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PubMed2000

Predictors of dropout among men who batter: a review of studies with implications for research and practice.

Identifying the characteristics of men who drop out of batterers' programs is crucial for prevention, intervention, and research. This article reviews studies of program attrition to establish a description of men who fail to complete group-based batterers' interventions. Studies indicate that men who drop out are more likely to be unemployed, be unmarried and/or childless, have lower incomes, and less education than men who remain. Dropouts are also more likely to have a criminal history, to report substance abuse or related problems, and to present with particular relationship concerns or orientations. The relationship between court referral and dropout was inconsistent across studies and may vary according to socioeconomic status. Psychopathology is consistently related to dropout, but may be associated with other factors (e.g., comorbidity or referral source). Age, race, childhood exposure to violence, and battering history are all inconsistently associated with dropping out. The implications of these findings for research and program development are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Roaming through the methodology. XXVIII. More problems with longitudinal studies: dropouts, head-start effects and interval correlations].

The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study with about 300 teenage boys and girls illustrates a number of problems that can occur in a longitudinal study. By adopting a more complex study design (multiple birth cohorts and a separate control group without longitudinal measurements) confounding factors may be found. A problem with the longitudinal design are the dropouts: by comparing their study results in the period before the dropout with the results of the 'stayers' in the same period, selective dropout may be identified. In a multiple longitudinal design with overlapping cohorts, head-tail effects may occur: the most reliable results are found in the middle area where there is the most overlap. Interperiod correlations may assist in determining the stability and the accuracy of the measurements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Evaluating characteristics of patient selection and dropout rates.

Patient selection and dropout rates can affect the results of a clinical trial. Long lists of exclusions in the selection of patients for clinical trials reduce the possibility of examining treatment responses for heterogeneity and make recruitment difficult. In many cases, a pool of 100 potential subjects may yield only 2 or 3 qualified participants, a fact that raises the issue of generalizability of results. Dropouts should be carefully defined in advance and can be used as dependent variables for the comparison of different treatments. This article discusses some of the sampling characteristics (gender, age, diagnosis, inpatient/ outpatient status, prior neuroleptic use, and symptom severity) and dropout rates in 5 recent comparative clinical trials of atypical antipsychotics.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Exercise therapy for depression in middle-aged and older adults: predictors of early dropout and treatment failure.

Psychosocial factors predicting treatment dropout or failure to benefit from treatment were identified in a randomized trial of exercise therapy and pharmacotherapy for major depression. One hundred fifty-six men and women over age 50 diagnosed with major depressive disorder were assigned to a 16-week program of aerobic exercise, medication (sertraline), or a combination of exercise and medication. Thirty-two patients (21%) failed to complete the program and were considered treatment "dropouts." At the end of 16 weeks, 83 patients (53%) were in remission; the remaining patients not in remission were considered treatment "failures." Baseline levels of self-reported anxiety and lift satisfaction were the best predictors of both patient dropout and treatment success or failure across all treatment conditions.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Research on factors for dropout from treatment by outpatients of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence (I)--Based on statements of medical treatment personnel].

This study have in view the elucidation of factors related to treatment dropouts of alcohol abuse and dependence outpatients. The medical staff of the clinic "S" held two workshops and the discussion data was analyzed by a Total Quality Management (TQM) method to see a strategy for avoiding dropout. There were three side characteristics, for dropout factors, i.e., patients' and clinic's and relations between two sides. To cope with patients' factors a better communication with patients by medical staff was suggested. For clinic "S", suggestions was given to improve treatment environment such as consultation and treatment systems and better relationship with patients.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of dropouts from a San Diego diabetes program: a case control study.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine the demographic, treatment, clinical, and behavioral factors associated with dropping out of a nurse-based, low-income, multiethnic San Diego diabetes program. METHODS: Data were collected during a 17-month period in 2000 and 2002 on patients with type 2 diabetes from Project Dulce, a disease management program in San Diego County designed to care for an underserved diabetic population. The study sample included 69 cases and 504 controls representing a racial/ethnic mix of 53% Hispanic, 7% black, 16% Asian, 22% white, and 2% other. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with patient dropout. RESULTS: Patients who had high initial clinical indicators including blood pressure and hemoglobin A1c and those who smoked currently or smoked in the past were more likely to drop out of the diabetes program. CONCLUSION: This study provides markers of patient dropout in a low-income, multiethnic, type 2 diabetic population. Reasons for dropout in this program can be investigated to prevent further cohort loss.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2006

Dropout policies and trends for students with and without disabilities.

Students with and without disabilities are dropping out of school at an alarming rate. However, the precise extent of the problem remains elusive because individual schools, school districts, and state departments of education often use different definitional criteria and calculation methods. In addition, specific reasons why students drop out continues to be speculative and minimal research exists validating current dropout prevention programs for students with and without disabilities. This study examined methods secondary school principals used to calculate dropout rates, reasons they believed students dropped out of school, and what prevention programs were being used for students with and without disabilities. Results indicated that school districts used calculation methods that minimized dropout rates, students with and without disabilities dropped out for similar reasons, and few empirically validated prevention programs were being implemented. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Recurrent peritonitis need not be a cause of CAPD dropout.

Though excessive peritonitis is reported as the cause of 27% of CAPD dropout, over a five-year period, only 5 of 41 patients (12%) who had 5 or more episodes of peritonitis stopped CAPD because of excessive peritonitis. Their average time on CAPD prior to stopping was significantly longer than other dropouts with less peritonitis. Only one patient technically could not continue PD. We conclude that excessive peritonitis need not be a major cause for CAPD dropout.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Estimating the national high school dropout rate.

Recent interest has focused on the high school dropout rate as one indicator of the national education picture. Empirical estimates of this "rate" vary considerably, because these estimates are poorly defined. This article reviews some of the current measures and presents a new measure of the high school dropout rate--the proportion of high school students who drop out in a defined period of time (1 year). The estimates show that the national yearly high school dropout rate was about the same in 1985 as it was in 1968. Improvement has occurred, however, since 1968 for specific racial groups as well as for some grade levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Premature termination of treatment among alcoholics: predicting outpatient clinic dropouts.

Authors predicted that adult alcoholics with relatively higher scores on obsessive-compulsive drinking subscale of Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI-4) and psychasthenia scale of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-7) would be better candidates for successful completion of traditional outpatient treatment. Both tests were administered to 89 successively admitted outpatients who were tracked through treatment and later classified as dropouts (premature unilateral termination of treatment, N = 57), mutuals (patient-therapist agreement on appropriate termination, N = 22), or open cases (patients still in treatment at end of 6 months, N = 10). AUI-4, but not MMPI-7, successfully identified dropouts, mutuals, and open cases, and significantly differentiated between dropouts and all other patients. AUI-4 and MMPI-7 were significantly and positively correlated, and AUI-4, but not MMPI-7, was significantly and positively related to number of therapy sessions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Sexual behaviors and drug use among youth in dropout-prevention programs--Miami, 1994.

Youth who have dropped out of school have higher frequencies than youth who remain in school of behaviors that increase risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1). Youth identified as potential dropouts may be likely to take increased risks, but their STD/HIV risk status has not been adequately evaluated. To estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors among potential dropouts, investigators from the University of Miami School of Medicine surveyed students in two Miami dropout-prevention programs (school A and school B) and compared the findings with those from a survey of public school students in Miami. This report summarizes results of the surveys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Multiple genetic diagnoses from single cells using multiplex PCR: reliability and allele dropout.

We used a multiplex fluorescent PCR system containing seven primer sets on single cells from three different cell types (buccal, corneal and blastomere cells) and more than 3500 heterozygous alleles to investigate reliability and extent of allele dropout in multiplex PCRs at the single cell level. All three cell types gave similarly high reliability, accuracy and allele dropout rates, with similar reliability between singleplex and multiplex PCRs. Allele dropout was also consistent between the three cell types and did not significantly increase as allele size increased. These results indicate that multiplex fluorescent PCR is a reliable and accurate method of obtaining multiple diagnosis (eight chromosomes simultaneously) from single cells and maximizes the information available from single cell analysis.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Dealing with allelic dropout when reporting the evidential value in DNA relatedness analysis.

A method is suggested that allows the use of loci that have shown allelic dropout in kinship analysis as used for disaster victim identification (DVI) and missing person work (MP). This approach uses an extension of a previously published approach to modelling allelic dropout. This method may salvage some information in cases where allelic dropout is hindering DVI or MP work particularly in reconciliations involving a large number of bodies and pedigrees. It should not replace the pursuit of more complete DNA profiles by the normal rework process for such samples.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Temporal changes in neuronal dropout following inductions of lithium/pilocarpine seizures in the rat.

Estimates of neuronal dropout for approximately 100 structures as defined by Paxinos-Watson were completed for brains of male Wistar albino rats between 1 and 50 days after status epilepticus was evoked by a single systemic injection of lithium and pilocarpine. Sample estimates of neuronal loss were strongly correlated with direct measures of cell density. The most extensive immediate damage occurred within the substantia nigra reticulata, CA1 field of the hippocampus, the piriform cortex and the reuniens and paratenial nuclei of the thalamus. Neuronal dropout continued in many other structures over a 50-day period. Structures that showed the greatest 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake during discrete seizures and waxing and waning seizures within the early stages of status epilepticus but the least 2-DG uptake at the time of late continuous spiking and fast spiking with pauses [Neuroscience 64 (1995) 1057, 1075] exhibited the most neuronal dropout. Relationships between the delay of injection of acepromazine (which facilitated survival) and the amount of damage suggested that the source of the process that results in permanent brain damage may originate within the region of the piriform cortices and its subcortices.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Increased drug use among old-for-grade and dropout urban adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: In tracking the epidemic of drug use in our communities, much emphasis has been placed on identifying predictive variables. In this study, we examine the relationship between drug use and school progress among a sample of inner-city adolescents. METHODS: A blinded, anonymous questionnaire covering a variety of health risk behaviors was administered to 1,720 adolescent patients who visited our outpatient clinic. Participants were classified as age-appropriate for last school grade completed, older than normal for grade, or as a dropout. A urine specimen was also collected in a blinded, anonymous fashion from each participant, and tested for five common substances of abuse. RESULTS: Nearly 12% of participants tested positive for drugs. Participants who were old for grade were over 40% more likely to be positive for drugs than grade-appropriate respondents, while school dropouts were more than twice as likely to test positive. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that being old-for-grade (OFG) and being a dropout in our population are markers for being at higher risk of substance abuse.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of dropouts in longitudinal research on aging: a study of Mexican Americans and Anglos.

The characteristics of dropouts in a four-year longitudinal study of Mexican Americans and Anglos aged 60 years and over are investigated. Dropouts are found to be significantly older, to be less healthy, to view themselves as older, and to be less active than persons remaining in the study. Subgroups of dropouts differ from each other; deceased persons and those who could not be located were found to be generally less advantaged than restudied persons, while refusers were found to be advantaged. Implications for longitudinal studies on aging are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Generalized linear mixture models for handling nonignorable dropouts in longitudinal studies.

This paper presents a method for analysing longitudinal data when there are dropouts. In particular, we develop a simple method based on generalized linear mixture models for handling nonignorable dropouts for a variety of discrete and continuous outcomes. Statistical inference for the model parameters is based on a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach (Liang and Zeger, 1986). The proposed method yields estimates of the model parameters that are valid when nonresponse is nonignorable under a variety of assumptions concerning the dropout process. Furthermore, the proposed method can be implemented using widely available statistical software. Finally, an example using data from a clinical trial of contracepting women is used to illustrate the methodology.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographic and behavioral differences among participants, nonparticipants, and dropouts in a cohort study of men who have sex with men.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Results of prospective cohort studies can be biased when subjects selectively refuse to participate or be included in follow-up. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To assess the potential for bias in a longitudinal study of sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional comparison of clinical data regarding men who have sex with men attending an urban human immunodeficiency virus testing clinic. RESULTS: Of 3,390 men who have sex with men invited to participate, 2,063 refused, 589 dropped out after completing an initial study questionnaire, and 738 participated in follow-up at 6 months. There were no significant differences in the same-gender sexual behaviors of participants, dropouts, and nonparticipants, with one exception: Nonparticipants were more likely to abstain from receptive oral sex (27%) compared with participants (18%) or dropouts (21%). CONCLUSION: The similarities in reported activities among participants, dropouts, and nonparticipants suggest that selection bias may have limited impact on cohort studies of sexual behavior.

Adolescent↗