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PubMed2002

[A comparison of master eye operation with slave eye operation on patients with large-angle exotropia].

OBJECTIVE: To search for an excellent therapy for patients with large-angle exotropia. METHODS: Strabotomy was performed on the master eyes in the 41 cases (master eye group) and slave eyes in the other 41 cases (slave eye group) with large-angle exotropia (>/= 60(Delta)). The post-operative visual acuity, ocular position, visual function and fixation, the average surgical amount and the frequency of strabotomy were statistically compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Post-operatively, orthophoria occurred in 39 cases and mild exotropia remained in 2 cases in each group. The statistic analyses showed that the surgical results were better in the master eye group in the visual acuity (P < 0.05), visual function (P < 0.05), average surgical amount and frequency (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical results of strabotomy performed on the master eye in cases with large-angle exotropia are better than that on the slave eye, and the surgical damage in the master eye is less. Thus, the master eye strabotomy is especially suitable for children with large-angle exotropia under general anesthesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

EEG-blocking before and during voluntary movements: differences between the eyes-closed and the eyes-open condition.

Movement-related EEG periods of 1 s duration were analyzed by fast Fourier transformation in the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) paradigm in 21 healthy, right-handed normals. Spectra of the rest period and the BP period before the onset of the voluntary movement, and of the rest period and the movement period, were compared in order to describe blocking effects before and during movement execution (fast fist closure of the right hand). When comparing the rest period and the movement period with the eyes closed as well as with the eyes open, blocking was pronounced in both conditions within the total frequency range of the alpha-band, especially at positions contralateral to the movement over the motor cortex (C3') and the parietal cortex (P3) as well as at the parietal midline electrode (Pz). Moreover, when comparing the spectra of the rest and the BP periods in the eyes-closed condition, significant differences were again seen, with lower values during the BP period at C3' and P3. We were, however, able to observe over the parietal cortex an increase of alpha power in the 10 Hz range during the BP period with the eyes opened and fixated. This increase during the BP period in the eyes-open condition was not found when the eyes were closed. This paradoxical phenomenon of an increase of power with the eyes opened instead of blocking during the BP period, as observed in the eyes closed, may be due to an additional activation effect on the already activated (blocked) EEG in the eyes-open condition during fixation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Adsorption of levocabastine eye drops by soft contact lenses and its effects in rabbit eyes.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the adsorption of levocabastine (LEV) eye drops onto soft contact lenses in rabbit eyes to confirm the safety of this antihistaminic and antiallergic agent. METHODS: Low- and high- water-content soft contact lenses were placed on the eyes of three rabbits for each type of soft contact lens (total: six rabbits) for 8 hours daily. LEV eye drops and physiological saline solution (used as a control) were instilled into the experimental eye and the fellow eye at a dosage of 0.1 mL per eye, at 1 hour intervals, eight times daily, for 6 consecutive days. Severity of possible eye injury was evaluated before soft contact lens insertion and after removal. RESULTS: After completion of the study, the amounts of LEV and the preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAK) adsorbed onto the soft contact lenses were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. There were no significant differences between the experimental solution and the control solution using Draize's method scores or slit lamp evaluation. CONCLUSION: LEV and BAK accumulated only slightly in the soft contact lenses, leading us to conclude that LEV eye drops could be used safely by soft contact lens wearers for about 1 week.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2000

Developmental eye and neural tube defects in the eye blebs mouse.

In the mouse, eye blebs (eb) is a spontaneous mutation that presents a useful model for the study of abnormal eye development. Since its initial description three decades ago, little information has been generated regarding the developmental course of eb eyes. Although the gene for eb has not been identified, much can be learned from the developmental defects present in the eb mouse. First detected in the eye at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), the eb defect is observed as an increased vascularization throughout the developing eye and head region. As development proceeds, the embryonic eye fills with blood, and the resulting hematoma distorts the shape of the iris. The eyelids fail to close, and animals are born with open eyes. Lens degeneration and retinal folding are characteristic of eb, as are microphthalmia and thick, disorganized irises. A second presentation of the eb defect is disruption of neural tube closure in the anterior and hindbrain neuropores. These eb animals are born with open neural tubes but with apparently normal eyes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The Sine oculis/Six class family of homeobox genes in jellyfish with and without eyes: development and eye regeneration.

The development of visual organs is regulated in Bilateria by a network of genes where members of the Six and Pax gene families play a central role. To investigate the molecular aspects of eye evolution, we analyzed the structure and expression patterns of cognate members of the Six family genes in jellyfish (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), representatives of a basal, non-bilaterian phylum where complex lens eyes with spherical lens, an epidermal cornea, and a retina appear for the first time in evolution. In the jellyfish Cladonema radiatum, a species with well-developed lens eyes in the tentacle bulbs, Six1/2-Cr and Six3/6-Cr, are expressed in the eye cup. Six4/5-Cr is mainly expressed in the manubrium, the feeding, and sex organ. All three Six genes are expressed in different subsets of epidermal nerve cells, possibly of the RFamide type which are part of a net connecting the different eyes with each other and the effector organs. Furthermore, expression is found in other tissues, notably in the striated muscle. During eye regeneration, expression of Six1/2-Cr and Six3/6-Cr is upregulated, but not of Six4/5-Cr. In Podocoryne carnea, a jellyfish without eyes, Six1/2-Pc and Six3/6-Pc are also expressed in the tentacle bulbs, Six1/2-Pc additionally in the manubrium and striated muscle, and Six3/6-Pc in the mechanosensory nematocytes of the tentacle. The conserved gene structure and expression patterns of all Cladonema Six genes suggest broad conservation of upstream regulatory mechanisms in eye development.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Keratoplasty with scleral rim after the most severe chemical eye burns of the anterior eye segment].

BACKGROUND: Corneo-scleral ulcerations and perforations are severe complications after most severe eye burns. One possibility to handle this situation is a keratoplasty with a scleral rim. This retrospective study was carried out to show the outcome after total replacement of the cornea after most severe eye burns. PATIENTS: Between 1986 and 1991 we carried out 12 keratoplasties with a scleral rim in 9 most severely burnt eyes of 7 patients. In 9 cases this intervention was the first transplantation. In 3 eyes a re-keratoplasty had to be carried out. RESULTS: All eyes could be saved after this surgical intervention, although all but two transplants failed. In eight cases the transplant decompensated and/or was replaced by scar tissue. Two transplants remained clear. Visual acuity was light perception in five cases, intact light projection in two cases, 1/35 in one case because of cataract formation and 0.8 in another case at the end of the observation period. The reasons for graft failure were multifactorial. Epithelial problems were the reason for graft failure in eight cases. Two of these also showed shrinkage of the eye lids with incomplete lid closure. In six cases severe vascularisation with scar formation was observed. It is remarkable that immunoreactions occurred only in four cases. This may be due to the fact that all patients were treated systemically with cyclosporin A. In one case the transplant failed after extensive surgery of the anterior segment. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the keratoplasty with a scleral rim can save the eye in the difficult situation of corneo-scleral ulceration or perforation. Nevertheless a visual rehabilitation could not be achieved in seven of nine cases. But all eyes were in a satisfying condition for further smaller transplants to achieve better visual acuity.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1993

Rapid eye movement sleep eye movements in schizophrenia and depression.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the specificity of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep eye movement measures in schizophrenics, depressives, and nonpsychiatric controls. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Inpatient psychiatric hospital. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of male veterans who met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for schizophrenia (n = 21) or major depressive disorder (n = 24), or male veterans recruited from the community with no history of psychiatric illness (n = 13). Patients with a concurrent RDC diagnosis of alcoholism were excluded. After data collection, three schizophrenics, two depressives, and one nonpsychiatric control were eliminated because of two or fewer REM periods on either of the two recording nights. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Computer-detected total night and within-night measures of REM sleep eye movement density, ie, the ratio of eye movement counts to stage REM minutes. RESULTS: Using a 95% confidence interval, schizophrenics, depressives, and nonpsychiatric controls did not differ in total night or within-night measures of eye movement density. Within nights, eye movement density increased across REM periods in the schizophrenics and nonpsychiatric controls; the depressives showed a flatter within-night distribution associated with their older age. CONCLUSIONS: A broad range of REM sleep eye movement densities characterize both schizophrenics and depressives and substantially overlaps the normal range. Abnormalities of REM sleep eye movement activity should not be considered a biological marker for affective illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Visual system of the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata (Diopsidae, Diptera): an anatomical investigation of unusual eyes.

Diopsid flies have eye stalks up to a centimeter in length, displacing the retina laterally from the rest of the head. This bizarre condition, called hypercephaly, is rare, but has evolved independently among several insect orders and is most common in flies (Diptera). Earlier studies of geometrical optics and behavior have led to various hypotheses about possible adaptive advantages of eye stalks, such as enhanced stereoscopic vision while other hypothesis suggest that eye stalks are an outcome of sexual selection. Here, we focus on how these curious distortions of head/eye morphology are accompanied by changes in the neural organization of the visual system of Cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata. Histological examinations reveal that the optic lobes, lamina (La), medulla (Me), lobula (Lo), and lobula plate (LP) are contained entirely within the fly's eye bulbs, which are located at the distal ends of the eye stalks. We report that the organization of the peripheral visual system (La and Me) is similar to that of other Diptera (e.g., Musca and Drosophila), but deeper visual areas (Lo and LP) have been more strongly modified. For example, in both the lobula and lobula plate, fewer but larger giant collector neurons are found. The most pronounced difference is the reduction in the number of wide-field vertical cells of the lobula plate, where there are only four relatively large fibers, as opposed to 11 in Musca. The "fewer but larger" neural organization may enhance the conduction velocities of these cells, but may result in a loss of spatial resolution. At the base of the eye bulb, axon bundles collect and form a long optic nerve that extends the length of the eye stalk. We suggest that this organization of the diopsid visual system provides evidence for the costs of possessing long eye stalks.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1978

Fine structure of the eyes of orb-weavers, Argiope amoena L. Koch (Aranea: Argiopidae). 2. The anterolateral, posterolateral and posterommedial eyes.

The anterolateral eye, the posterolateral eye and the posteromedial eye of the web-building spider, Argiope amoena have been examined by light and electron microscopy. The dioptric apparatus of all three eyes is similar in structure, and consists of a cornea, a lens and a vitreous body. The retina contains monopolar receptor cells, the cell bodies of which are present beneath the vitreous body in all three eyes. Proximal processes of the receptor cells form rhabdoms beneath the cell body layer and then extend toward the first optic glomerulus as an ocellar nerve. Two distinct patterns of retinal organization are present in the three eyes. In one type the rhabdomic layer of the retina is backed by a pigmented layer. In the other type the rhabdomic layer is backed by a tapetal reflecting layer. Rhabdomic structure and cytoplasmic inclusions of the receptor cells differ greatly between the two types. The anterolateral eye possesses a single type of retina with the rhabdoms backed by the tapetum. Both the posterolateral and the posteromedial eye are similar in structure, each possessing beneath the common dioptric apparatus retinae of both types.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fetal eye movement assessed with real-time ultrasonography: are there rapid and slow eye movements?

The goal of this study was to determine whether rapid eye movement and slow eye movement exist during the eye-movement period in the human fetus in utero. We studied 21 fetuses with real-time ultrasonography, 10 from 33 to 36 weeks and 11 from 37 to 41 weeks' gestation. We used the duration of eye-movement unit as a parameter and calculated the cumulative duration from the shortest to a given duration of eye movement per individual case. A scattergram of cumulative duration versus given duration obtained from all cases in each age group was analyzed with piecewise linear regression to search for a critical point(s). Critical given duration points were noted and reached statistical significance at 0.62 second and at 0.76 second during 33 to 36 and 37 to 40 weeks of gestation, respectively. These findings reveal two different types of eye movement: one with a duration of less than 0.6 to 0.8 second and the other with a duration of greater than 0.6 to 0.8 second. These findings are compatible with previous criteria on rapid and slow eye movements, respectively, at 33 weeks of gestation onward. The mean value of cumulative duration at the critical point increased from 29.0% between 33 and 36 weeks to 47.1% between 37 and 41 weeks of gestation, indicating an increase in the proportionate amount of time maintaining rapid eye movement as gestation advances.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1990

Computing three-dimensional eye position quaternions and eye velocity from search coil signals.

The four-component rotational operators called quaternions, which represent eye rotations in terms of their axes and angles, have several advantages over other representations of eye position (such as Fick coordinates): they provide easy computations, symmetry, a simple form for Listing's law, and useful three-dimensional plots of eye movements. In this paper we present algorithms for computing eye position quaternions and eye angular velocity (not the derivative of position in three dimensions) from two search coils (not necessarily orthogonal) on one eye in two or three magnetic fields, and for locating primary position using quaternions. We show how differentiation of eye position signals yields poor estimates of all three components of eye velocity.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Use of eye care services by older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To assess utilization of eye care services in an older Australian population. METHODS: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 permanent residents aged 49 years or older from two New South Wales postcode areas. At interview, we collected information about past attendance to eye care practitioners, demographic and socio-economic status variables and past medical and eye history. Full-time optometric and part-time ophthalmic services were available in this community. RESULTS: Almost all participants (99%) had seen either an ophthalmologist or optometrist in the past, with 62, 27, 7 and 3% having last attended in the last 2, 2-5, 5-10 and > 10 years, respectively. Among those participants (2251) who had been seen in the last 2 years, 50.2% (1131) last saw an ophthalmologist, 48.6% (1094) last saw an optometrist and 26 (1.2%) could not state whom they saw. After adjusting for age and sex, factors statistically significantly associated with attending an ophthalmologist included older age, female gender, higher socio-economic status, moderate to high myopia and presence of systemic disease (diabetes, hypertension) or any significant eye pathology. Factors statistically significantly associated with attending an optometrist were younger age, living alone, not currently married, being able to go out alone, having better presenting visual acuity, hyperopia and absence of diabetes or significant eye pathology, including moderate to high myopia. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study indicate that whether people use eye care services and whom they visit is mainly driven by need factors. Although there was considerable overlap, this study found relatively appropriate utilization of eye care services by this population.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of eye and limb movements on working memory.

Three experiments examined the role of eye and limb movements in the maintenance of information in spatial working memory. In Experiment 1, reflexive saccades interfered with memory span for spatial locations but did not interfere with memory span for letters. In Experiment 2, three different types of eye movements (reflexive saccades, pro-saccades, and anti-saccades) interfered with working memory to the same extent. In all three cases, spatial working memory was much more affected than verbal working memory. The results of these two experiments suggest that eye movements interfere with spatial working memory primarily by disrupting processes localised in the visuospatial sketchpad. In Experiment 3, limb movements performed while maintaining fixation produced as much interference with spatial working memory as reflexive saccades. These results suggest that the interference produced by eye movements is not the result of their visual consequences. Rather, all spatially directed movements appear to have similar effects on visuospatial working memory.

Extremities↗
PubMed2002

The performance of the contact lens dry eye questionnaire as a screening survey for contact lens-related dry eye.

PURPOSE: The contact lens dry eye questionnaire (CLDEQ) is a self-administered survey developed to examine the distribution of dry eye symptoms among contact lens wearers. In this report, we examine the CLDEQ as a screening survey for contact lens-related dry eye and compare it with McMonnies' questionnaire. METHODS: The CLDEQ and McMonnies' questionnaire were administered to 367 unselected contact lens wearers at six clinics across the United States and Canada. After completion of the surveys, doctors unaware of the survey results completed a separate form indicating contact lens-related dry eye diagnosis at the end of a nondirected clinical examination. The CLDEQ is composed of nine habitual symptom subscales and a self-diagnosis question, which were tested for their predictive value for a diagnosis of contact lens-related dry eye. McMonnies' instrument was scored with use of the algorithm suggested in the literature. Sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed for each instrument on the basis of logistic regression results. RESULTS: The area under the ROC curve for the CLDEQ was 0.74, indicating moderate contact lens-related dry eye discrimination, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated that the CLDEQ was well calibrated (p = 0.84). The area under the ROC curve for McMonnies' questionnaire was 0.56, indicating poorer discrimination, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated it was also poorly calibrated (p = 0.08) for contact lens wearers. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses suggest that the CLDEQ is capable of discriminating contact lens-related dry eye and is accurate in doing so, especially in comparison with McMonnies' questionnaire. The CLDEQ is an efficient screening survey and may be used in future clinical research and epidemiologic studies of contact lens-related dry eye.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Eye symptoms and signs in buildings with indoor climate problems ('office eye syndrome').

Break-up time measurements and Lissamine green staining were performed on 169 office workers in 4 town halls in Copenhagen where the occupants complained about the indoor air quality. In a questionnaire investigation one year before the study it was found that 25% of all the employees had eye irritation several times a week. A statistically significant association (P less than 0.025) was found between eye irritation and unstable precorneal film (reduced break-up time) and/or lissamine green stained epithelial damage. There was a significant rank correlation between eye irritation and different degrees of dry eyes (P less than 0.00006). The investigation proved that eye irritation associated with indoor climate problems can be related to objective pathological changes in the eyes as found in the dry eyes. The findings constitute a new syndrome which I propose to name the 'office eye syndrome'.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Primate frontal eye fields. II. Physiological and anatomical correlates of electrically evoked eye movements.

We studied single neurons in the frontal eye fields of awake macaque monkeys and compared their activity with the saccadic eye movements elicited by microstimulation at the sites of these neurons. Saccades could be elicited from electrical stimulation in the cortical gray matter of the frontal eye fields with currents as small as 10 microA. Low thresholds for eliciting saccades were found at the sites of cells with presaccadic activity. Presaccadic neurons classified as visuomovement or movement were most associated with low (less than 50 microA) thresholds. High thresholds (greater than 100 microA) or no elicited saccades were associated with other classes of frontal eye field neurons, including neurons responding only after saccades and presaccadic neurons, classified as purely visual. Throughout the frontal eye fields, the optimal saccade for eliciting presaccadic neural activity at a given recording site predicted both the direction and amplitude of the saccades that were evoked by microstimulation at that site. In contrast, the movement fields of postsaccadic cells were usually different from the saccades evoked by stimulation at the sites of such cells. We defined the low-threshold frontal eye fields as cortex yielding saccades with stimulation currents less than or equal to 50 microA. It lies along the posterior portion of the arcuate sulcus and is largely contained in the anterior bank of that sulcus. It is smaller than Brodmann's area 8 but corresponds with the union of Walker's cytoarchitectonic areas 8A and 45. Saccade amplitude was topographically organized across the frontal eye fields. Amplitudes of elicited saccades ranged from less than 1 degree to greater than 30 degrees. Smaller saccades were evoked from the ventrolateral portion, and larger saccades were evoked from the dorsomedial portion. Within the arcuate sulcus, evoked saccades were usually larger near the lip and smaller near the fundus. Saccade direction had no global organization across the frontal eye fields; however, saccade direction changed in systematic progressions with small advances of the microelectrode, and all contralateral saccadic directions were often represented in a single electrode penetration down the bank of the arcuate sulcus. Furthermore, the direction of change in these progressions periodically reversed, allowing particular saccade directions to be multiply represented in nearby regions of cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A comparative clinical study of Solcoseryl Eye-Gel and Cysteine Eye-Gel 2.4% in the treatment of foreign-body injuries of the cornea.

Solcoseryl, a protein-free haemodialysate, promotes tissue regeneration and improves utilization of oxygen in the cell. In a randomized, double-blind, clinical study, Solcoseryl Eye-Gel was compared with Cysteine Eye-Gel in the treatment of foreign-body injuries of the cornea in a total of 99 eyes. In order to facilitate objective evaluation of the effects of the treatment, the area of the lesion before the start of treatment and on the following day was determined by means of slit-lamp photographs. Healing of the lesion and relative reduction of the area of the wound were observed much more frequently in the group treated with Solcoseryl Eye-Gel than in the reference group. Maculae corneae after the end of the treatment were significantly less frequent under Solcoseryl Eye-Gel than under Cysteine Eye-Gel. Teh tolerability of the test preparation was good; an itching sensation was reported in only 2 cases. Under Cysteine Eye-Gel, on the other hand, a burning sensation was reported by a number of patients and very fine deposits in the epithelium were also observed in a few cases. Thus complete closure of the epithelium over the lesion after 1 day was observed much more frequently in the group of patients treated with Solcoseryl Eye-Gel than in the reference group (63 vs. 53%).

Actihaemyl↗
PubMed1991

Tonic cervical stimulation: does it influence eye position and eye movements in man?

In healthy subjects eye movements were analysed during body rotation, during trunk torsion either with the head passively held stationary in space or with the head voluntarily stabilized in space, and during voluntary head movements. Trapezoidal movements around the vertical axis were performed (+/- 40 degrees, plateau 10 s, duration of ramp 1 or 4 s). Moreover the influence of a tonic head deviation up to 40 degrees on optokinetic nystagmus and on vestibulo-ocular reflex during sinusoidal turning was examined. Eye movements were recorded by DC-electrooculography. Saccadic and slow components of eye movements and the shift of eye position during the plateau of the trapezoidal stimulus were analysed. For all modes of stimulation during the plateau no nystagmus occurred. At the end of the dynamic phase of the stimulus relatively frequent eye deviations--mostly in the direction of the head deviation--were observed, not only after turning the trunk with the head stabilized in space (cervical stimulation) but also after turning head and trunk together. The fact that such eye deviations are thus observed even in the absence of any tonic, especially cervical stimulus, supports the assumption that they cannot be attributed to a tonic stimulus but merely to an effect of the preceding phasic stimulus which outlasts them. Also amplitude and direction of eye shifts during the plateau do not depend on a tonic stimulus, but merely on the eye deviation reached at the end of the dynamic phase of stimulation. Optokinetic nystagmus and vestibulo-ocular reflex are not influenced by an additional tonic cervical stimulus.

Adult↗