficacy to screen potential agents for more definitive testing. CONCLUSION: Given the data gained from these experiences, we can plan and carry out more efficient trials to identify efficacious agents for the reduction of hot flash activity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pilot evaluation of mirtazapine for the treatment of hot flashes.

This prospective, single-arm, pilot clinical trial, developed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine for alleviating hot flashes, was conducted between May 2001 and January 2002. Patients' baseline characteristics were collected during the first week of the study. At the beginning of the second week, patients were started on mirtazapine at a dose of 7.5 mg at bedtime. The dose of mirtazapine was then increased to 15 mg at week 3 and to 30 mg at week 4. For week 5, patients could choose whether to take 15 mg/d or 30 mg/d. Data were obtained primarily from patient-completed questionnaires. Data from 22 evaluable women were available. For the 16 patients who completed the study, the median reductions in total daily hot flashes and weekly hot-flash scores from their baselines were 52.5% and 59.5%, respectively. Patients reported improvements in tension, trouble sleeping, abnormal sweating, distress from hot flashes, satisfaction with hot-flash control, overall quality of life, and impact of hot flashes on quality of life. Patients also reported increases in appetite and dry mouth. Although data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial would be necessary to more definitively elucidate the efficacy and toxicity of mirtazapine in patients with hot flashes, the available data suggest that mirtazapine is a reasonable treatment to consider in patients with hot flashes, particularly in those with anxiety and sleep disturbances.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Passive catheter tracking using MRI: comparison of conventional and magnetization-prepared FLASH.

PURPOSE: To compare a magnetization-prepared gradient-echo (GRE) sequence with a conventional GRE sequence for visualizing contrast agent-filled catheters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Passive visualization of endovascular catheters using MRI was compared between two imaging sequences: 1) inversion recovery (IR)-fast low angle shot (FLASH), and 2) conventional FLASH. Two-dimensional projection images of the catheters filled with 4% diluted contrast agent in a phantom and the aorta of swine were obtained with each sequence with a temporal resolution of two frames per second. We compared background suppression and catheter visibility using the catheter-to-background signal ratio and the ratings of two radiologists. RESULTS: In the phantom, IR-FLASH allowed for a 200% increase in catheter-to-background ratio (p < 0.01) and improved depiction of catheters over conventional FLASH. In swine, the IR-FLASH images showed a statistically significant improvement of 80% (p < 0.001) over conventional FLASH in all comparisons of the catheter-to-background signal ratio, and an improvement of 160% (p < 0.05) in comparison with the radiologists' observations. CONCLUSION: This study shows that IR-FLASH is a better technique for passive tracking of contrast agent-filled catheters than conventional FLASH.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pseudorandom binary sequence stimulation applied to the visual evoked response. Normative data and a comparative study with pattern and flash stimulation.

The investigation of patients who are unable to fixate the pattern visual stimulus generally requires the use of diffuse flash stimulation to elicit the visual evoked response. However, by comparison with pattern, flash stimulation has proved relatively insensitive in identifying lesions of the visual pathway. We investigated a more complex method of flash stimulation. A pseudorandom binary sequence has been used to generate the diffuse visual evoked response stimulus. The pseudorandom binary sequence, rather than producing a single flash, switches in a pseudorandom fashion between two levels of illumination. The result is a diffuse visual stimulus approximating band-limited white noise. The series is periodic, enabling signal averaging to be performed. By applying the methods of random signal analysis, the impulse or transient response of the visual pathway can be determined. Our normal pseudo-random binary sequence visual evoked response impulse function, derived from 29 normal subjects, had the morphologic characteristics of the conventional flash visual evoked response and a major positive component (P100), whose latency mean and standard deviation closely matched that of our normative pattern visual evoked response. However, the P100 amplitude standard deviation was significantly greater than that produced by conventional pattern and flash stimulation. We investigated 140 patients by means of pattern, flash and pseudorandom binary sequence stimulation. The pseudorandom binary sequence visual evoked response proved to be almost 12 times more effective than flash visual evoked response in detecting lesions of the visual system.

Adolescent↗