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PubMed1989

Arm crank versus wheelchair treadmill ergometry to evaluate the performance of paraplegics.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare peak performance capabilities of male paraplegics with arm crank and wheelchair ergometry. Eleven male paraplegics (aged 26.0 +/- 4.5 year) with spinal lesions at levels ranging from T5 to L4 were assessed during arm cranking and while propelling a wheelchair on a treadmill. Subjects completed both tests in randomised order within a 1 week period with a minimum of 48 hours between tests. Based on the data analysis, peak VO2 for the treadmill and arm crank were not significantly different while HR values for the treadmill were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) when compared to arm crank. A regression analysis indicated that wheelchair treadmill peak VO2 values can be accurately predicted from arm crank peak VO2 (r = 0.74).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The reproducibility of perceptually regulated exercise responses during short-term cycle ergometry.

The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility over four trials of perceptually regulated exercise intensity during short-term cycle ergometry. Recent research has suggested that an improvement in the reproducibility (better agreement) of the exercise output would be observed with a repeated practice using regulatory tools such as Borg's 6 - 20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. Eighteen healthy active volunteers (nine males, mean age (+/- SD) 24.7 +/- 3.4 yr, and nine females 27.6 +/- 5.4 yr) completed four identical intermittent effort production trials on a cycle ergometer over a period of two - three weeks, with all trials being between three and five days apart. After warm-up, the volunteers were asked to produce four x three-minute bouts of exercise at RPE levels: 13, 15, 9, and 17 (in this order). Power output (W), percentage maximum heart rate reserve (%MHRR), and oxygen consumption (VO(2); ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were recorded in the final minute of each bout. Analysis revealed that the 95 % limits of agreement (LoA) between repeated trials did not decrease for the objective markers of exercise intensity, remaining wide throughout. In the worst case comparisons the LoA represented changes (expressed as a proportion of the mean of two trials) of up to 58.3 % in power output (T2 vs. T3 at RPE 9), 65.5 % in % MHRR (T1 vs. T2 at RPE 13) and 36.5 % in VO(2) (T3 vs. T4 at RPE 17). These findings question the use of ratings of perceived exertion to regulate exercise effort. That the reproducibility of effort is also not seen to improve with practice raises doubts about the validity of using the RPE scale to provide training intensities for this type of exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Doctor's-office blood pressure, home blood pressure, ergometry blood pressure and 24-hour blood pressure. The correlations with the echocardiographic parameters of heart muscle mass].

In 62 untreated hypertensives (31 men, 31 women; median age 40 [17-57] years) blood pressures (BP) were measured in the doctor's office, at home (self-measured) and every 15 min during 24-hour monitoring (by portable automated oscillometry), the results being compared with echocardiographic measurements of ventricular septal thickness (VST), left ventricular muscle mass (LVM) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI), in 41 of them also during and 5 min after 100 W bicycle ergometry. In the total cohort, 24-hour values correlated better with diastolic VST (systolic: r = 0.706, P less than 0.00001; diastolic: r = 0.507, P less than 0.0001) than office BP (systolic: r = 0.381, P less than 0.01; diastolic: r = 0.177, not significant) and home BP (systolic: r = 0.477, P less than 0.0001; diastolic: r = 0.371, P less than 0.05). In the 41 exercised hypertensives the correlation with echocardiographic values was less close than with their 24-hour BP, but slightly better than with office and home BP. Systolic BP correlated better than diastolic BP with echocardiographic values. VST generally correlated better with BP than LVM and LVMI. It is concluded that (1) 24-hour BP values correlate more closely with LVM than any other noninvasive BP measurement; (2) VST is affected more by systolic than diastolic BP; and (3) VST more specifically reflects the influence of BP on myocardial structure than does LVM and LVMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The effect of glycogen depletion on the curvature constant parameter of the power-duration curve for cycle ergometry.

For high-intensity cycle ergometer exercise, the relation between power (P) and its tolerable duration (t) has been well characterized by the hyperbolic relationship: (P-thetaF) t = W', or P = W' (1/t)+thetaF, where thetaF may be termed the 'fatigue threshold'. The curvature constant (W') reflects a constant amount of work which is postulated to be equivalent to a finite energy store that relates to the oxygen-deficit: phosphagen pool, anaerobic glycolysis and oxygen stores. Compared to thetaF, the physiological nature of W' has received little consideration. The purpose of this study was therefore to establish the parameters of the power-duration curve (thetaF and W') for subjects in normal glycogen (NG) and glycogen depleted (GD) states. Seven healthy male subjects (aged 22 to 41 years) each performed four high-intensity square-wave exercise bouts on an electrically braked cycle ergometer under two different muscular glycogen content conditions, i.e. NG and GD states. Subjects performed the following exercise on the evening before the trial day to induce the GD state. Initially, they performed a 75-min cycling exercise at 60% of VO2max. After a 5-min rest period, they subsequently repeated a 1-min cycling bout at 115% of VO2max (separated by 1-min rest periods) until the subject could no longer maintain the prescribed pedal rate for the full minute. Subjects then reported to the laboratory after an overnight fast and performed a single high-intensity exercise bout. The GD procedure was repeated four times at 1-week intervals. In the GD state, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (VO2/VCO2) value during a recumbent control period prior to the trial was significantly lower than that in the NG state [GD: 0.84+/-0.02, NG: 0.94+/-0.04, mean +/- SD]. There was no significant difference for thetaF between GD and NG state [NG: 197.1+/-31.9 W, GD: 190.6+/-28.2 W]. W' in contrast was significantly reduced by the GD procedure [NG: 12.83+/-2.21 kJ, GD: 10.33+/-2.41 kJ]. The present results indicate that the muscular glycogen store seems to be an important determinant of the curvature constant (W') of the power-duration curve for cycle ergometry.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Physiologic responses of paraplegics and quadriplegics to passive and active leg cycle ergometry.

The purposes of this study were three-fold: (a) to determine acute physiologic responses of spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects to peak levels of leg cycle ergometry utilizing functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) of paralyzed leg muscles, (b) to determine the relative contributions of passive and active components of FNS cycling to the peak physiologic responses, and (c) to compare these physiologic responses between persons who have quadriplegia and those who have paraplegia. Thirty SCI subjects (17 quadriplegics and 13 paraplegics) performed a discontinuous graded FNS exercise test from rest to fatigue on an ERGYS 1 ergometer. Steady-state physiologic responses were determined by open-circuit spirometry, impedance cardiography with ECG, and auscultation. In the combined statistics of both groups, it was noted that peak FNS cycling significantly increased (from rest levels) mean oxygen uptake by 255%, arteriovenous O2 difference VO2 and VE, Q and a-vO2 and VCO by 69%, and stroke volume by 45%, while total peripheral vascular resistance decreased by 43%. Mean peak power output for paraplegics (15 W) was significantly higher than for quadriplegics (9 W), eliciting higher peak levels of pulmonary ventilation and sympathetically mediated hemodynamic responses such as cardiac output, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure. Passive cycling without FNS produced no statistically significant increases in physiologic responses above the resting level in either group.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effect of pedal crank arm length on joint angle and power production in upright cycle ergometry.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of five pedal crank arm lengths (110, 145, 180, 230 and 265 mm) on hip, knee and ankle angles and on the peak, mean and minimum power production of 11 males (26.6+/-3.8 years, 179+/-8 cm, 79.6+/-9.5 kg) during upright cycle ergometry. Computerized 30 s Wingate power tests were performed on a free weight Monark cycle ergometer against a resistance of 8.5% body weight. Joint angles were determined, with an Ariel Performance Analysis System, from videotape recorded at 100 Hz. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and contrast comparisons revealed that, with increasing crank arm lengths, there was a significant decrement in the minimum hip and knee angles, a significant increment in the ranges of motion of the joints, and a parabolic curve to describe power production. The largest peak and mean powers occurred with a crank arm length of 180 mm. We conclude that 35 mm changes in pedal crank arm length significantly alter both hip and knee joint angles and thus affect cycling performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Incidence and prognostic implications of repetitive ventricular complexes during pre-discharge bicycle ergometry after myocardial infarction.

The clinical significance of repetitive ventricular complexes (RVCs) during pre-discharge bicycle ergometry after acute myocardial infarction has been assessed in 408 consecutive patients. RVCs occurred in 32 patients (8%). When compared to patients without RVCs, those with RVCs had a larger infarction, a higher prevalence of heart failure and late sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, a lower radionuclide ejection fraction and more frequent RVCs during pre-discharge 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring. During a follow-up 30 patients died, 17 suddenly. Mortality was 15% (N = 5) in patients with RVCs during exercise test and 7% (N = 25) in those without RVCs. Sudden death occurred in only one patient with RVCs. When multivariate analysis was applied to clinical and exercise test data, RVCs during exercise did not predict cardiac mortality independent of variables related to left ventricular function, such as a history of previous myocardial infarction, persistence of heart failure in the late hospital phase and the extent of blood pressure rise during exercise test.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1996

The effect of 30 min cycle ergometry on ankylosing spondylitis.

The effect of 30 min cycle ergometry at approximately 100 W (mean 98.8 W; range 34-151 W) in 11 male patients who had no hip involvement were studied. In most patients, exercise produced immediate increases in spinal flexibility and bilateral cervical tilt, and a reduction in pain. However, these improvements steadily waned and all had disappeared by 3-5 h. Exercise induced marked changes in the numbers of circulating leucocytes and platelets, and in the distribution of lymphocytes subsets, similar to those previously reported to occur in individuals without the disease. In a majority of patients there were positive associations (Kendall's tau test) between Schober's index and the platelet count, and negative associations between Schober's index and the percentage of CD4-positive cells over a 5 h period on the exercise day, whereas there were negative associations between the pain score and the leucocyte and neutrophil counts over a comparable period on a control day without exercise. We conclude that exercising those regions of the body unaffected by disease can elicit short-term beneficial effects by a systemically mediated mechanism(s).

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Functional electrical stimulation bicycle ergometry: patient perceptions.

Forty-seven patients who had participated in a clinical electrical stimulation ergometry program were administered a questionnaire to determine their perceptions of the therapy. Improved endurance was reported by 62% of paraplegics and 65% of quadriplegics. Sixty-two percent of paraplegics and 56% of quadriplegics reported improved self-image, while 54% of paraplegics and 77% of quadriplegics perceived their appearance was better. Thirty-nine percent of paraplegics and 24% of quadriplegics noted decreased lower extremity edema with training. Six out of nine patients with a previous history of neurogenic pain noted an increase in pain, which caused them to leave the program.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

Pectoralis muscle uptake of thallium-201 after arm exercise ergometry. Possible confusion with lung thallium-201 activity.

Pectoralis muscle uptake of thallium-201 was noted in 8 (73%) out of 11 patients after exercise arm ergometry. Uptake varied from mild to marked and potentially could be confused with pulmonary Tl-201 activity with a resulting false-positive diagnosis of exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction. The three patients exhibiting negative or trace Tl-201 uptake had suboptimal exercise efforts. The characteristics of pectoralis muscle Tl-201 uptake are illustrated, and differentiation from true lung Tl-201 activity is discussed.

Arm↗
PubMed1998

Effects of F(I)O2 on leg VO2 during cycle ergometry in sedentary subjects.

In a recent study of completely sedentary normal young subjects, leg VO2max was reduced by hypoxia in proportion to mean capillary PO2 as F(I)O2 was reduced from 0.15 to 0.12. However, the increase in VO2max from F(I)O2 = 0.15 to 0.21 was less than expected for the increase in mean capillary PO2. This finding has led us to hypothesize that in sedentary subjects breathing room air, VO2max is not limited by O2 supply but rather by oxidative capacity of mitochondria. The present study sought to obtain further evidence for or against this hypothesis in sedentary subjects by assessing leg VO2max (VO2leg) breathing 100% O2, as well as in normoxia and hypoxia. Data from 18 subjects studied at F(I)O2 = 0.12, 0.15, and 0.21 and from six more studied at 0.12, 0.15, and 1.00 were analyzed. In all 24 we measured VO2leg by arterial and venous blood sampling and thermodilution leg blood flow during maximal cycle ergometry at each F(I)O2. VO2leg was not increased by room air or 100% O2 breathing relative to that observed at F(I)O2 = 0.15, but it was reduced while breathing 12% O2. The data at F(I)O2 = 0.12 and 0.15 conformed to the predictions of O2 supply limitation of maximal VO2 as previously. These results confirm and extend our prior observations that in sedentary, as opposed to trained subjects, muscle VO2max is O2 supply limited only in hypoxia.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of treadmill and arm-leg ergometry exercise testing for assessing exercise capacity in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

PURPOSE: To compare the results of treadmill exercise testing (TM) to arm-leg ergometry testing (AL) in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS: Twelve men and 8 women with PAD (mean age, 62 +/- 10 years) completed a treadmill test and an arm-leg ergometer exercise test. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, rate-pressure product (x10(-3)), ratings of claudication and perceived exertion, and power were measured. RESULTS: Peak oxygen uptake, heart rate, and rate-pressure product were similar between TM and AL. Exercise duration was longer and the peak power higher on the AL than on the TM. Claudication pain > or =3/4 was the reason for test termination in all subjects during TM test and in 13 subjects during AL. Nine patients discontinued due to severe claudication on both tests, but the pain occurred later in AL than TM. CONCLUSIONS: Although peak oxygen uptake was similar between the 2 exercise tests, patients with PAD exercised longer and to a higher peak power during the AL. These data suggest that the AL test may be used to evaluate peak exercise capacity in patients with PAD. The AL may also provide an alternate method for detecting PAD and coronary heart disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of stairclimber versus cycle ergometry in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effective use of stair climbing as an alternative to cycling for knee rehabilitation in an actual injured sport population. DESIGN: Repeated-measures multivariate analyses with data collected during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rehabilitation. SETTING: Clinical rehabilitation setting following ACL reconstruction. PARTICIPANTS: 46 athletes with ACL reconstruction (32 males, 14 females; age 25.5 +/- 8.9 yrs) were randomly assigned to either cycle or stairclimber programs previously matched by metabolic equivalents (METs) and heart rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Isokinetic testing was performed at 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively on the uninjured knee to safely determine mean and peak concentric quadriceps, eccentric quadriceps, concentric hamstring, and eccentric hamstring peak torques. Pre/post leg girths were also measured bilaterally (+7.6, +15.2, +22.9, -7.6, -15.2, -22.9 cm) proximal/distal to the patella. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance indicated no differences (Wilks' Lambda F(8,37) = 1.461; p = 0.21; eta(2) = 0.240; Power = 0.556) in strength gains (NM) between cycle and stair climbing groups, respectively, in mean concentric quadriceps (58.4 +/- 12.0 vs. 37.1 +/- 13.2), peak concentric quadriceps (77.0 +/- 14.7 vs. 36.8 +/- 16.2), mean eccentric quadriceps (57.2 +/- 12.7 vs. 79.2 +/- 14.0), peak eccentric quadriceps (78.6 +/- 19.3 vs. 105.5 +/- 21.3), mean concentric hamstring (14.3 +/- 3.9 vs. 6.5 +/- 4.3), peak concentric hamstring (24.0 +/- 6.7 vs. 22.2 +/- 7.4), mean eccentric hamstring (22.6 +/- 8.6 vs. 23.8 +/- 9.5), or peak eccentric hamstring (23.5 +/- 11.2 vs. 36.7 +/- 12.3) response. A significant stair climbing effect (Wilks' Lambda F(6,37) = 2.95; p = 0.02; eta(2) = 0.324; Power = 0.843) was observed in gastrocnemius girth (-15.2 cm) in both injured (0.5 +/- 0.1 cm vs. 0.3 +/- 0.1 cm, p < 0.04) and non-injured (0.3 +/- 0.1 cm vs. 0.0 +/- 0.1 cm, p < 0.008) legs. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the results of the data suggest no deleterious effect of stair climbing on knee isokinetic performance or limb girth measurements, and confirms the use of stair climbing as a viable adjunct/alternative to cycle ergometry in ACL-injured athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A matched pairs comparison of cycle ergometry and treadmill exercise testing in the evaluation of coronary heart disease.

In 105 patient pairs, matched for sex, aged within a ten-year range and with closely similar coronary disease, the sensitivity and specificity of treadmill testing using the Bruce Protocol was compared to cycle ergometry using the 100 kpm/min (16 W/min) increment protocol, and found to be similar. The parameters of use were ST segment depression (sensitivity of 52% for treadmill and 61% for cycle), test angina (65% and 61%), significant work impairment (66% and 68%) and impaired blood pressure response (31% and 20%). The sensitivity was increased (treadmill to 84%, cycle to 89%) if the four parameters were grouped, and abnormality in any one of them was regarded as a positive test. The equivalent severity of coronary disease resulted in more severe work impairment on the cycle than on the treadmill. The mean work level of the treadmill group was 80%, and of the cycle group, 61% of their respective, nomographically predicted, normal values. The difference was similar for the zero, single and multivessel disease groups. This difference should be recognised when comparing the two techniques.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2004

Bicycle ergometry in subacute-stroke survivors: feasibility, safety, and exercise performance.

This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and findings from a protocol for exercise-bicycle ergometry in subacute-stroke survivors. Of 117 eligible candidates, 14 could not perform the test and 3 discontinued because of cardiac safety criteria. In the 100 completed tests, peak heart rate was 116 +/- 19.1 beats/min; peak VO(2) was 11.4 +/- 3.7 ml x kg x min(-1), peak METs were 3.3 +/- 0.91, exercise duration was 5.1 +/- 2.84 min, and Borg score was 14 +/- 2.6. Among 71 tests, anaerobic threshold was achieved in 3.0 +/- 1.7 min with a VO(2) of 8.6 +/- 1.7 ml x kg x min(-1). After screening, this protocol is feasible and safe in subacute-stroke survivors with mild to moderate deficits. These stroke survivors have severely limited functional exercise capacity. Research and clinical practice in stroke rehabilitation should incorporate more comprehensive evaluation and treatment of endurance limitations.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Responses to arm and leg ergometry.

Arm (A), leg (L) and combined arm and leg (A + L) ergometry modes were compared at power outputs of 49, 73.5 and 98 W. Selected cardiorespiratory variables and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured for 19 males of mean age 25.7 (+/- 5.5) years. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), minute ventilation and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were all higher (p less than 0.01) in A compared with L and A + L. Gross mechanical efficiency was significantly lower in A (p less than 0.01) than in L or A + L. No differences were observed in any measurements between L and A + L. the correlations between RPE and cardiorespiratory variables were higher for A (RPE:VO2, r = 0.87, p less than 0.01; RPE:HR, r = 0.78 p less than 0.01) than for L and A + L.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Ventilatory responses to the metabolic acidosis of treadmill and cycle ergometry.

Ventilation and acid-base responses were studied at comparable levels of O2 uptake during cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise, to determine the extent to which the type of exercise affects these responses. Twenty male subjects performed 50-, 100-, and 150-W cycle ergometer exercise and three work rates of similar O2 uptake on a treadmill. At comparable oxygen uptakes, arterial lactate and VE were higher and arterial pH and bicarbonate were lower for cycle ergometer than treadmill exercise. These differences could be accounted for by the greater degree of metabolic acidosis during cycle ergometer work. The increment in VE over that predicted (from an extrapolation of the linear relationship of the VE-VO2 relationship for low work rates) was linearly related to the decrease in arterial bicarbonate; VE was increased by approximately 4 1/min for each meq/1 of bicarbonate decrease for both treadmill and cycle ergometry.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of metabolic and ventilatory responses of men to various lifting tasks and bicycle ergometry.

Four male volunteers served as subjects to examine the metabolic and ventilatory cost of both positive and negative lifting tasks as compared to bicycle ergometry. In different experiments, four boxes weighing 0.91, 6.82, 22.73, and 36.36 kg were lifted up to or down from a height of 60 cm at rates as high as 70 lifts/min for periods of 4 min. The data were then compared to those obtained from bicycling at a rate of 50 rpm at work loads up to 1,500 kmp/min. Work at any given box weight had a substantially higher oxygen and ventilatory cost than similar levels of work on the bicycle ergometer. The reason for these differences appeared to lie in the energy cost of moving parts of the body. When the weight of the boxes was low, there was little difference between the oxygen cost of positive and negative work, but as the weight of the boxes increased, the expected physiological differences in positive and negative work was established.

Adult↗