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PubMed1999

Neutralization of edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis induced by North American crotalid venoms in simulated first-aid treatments.

Venoms of the broad-banded copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus, ACL) and the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis, CVV), like other crotalid venoms, cause severe local tissue damage such as edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis. Antivenom therapy is not very effective in neutralizing this local tissue damage, and such observations support the need for an effective first-aid regimen aimed at minimizing local tissue reactions. Some of the local tissue damage induced by these venoms is due to phospholipase A2 myotoxins, and since para-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), an inhibitor of PLA2 catalytic activity, has been shown to inhibit the myotoxic action of two PLA2 myotoxins, we hypothesized that this compound would inhibit part of the myotoxic activity of these crude venoms. For in vitro neutralization experiments, venoms were mixed with combinations of either p-BPB, antivenom or both prior to injection into the muscles of the lower hindlimb of mice. For in vivo neutralization experiments, mice were injected with venom followed by either topical DMSO containing p-BPB or intramuscular injection with saline containing p-BPB. A final set of mice received these same injections followed by i.p. infusions of antivenom to simulate experimental first-aid followed by hospital treatment. In the in vitro neutralization tests, edema was significantly reduced when both antagonists were used together, and there was a highly significant neutralization of ACL- and CVV-generated myonecrosis. In the in vivo neutralization experiments, hemorrhage was significantly reduced when injection of ACL venom was followed by topical DMSO-p-BPB, and myonecrosis was reduced when injection of ACL venom was followed by intramuscular injection of saline-p-BPB. Antivenom significantly reduced edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis induced by CVV venom, but reduced only myonecrosis induced by ACL venom. Taken together, these results suggest a role for pBPB in the first-aid treatment of snakebite especially when followed by hospital treatment with antivenom.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1992

Safety warnings and first aid instructions on consumer and pharmaceutical products in Nigeria: are they adequate?

An investigation into the adequacy of safety warnings and first aid instruction on 357 consumer and pharmaceutical product labels was carried out. The results show that 23% of the products carried correct and appropriate information while 34% had neither warning nor first aid instructions. About 15% had copiously written instructions and/or warnings and 15% showed partially correct instructions. Only about 4% of the products described warning signs and gave directions for the full treatment of poisoning and 3% recommended calling a health professional in the case of poisoning.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1996

First aid in the history of occupational health nursing.

The history of occupational health nursing has been bedevilled with a vision of nurses who sit in treatment rooms providing first aid and nothing else. This paper provides a preliminary review of some of the literature available in the UK in an attempt to offer an explanatiion concerning the association of occupational health nursing with first aid. The argument suggests that female first aiders were known as nurses prior to 1919 and the legacy of this post-1919, with first aiders inappropriately and probably illegally using the title 'sister', has led to the ambiguity surrounding the role today.

First Aid↗
PubMed1993

On-site first aid, CPR responders need to make fast, vital decisions.

The techniques of first aid and CPR can be learned easily through training programs offered by the American Red Cross and the American Heart Association. Programs designed for all levels of care can be suited to the individual's needs. Basic CPR skills include one rescuer and two rescuer techniques. Adjunct equipment such as pocket masks offer the rescuer protection against possibly infectious body fluids. As the role of the competent person and first responder continue to grow, employers must continue to rely more on the employee to make emergency decisions and administer aid. To ensure effective compliance with the standard and to provide life-saving care, employers must have ready availability of first aid supplies, equipment and trained personnel. Only in this fashion will they be able to ensure timely, adequate care during these critical early moments.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2000

Domestic burns prevention and first aid awareness in and around Jamshedpur, India: strategies and impact.

This article highlights the strategy for awareness creation regarding burns prevention and first aid and its impact in and around the steel-producing city of Jamshedpur, India. This is a joint venture of the Burns Centre and the Medico Social Welfare Unit of the Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur in collaboration with the Social Service Division of Tata Steel and city schools. The first phase of 5 years has been devoted to general awareness building in the population through two main programmes, namely "Community Awareness Programmes" for the target group of ladies and teenage girls and "School Education Programmes" for the target group of school children of Standard 8 in the steel-producing city. These programmes include audio-visual presentations as well as face to face interactions regarding structure and arrangements in the kitchen, floor level cooking, clothing while cooking, careful use of electrical appliances, pressure stoves, etc. The discussions also include suicidal and homicidal burns prevention strategies. Various competitions for the target group provide feedback on programmes. The growing awareness about burns prevention among school children and community members, and steady increase in the number of patients who use water as first aid, speak about the success of the strategies.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1998

[Role of cardiac first aid in a level-II Emergency Department].

We report our experience in the organization and management of a Cardiac First Aid Unit (CFAU) which was developed according to the guidelines of the National Hospital Cardiologists Association as a part of a General Emergency Department. The CFAU is a 24 hour service directed by a Senior Cardiologist. The medical facilities are two monitored beds for short-term observation (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation instruments, echocardiograph, endoesophageal pacing for overdrive). The main goals of CFAU are the treatment of cardiac emergencies (acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary oedema, threatening arrhythmias, etc.) and the screening of patients presenting with chest pain or symptoms suggesting cardio-vascular involvement. In one year, there were 1700 admissions to the CFAU (3.7% of the total Medical Emergencies). The frequency of hospital admissions was 81% and coronary heart disease accounted for 38.3%. A sample of 100 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted in the period October-November 1996 was examined to explore the impact of a CFAU on in-hospital delay in the application of thrombolysis. Thirty-nine patients were treated with thrombolysis, 15 in CFAU and 24 in Coronary Care Unit (CCU). The mean in-hospital delay to thrombolysis was 30 +/- 14 minutes for those treated in CFAU and 55 +/- 12 minutes for those treated in CCU (p < 0.0004). In a second sample of 100 consecutive patients with undetermined chest pain, by means of our protocol of short observation we identified 22 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 8 cases of angina pectoris, 18 various cardiac causes, 30 non-cardiac causes, 22 absent disease. ECG was obtained in all 100 pts, cardiac enzymes in 74, echocardiogram and chest X-ray in 48, ST monitoring in 26. In no case was diagnosed AMI after discharge. Cardiac First Aid Unit, as designed in our Hospital, suits the needs of a level II Emergency Department. It is a useful tool to shorten in-hospital delay to thrombolysis and to screen chest pain with nearly complete safety.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Integration of the hospital coronary care unit with the first aid service for the domiciliary treatment of cardiovascular emergencies].

To evaluate the feasibility and the utility of an integrated service for the pre-hospital diagnosis and care of cardiovascular emergencies a new pre-hospital intensive care system has been developed. Such an emergency medical service relies on the telephone transmission of ECG and the conversation between the first aid service and the cardiologist of the hospital coronary care unit. It also implies early therapeutic intervention performed at home under the responsibility of the chief physician of the referring centre. From March '86 to December '88, 311 telephone ECG transmissions were obtained; the home diagnosis and the consequent proper therapeutic regimen were considered sufficient to avoid the transportation of the patient to the hospital emergency room in 43% of the cases. The symptoms were: precordial chest pain (54%); palpitations (10%); dyspnea (8.4%); hypertensive crisis (1.3%), dizziness or syncope (12.3%). Pre-surgical or organ transplantation controls totaled 13.5%. One-hundred-forty-eight patients were admitted to the coronary unit because of an acute myocardial infarction between June and December 1988. Forty-seven patients were sent by the family doctor (group I) and 30 patients by the first aid service (group II) without any electrocardiographic diagnosis or home therapy; 14 patients were sent by the first aid service after a telephone transmission of ECG and early therapeutic intervention (group III); 57 patients reached the hospital independently (group IV). The following differences among the groups were observed: only the patients of group III received proper early therapeutic regimen at home, and 85% were admitted within 4 hours of the onset of symptoms (vs 46% of the patients of the other groups).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Coronary Care Units↗
PubMed1991

First aid training: an appraisal. The soldier's longest journey.

A two part study was carried out to identify the most cost-effective way of enhancing first aid in the British Army. There is a lack of co-ordination between a variety of training programmes for paramedical non-RAMC personnel. Questionnaires were used to ascertain the views of users and experts were asked their views on the requirement for first aid at point of wounding on the battlefield. Skills needed in addition to those currently taught to all soldiers were identified. These include the setting up of intravenous infusions, administration of analgesia and antibiotics and the recognition and treatment of battleshock.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior.

BACKGROUND: Many members of the public have poor mental health literacy. A Mental Health First Aid training course was developed in order to improve this. This paper describes the training course and reports an evaluation study looking at changes in knowledge, stigmatizing attitudes and help provided to others. METHODS: Data are reported on the first 210 participants in public courses. Evaluation questionnaires were given at the beginning of courses, at the end and at 6 months follow-up. Data were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS: The course improved participants' ability to recognize a mental disorder in a vignette, changed beliefs about treatment to be more like those of health professionals, decreased social distance from people with mental disorders, increased confidence in providing help to someone with a mental disorder, and increased the amount of help provided to others. CONCLUSIONS: Mental Health First Aid training appears to be an effective method of improving mental health literacy which can be widely applied.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1996

Clinical trial of intramuscular anti-snake venom administration as a first aid measure in the field in the management of Russell's viper bite patients.

Efficacy of intramuscular anti-snake venom administration immediately after bite as a first aid measure in the field followed by standard hospital management versus standard hospital management alone in the therapy of Russell's viper bite patients was studied. There was a definite reduction in the number of patients with systemic envenomation, complications following disseminated intravascular coagulation and in fatality rate of Russell's viper bite victims who had received first aid intramuscular anti-snake venom prior to hospitalization when compared with those who had not.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[First-aid of serious trauma at the emergency room (an analysis of 144 cases)].

From 1983 to 1987 there were 144 patients with serious trauma who were given first-aid in the emergency room of our hospital. Sixty of them died (41.7%). The mortality was 56% (1983-1984) and 29.8% (1985-1987) (P less than 0.05). Our experience included: 1. to perform intratracheal intubation or tracheostomy at once for decreasing the mortality of the comatose or asphyxial patients, 2. to transfuse large quantity of liquid quickly and enough quantity of blood for treating shock; 3. learn to be more familiar with multiple injury for reducing diagnostic mistake; 4. to provide with excellent medical services and raise the efficiency of first-aid for decreasing the mortality of serious trauma in the emergency room.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1991

[Emergencies in childhood. Experience at a Pediatric First Aid Unit in a regional hospital].

During 1989 4445 children, divided into four different age groups, were treated in the First Aid Unit of Carate Brianza Hospital. The paper analyses the types of pathology and reasons for using the First Aid Unit. The statistical incidence of accidents involving children, above all cranial and other injuries and the accidental swallowing of toxic substances or drugs, was assessed in an attempt to prevent the causes. The type of accident was also correlated to age group. The paper confirms the affirmation made by other researchers that the inappropriate use of emergency services is linked to the lack of relationship between the family and local pediatrician rather than the lack of primary care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

European first aid guidelines.

AIM: Our objectives were to determine the most effective, safe, and feasible first aid (FA) techniques and procedures, and to formulate valid recommendations for training. We focussed on emergencies involving few casualties, where emergency medical services or healthcare professionals are not immediately present at the scene, but are available within a short space of time. Due to time and resource constraints, we limited ourselves to safety, emergency removal, psychosocial FA, traumatology, and poisoning. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was not included because guidelines are already available from the European Resuscitation Council (ERC). The FA guidelines are intended to provide guidance to authors of FA handbooks and those responsible for FA programmes. These guidelines, together with the ERC resuscitation guidelines, will be integrated into a European FA Reference Guide and a European FA Manual. METHODS: To create these guidelines we used an evidence-based guideline development process, based on the methodology of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). RESULTS: The recommendations cover FA for bleeding, wounds, burns, spinal and head trauma, musculoskeletal trauma, and poisoning, as well as safety and psychosocial FA. CONCLUSIONS: Where good evidence was available, we were able to turn science into practice. Where evidence was lacking, the recommendations were consensus-based. These guidelines provide systematically developed recommendations and justifications for the procedures and techniques that should be included in FA manuals and training programmes.

Europe↗
PubMed1991

Dental injuries: "first aid" knowledge of Southampton teachers of physical education.

A total of 66 teachers of physical education within the Southampton telephone area responded to a postal questionnaire related to their knowledge of the first aid treatment of dental injuries. In a case study investigating tooth fracture, 64% gave an appropriate answer. In a second case study relating to avulsion (loss) of a permanent tooth, 43% gave an appropriate answer. There was an unclear relationship between the point in their careers at which teachers had received first aid training and the accuracy of their responses. There is a need for further information in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emergency first aid for nurses.

This article provides guidance for nurses on giving first aid in the domestic, pre-hospital and clinical settings. It focuses on resuscitation, cardiac conditions, shock and haemorrhage.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗