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PubMed2001

Reports of alcohol-related harm: telephone versus face-to-face interviews.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of mode of administration in alcohol surveys (telephone vs face-to-face interviews), prevalence rates of self-reported harms due to alcohol were compared for two datasets with equivalent measures. METHOD: Two national alcohol surveys were used: the 1990 Warning Labels Survey, in which random digit dialing was used to generate a sample of 2,000 adults interviewed by telephone, and the 1990 National Alcohol Survey (face-to-face interviews), a probability sample of U.S. adults living in households (N = 2,058). Both surveys included identical items on five areas of alcohol-related harm, yielding one composite index of any harm reported in the last 12 months that was compared between the two surveys for current drinkers. RESULTS: After controlling for demographic characteristics and alcohol use, the telephone survey yielded significantly higher rates of alcohol-related health harm, work harm and "any harm" as compared to the in-person survey. The interaction between heavier drinking (five or more drinks during 1 day, weekly or more often) and method of data collection was significant for health harm and any harm. Respondents in the telephone survey who drank 5+ less than weekly were more likely than those interviewed in person to report health harm due to alcohol use; those in the telephone survey who drank 5+ weekly or more often were more likely to report any harm. CONCLUSIONS: Possible explanations for differences between the surveys include anonymity and fewer social desirability issues associated with telephone surveys, as well as potentially differing cognitive requirements in telephone versus face-to-face interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Impact of face-to-face counseling on duration of exclusive breast-feeding: a review].

OBJECTIVE: To review the scientific literature on and evaluate studies of face-to-face counseling for the promotion of exclusive breast-feeding. SOURCES OF DATA: Three databases were reviewed for the 1990-2001 period: MEDLINE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences ("LILACS"), and the Cochrane Library. We selected studies describing face-to-face counseling with mothers during only the postnatal period or both the pre- and postnatal periods. Studies describing interventions only during pregnancy were not considered. We classified the selected studies using a modification of the criteria of Downs and Black for assessing the methodological quality of studies of health care interventions. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included. The duration of follow-up, type of intervention performed, and ethnic, socioeconomic, and reproductive characteristics of the groups studied varied widely. In terms of limitations, the most frequent ones were an inadequate description of confounding factors and of the characteristics of the sample, poorly documented methodology, and no adjustment for confounding factors. Seventeen studies reported a beneficial effect of the intervention, although the magnitude of this effect differed widely across the various studies. Two studies reported a dose-response effect, with the impact being directly proportional to the number of counseling sessions. Only one study reported no effect of the intervention on exclusive breast-feeding, at 3 and 5 months postpartum; of the 19 studies assessed, this one had the smallest number of counseling sessions, just one or two. CONCLUSIONS: Face-to-face counseling, given during different time periods, led to significant changes in the rate of exclusive breast-feeding. Our analysis suggests that the support to the mothers must continue after hospital discharge and must include guidance on breast-feeding techniques and ways to resolve problems that occur.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2005

Web-enhanced and face-to-face classroom instructional methods: effects on course outcomes and student satisfaction.

Web-enhanced courses are increasingly popular for providing rich learning experiences and greater flexibility in achieving course outcomes. As technology emerges as an adjunct to face-to-face teaching methodologies, nursing educators are compelled to determine to what extent students are able to meet course objectives when technology is used to enhance the classroom experience. Graduate nursing students enrolled in face-to-face and web-enhanced sections of a course were evaluated on technical ability, learning style, learning outcomes, and course satisfaction. There was no difference on technical ability and learning outcomes. Overall, students in the web-enhanced section were more satisfied with the course, and reported advantages such as greater flexibility in scheduling, less travel, and greater independence and self-pacing of content. The data suggest that web-enhanced courses can provide a valid alternative to more traditional face-to-face classroom formats, and may remove some of the barriers to pursuing advanced nursing degrees.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using online learning in a traditional face-to-face environment.

A model for designing online learning was developed and implemented in a Registered Nurse-to-Bachelor of Science in Nursing course using online and face-to-face methodologies. The combination of online and face-to-face learning modalities may help the student who is a novice Internet explorer or seasoned Web navigator by offering technological support as well as providing constant in-person feedback regarding course requirements. The face-to-face component facilitates a sense of community and peer support that sometimes is lacking in an entirely online course. During the 2 semesters this model was used, students expressed satisfaction with having the course facilitator/professor physically available for consultation and advisement. Evaluation of this online/on-site course is ongoing and uses computer-administered qualitative questionnaires, a facilitator-moderated focus group, and Likert-type course evaluations.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1994

Face-to-face training emerges as most effective. New Delhi.

Three training modalities used for upgrading the knowledge and skills of teachers in population education were compared in a study undertaken by S.V. Yadav of the National Population Education Project of the National Council of Educational Research and Training. The 3 training modalities compared included face-to-face training, self-learning individual mode and self-learning paired mode. The study employed pre-test and post-test designs using control groups consisting of 96 secondary school teachers teaching in rural schools in 1 district. The 3 modalities were compared according to their effectiveness in terms of gains in awareness, knowledge and attitude as well as cost effectiveness. The study showed that the face-to-face modality is still the most effective in terms of gains in knowledge and attitude. It is, however, costlier, the report points out. When cost per unit and outcomes were taken together, the study found out that the self-learning, paired mode proved to be the most effective. The self-learning paired mode is also found to be more effective than the individual self-instruction mode because in the paired mode modality, the opportunity to discuss and share learning with a colleague improves their understanding of the issues in an area in which attitude and values are important. The study recommends on this basis that policy makers consider the combination of face-to-face and self-learning paired modalities in designing their teacher-training program on population education.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of store and forward method of teledermatology with face-to-face consultation.

BACKGROUND: To compare the accuracy of store and forward method of teledermatology with the traditional face-to-face consultation. METHODS: The comparison was done between Institute of Dermatology King Edward Medical College Lahore that served as teledermatology center and Dermatology Department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad from where patients were selected. Telmedpak provided the technical support. Thirty three patients were selected from outpatient department of PIMS and images were taken using a digital camera. Images were stored in computer and were sent to Institute of Dermatology via e-mail for Teleconsultation along with a short history and examination findings. Diagnosis of consultant after face-to-face consultation was then compared with the image based diagnosis that is after teleconsultation. RESULTS: In 81% of the cases the diagnosis on face-to-face consultation was same (p < 0.05) while in 18% of the cases the two diagnoses differed. In 9% (n = 3) of the cases, image resolution was not good but out of these three, diagnosis was same in two and differed in one case. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that store and forward method of teledermatology is reliable and can provide a means of increasing access to dermatological care in rural and under-served areas.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1992

Analysis of sexual behaviour in France (ACSF). A comparison between two modes of investigation: telephone survey and face-to-face survey. ASCF principal investigators and their associates.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the methodology to be used in a national survey on sexual behaviour in France. DESIGN: To compare two modes of investigation: telephone and face-to-face surveys. METHODS: A questionnaire lasting between 15 and 60 min was administered to 800 people, one-half of whom were interviewed by telephone and the other half face-to-face. RESULTS: We found that questions were more easily answered and answers more coherent in the telephone survey. A face-to-face survey, in contrast, generates a greater diversity in answers and reduces the tendency to give answers relating to behaviours or attitudes that are socially desirable. Results also showed that the acceptation rates were similar in both surveys (66 versus 67%). CONCLUSIONS: Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages; it is therefore difficult to choose one survey method over the other.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Mother and infant smiling exchanges during face-to-face interaction in infants with and without Down syndrome.

We examined social smiling in infants with and without Down syndrome, aged from 3.2 to 13.6 months old. They were videotaped during an episode of spontaneous face-to-face interaction and a subsequent mother's still-face situation. Results indicated that infants smiled longer in the spontaneous face-to-face episode than in the still-face episode, even though this result was only significant in typically developing infants. Typically developing infants also smiled for a longer period than Down's syndrome infants during the spontaneous interaction episode. Moreover, infant's smile preceded the onset of the mother's smile, but in 6.2- to 13.6-month-old typically developing infants, the probability of mothers smiling before infants increased. These findings emphasize the possible existence of differences in the development of facial expression from signs to social symbols between infants with and without Down syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Task difficulty in a simultaneous face matching task modulates activity in face fusiform area.

The level of difficulty of a task can alter the neural network that activates for performance of the task. Previous studies have shown increased activation with task difficulty in the frontal lobes while the effects in the extrastriate visual areas have been unclear. We hypothesized that the face fusiform area (FFA), an area specialized for face processing, would increase activation as task difficulty increased in a face matching task. The difficulty level was increased by degrading the quality of the images. The degradation levels were 10%, 20%, 40% and 60%. Based on the correct response rate, the data were divided into a baseline level (composed of non-degraded and 10% degraded images) and a difficult level (composed of the 20%, 40% and 60% degraded images). Brain activation was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The baseline face matching task activated a wide network of regions that included bilaterally the occipital, temporal and parietal lobes and the right frontal lobe. A novel behavioral finding was that task difficulty did not linearly increase with image degradation. The novel brain imaging finding was that the FFA is modulated by task difficulty and performance in the task was linearly correlated to activation in FFA. In addition, we found that activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) had increased activation as task difficulty increased. When adding the response time as a covariate, the differences in the DLPFC did not remain statistically significant. Increased task difficulty also led to a decrease in activation of visual areas in the extrastriate cortex. Task difficulty increased activation in the FFA to enhance the face processing and suppressed activation in visual extrastriate areas that processed low level properties of the stimuli. Task difficulty led to enhanced response in the FFA and suppressed response in other visual areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Affective attitudes to face images associated with intracerebral EEG source location before face viewing.

We investigated whether different, personality-related affective attitudes are associated with different brain electric field (EEG) sources before any emotional challenge (stimulus exposure). A 27-channel EEG was recorded in 15 subjects during eyes-closed resting. After recording, subjects rated 32 images of human faces for affective appeal. The subjects in the first (i.e., most negative) and fourth (i.e., most positive) quartile of general affective attitude were further analyzed. The EEG data (mean=25+/-4. 8 s/subject) were subjected to frequency-domain model dipole source analysis (FFT-Dipole-Approximation), resulting in 3-dimensional intracerebral source locations and strengths for the delta-theta, alpha, and beta EEG frequency band, and for the full range (1.5-30 Hz) band. Subjects with negative attitude (compared to those with positive attitude) showed the following source locations: more inferior for all frequency bands, more anterior for the delta-theta band, more posterior and more right for the alpha, beta and 1.5-30 Hz bands. One year later, the subjects were asked to rate the face images again. The rating scores for the same face images were highly correlated for all subjects, and original and retest affective mean attitude was highly correlated across subjects. The present results show that subjects with different affective attitudes to face images had different active, cerebral, neural populations in a task-free condition prior to viewing the images. We conclude that the brain functional state which implements affective attitude towards face images as a personality feature exists without elicitors, as a continuously present, dynamic feature of brain functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The ontogeny of face recognition: eye contact and sweet taste induce face preference in 9- and 12-week-old human infants.

Nine and 12-week-old infants (N = 140) who were either calm or crying sat facing a researcher for 3.5 min. The researcher gazed into the infant's eyes with a smiling face or looked above the infant's forehead. She delivered a 12% sucrose solution via a syringe or a pacifier, or she did not deliver anything. After the exposure period, the mother held her infant over her shoulder. Infant gaze direction was recorded while the infant faced the same researcher and a stranger. The confluence of sweet taste and eye contact was necessary and sufficient for calm 9- and 12-week-olds to form a preference for the researcher. Crying infants never did so, even though eye contact and sweet taste arrested crying. Different visual-gustatory combinations induced unanticipated affective states and are discussed within the contexts of cognitive mechanisms that mediate face learning and preference, the proximate mechanisms involved, and the evolutionary significance of face recognition.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

The entry point of face recognition: evidence for face expertise.

Previous studies have shown that experts (e.g., birdwatchers) are as fast to recognize objects at subordinate levels of abstraction (e.g., robin) as they are to recognize the same object at the basic level (e.g., bird). As a test of face expertise, the current study found that adults identify faces more frequently (Experiment 1) and as quickly (Experiment 2) at the subordinate level (e.g., Bill Clinton) as at the basic level (e.g., human). Whereas brief presentation (75 ms) impaired subordinate-level recognition of nonface objects, it did not impair the subordinate level recognition of faces (Experiment 3). Finally, in an identity-matching task, subordinate-level primes facilitated the matching responses of faces but not nonface objects (Experiment 4). Collectively, these results indicate that face expertise, like expert object expertise, promotes a downward shift in recognition to more subordinate levels of abstraction.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Newborns discriminate schematic faces from scrambled faces.

Newborn attention to, and discrimination of, facelike patterns was examined in three experiments employing 35 one- to three-day-old infants. Differential eye tracking and head turning to three moving stimuli (a schematic face, a scrambled face, and a luminance-matched blank) were measured in two of the three experiments. The newborns turned their eyes and heads farther to follow patterned stimuli, containing facelike features, than to a luminance-matched blank, but they did not turn farther to a stimulus with the features arranged in a facelike manner compared to features scrambled. A third experiment tested newborns' ability to discriminate between the facelike and scrambled face patterns. Using an infant-controlled procedure, infants showed similar initial fixation times and similar numbers of trials to reach a 60% response decrement criterion to both patterned stimuli. Following habituation, novelty responding indicated that infants discriminated between the schematic face and the scrambled face patterns. Although infants did not show a preference for a facelike stimulus compared to a features-scrambled pattern in the present experiments, they could discriminate the two patterns based on the internal arrangement of the facial features.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

The fusiform face area is selective for faces not animals.

To test whether the human fusiform face area (FFA) responds not only to faces but to anything human or animate, we used fMRI to measure the response of the FFA to six new stimulus categories. The strongest responses were to stimuli containing faces: human faces (2.0% signal increase from fixation baseline) and human heads (1.7%), with weaker but still strong responses to whole humans (1.5%) and animal heads (1.3%). Responses to whole animals (1.0%) and human bodies without heads (1.0%) were significantly stronger than responses to inanimate objects (0.7%), but responses to animal bodies without heads (0.8%) were not. These results demonstrate that the FFA is selective for faces, not for animals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Technical and anatomical considerations of face harvest in face transplantation.

Total face transplantation may become a reconstructive option in the treatment of patients with acquired facial deformity. Here, 2 face-harvesting techniques are presented in a fresh human cadaver model. In technique 1, the skin and soft tissue of the face is harvested by dissecting in a subgaleal, sub-SMAS, subplatysmal plane. In technique 2, the entire soft tissue and the bony structures of the midface are harvested by dissecting in a subperiosteal plane and performing a Le Fort III osteotomy. Each face was harvested successfully as a bipedicled flap based on the external carotid arteries, the external jugular veins, and the facial veins. Each of these 2 techniques is a theoretically viable approach to face harvest for composite allograft transplantation. These techniques represent the 2 extremes of which tissues can be harvested while maintaining vascular integrity. Each will address different reconstructive needs.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

The faces of development: a review of early face processing over childhood.

The understanding of the adult proficiency in recognizing and extracting information from faces is still limited despite the number of studies over the last decade. Our knowledge on the development of these capacities is even more restricted, as only a handful of such studies exist. Here we present a combined reanalysis of four ERP studies in children from 4 to 15 years of age and adults (n = 424, across the studies), which investigated face processing in implicit and explicit tasks. We restricted these analyses to what was common across studies: early ERP components and upright face processing across all four studies and the inversion effect, investigated in three of the studies. These data demonstrated that processing faces implicates very rapid neural activity, even in young children--at the P1 component--with protracted age-related change in both P1 and N170, that were sensitive to the different task demands. Inversion produced latency and amplitude effects on the P1 from the youngest group, but on N170 only starting in mid childhood. These developmental data suggest that there are functionally different sources of the P1 and N170, related to the processing of different aspects of faces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Identification of the relapsing Class III face: Chernoff faces in orthodontics.

Thirty Class III patients, treated by a standard non-extraction technique, provided the material for this study. Records were examined at the beginning of treatment and a minimum of 2 years out of all retention. On the basis of their post-retention occlusions, children were sub-divided into three groups: stable, borderline, and relapsed. Using this classification, a four-variable discriminant model had been generated which correctly indicated the eventual outcome from the pretreatment data. A graphical technique not previously described in orthodontics and suitable for displaying multivariate data: 'Chernoff faces', provided a pictorial illustration of the discriminant values for each individual. These stylized, cartoon faces were examined to determine whether any common, characteristic facial patterns existed at the beginning of treatment in children of a single outcome group. Whilst the information given by the faces was easier to assimilate than tabulated data, no typical stable or relapsing face could be identified using the features chosen. The reason for this and further possible applications of Chernoff faces to orthodontics are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Attractiveness, distinctiveness, and recognition of faces: attractive faces can be typical or distinctive but are not better recognized.

The debate surrounding the relationship between facial attractiveness and distinctiveness appears to arise from different definitions of distinctiveness. In our study unfamiliar faces were rated for attractiveness, age, and distinctiveness. Two measures of distinctiveness were used: ease of spotting the face in a crowd (traditional) and deviation from an average face (deviation). Recognition was not predicted by attractiveness. The traditional ratings produced a complex relationship with attractiveness, where unattractive faces were distinctive, but attractive faces were rated at all levels of distinctiveness. When the effects of age were partialled out, attractiveness no longer predicted traditional distinctiveness. However, deviation ratings produced a strong negative correlation with attractiveness, even when the effects of age were removed.

Adult↗