Stress. The history, status and future of critical incident stress debriefings.
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With reference to two case studies this paper outlines critical incident stress (CIS) and describes the development of critical incident stress management (CISM) and its relevance to ICU. The current debate surrounding CISM is examined. CISM offers only one solution to CIS in critical care settings but it is in danger of being adopted without proper evaluation and research into its effectiveness. Provision of adequate staff support through clinical supervision may be easier to implement and more widely accepted by nursing staff than formal CISM strategies.
The United States Navy has SPRINT (Special Psychiatric Rapid Intervention Team) teams stationed in National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, Naval Regional Medical Center in Portsmouth, Virginia, Naval Regional Medical Center in San Diego, California, and US Naval Hospital, Bremerton, Washington. These teams are large units of psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, chaplains, and hospital corpsmen who are trained in the techniques of Critical Incident Stress using the model developed by Jeffrey T. Mitchell and George S. Everly, Jr. (Mitchell & Everly, 1996; Everly & Mitchell, 1999). In addition to these large SPRINT teams, smaller Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) teams exist at several Navy commands, including US Naval Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida. Since the formation of SPRINT teams, there have been several hundred interventions done at various military sites. This article discusses an intervention that was particularly unusual in that it was done by US military personnel for the members of the Argentine military, none of whom could speak English.
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