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PubMed2004

The effects of different application techniques and orifices on the amount of dentifrice dispensed.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate three different methods (ST: Standard technique; PS: Pea-size; TT: Transverse technique) for dentifrice use in children between 5-7 years of age, as well as to compare the amount of dentifrice dispensed by using tubes with different orifices (cresent or round shaped). METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred children who dispensed the dentifrice themselves were asked to apply the quantity of dentifrice they usually used (ST or TT) (Phase-I). In Phase-II they were instructed to apply a PS amount, and in Phase III the TT was demonstrated. Statistical analysis was obtained by using Anova and t-test. RESULTS: Most of the children (82 patients) preferred to use the ST rather than the TT (18 patients). A decrease in the dentifrice amount was obtained with both of the shaped orifices after the instruction of PS or demonstration of the TT (p< 0.05). It was observed the amount of dentifrice dispended decreased when a cresent-shaped orifice was used. CONCLUSION: Children usually preferred to use the ST rather than the TT before the instruction or demonstration by the operator. The amount of dentifrice dispensed generally decreased when a dentifrice tube with a crescent-shaped orifice was used.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Clinical evaluations of sustained calculus control by Colgate Simply White dentifrice using an in-situ appliance.

OBJECTIVE: Two clinical studies were conducted to evaluate the dental calculus control efficacy of Colgate Simply White dentifrice versus a positive and a negative control dentifrice, using a published intra-oral appliance and monitoring the prevention of calcium deposition, an indicator of early dental calculus formation. METHODOLOGY: Healthy human volunteers entered into the two double-blind, cross-over studies. An intra-oral appliance was custom-made for each subject. After brushing with an assigned dentifrice, each subject wore his or her appliance for four daytime hours (study 1) or 12 overnight hours (study 2). When the appliance was removed, it was washed, suspended in 0.1 M HCl to release Ca++ from deposits, and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) for deposited calcium. The three dentifrices studied were Colgate Simply White (CSW), Colgate Regular dentifrice (CR), and Colgate Tartar Control Whitening (CTW). There was a one-week wash-out period between each product use. RESULTS: There were no side effects observed or reported in either study. In both the four- and 12-hour studies, CSW and CTW had significantly lower calcium uptake compared to CR (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between CSW and CTW in efficacy. CONCLUSION: The results of this research demonstrate that Colgate Simply White dentifrice provides four- and 12-hour calculus control efficacy, superior to a standard dentifrice and comparable to a commercial anti-tartar dentifrice.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical comparison of the anticalculus efficacy of three commercially available dentifrices.

A three-month, double-blind, parallel and unsupervised clinical study was conducted to compare the effects on supragingival calculus formation of the following four dentifrices: 1) A placebo dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base. 2) A commercially available anticalculus dentifrice containing 5.0% soluble pyrophosphate in a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica base. 3) A commercially available anticalculus dentifrice containing 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.5% of a Gantrez copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica base. 4) A commercially available anticalculus dentifrice containing 3.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.0% of a Gantrez copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica base. The three-month results indicated that the three commercially available anticalculus dentifrices provided statistically significant reductions (at the 99% level of confidence) in supragingival calculus formation of 43.87%, 46.60%, and 51.32% respectively, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. There was no statistically significant difference among the three commercially available anticalculus dentifrices.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of A Triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study.

A total of 108 adult male and female subjects completed a six-month, double-blind clinical study designed to compare the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid (Gantrez copolymer) in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base to a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica placebo dentifrice on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis. Subjects were stratified into two balanced groups by their baseline plaque and gingivitis scores. They received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to use either the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice for the next six months. After six months, the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer provided a 24.93% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in supragingival plaque, and a 19.72% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in gingivitis compared to the placebo dentifrice. Twice daily use of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% of a copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base, over a six-month period, reduces supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis to a significant degree compared to a sodium fluoride/silica base placebo dentifrice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[A clinical study to evaluate the anticalculus effect of a dentifrice on calculus formation].

Calculus plays an important role in chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases. Currently, there is much interest in dentifrices that have the capacity to reduce the formation of calculus. Recent clinical studies have indicated that dentifrices containing soluble pyrophosphate and sodium fluoride can reduce the formation of supragingival calculus. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on supragingival calculus of a dentifrice containing soluble pyrophosphate and 0.24% sodium fluoride to a placebo dentifrice. Thirty five subjects were stratified into balanced groups based on initial calculus scores. They then received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either the placebo or soluble pyrophosphate/sodium fluoride dentifrice for the next 3 months. The results from the 3-month examinations indicated that the dentifrice containing the soluble pyrophosphate and sodium fluoride did not significantly reduce supragingival calculus as compared to the placebo dentifrice. However, both dentifrices reduced the calculus significantly.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1990

Anticalculus effect of a fluoride dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer.

A 3-month, double-blind, parallel and unsupervised clinical study was conducted to compare the effects on supragingival calculus formation of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% of a copolymer, as compared to a placebo dentifrice. Subjects were initially stratified into two balanced groups based on their Volpe-Manhold Index calculus scores obtained from a 3-month pre-test period using a placebo dentifrice. All subjects received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% of a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base or a placebo dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base. A total of 79 adult male and female subjects completed the study. The results after 3-months' use of their respective dentifrices indicated that the subjects using the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice had 26.34% less supragingival calculus formation than the subjects using the placebo dentifrice. This reduction in supragingival calculus was significant at greater than 97% level of confidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

A three-year study of the effect of a sodium fluoride-silica abrasive dentifrice on dental caries.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a 0.243% sodium fluoride-silica abrasive dentifrice provides greater anticaries efficacy than a 0.4% stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate abrasive dentifrice. A sample of 1,824 schoolchildren was randomly assigned to either the sodium fluoride dentifrice or the stannous fluoride dentifrice and examined clinically and radiographically for dental caries initially and after one, two, and three years of dentifrice usage. Two examiners independently examined each of the subjects for dental caries. After three years of ad libitum dentifrice usage, the results for both examiners showed that the group brushing with the sodium fluoride dentifrice had significantly lower DMF tooth and DMF surface increments than the group brushing with the stannous fluoride dentifrice. The percent reductions for DMF teeth were 14.8% and 10.5%, and for DMF surfaces 16.4% and 13.1% for the two examiners, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The effect of three commercially available dentifrices containing triclosan on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis: a six month clinical study.

In order to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis activity of three commercially-available triclosan containing dentifrices with that of a placebo dentifrice without triclosan, a double-blind clinical study was conducted on 194 subjects over six months. Following baseline supragingival plaque and gingivitis examinations and a complete oral prophylaxis, subjects were stratified by their whole mouth baseline plaque (modified Quigley-Hein) and gingivitis (modified Löe-Silness) scores and then randomly assigned to one of four dentifrice using groups. Plaque and gingivitis examinations were then performed after six weeks, three months and six months use of the dentifrices. Subjects brushed twice daily in their customary manner. The triclosan/soluble pyrophosphate and the triclosan/zinc citrate commercially available dentifrices did not provide statistically significant reductions in either supragingival plaque accumulation or gingivitis at any of the examination intervals, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. The subjects using the commercially available triclosan/copolymer dentifrice had, after six months, statistically significant reductions in supragingival plaque (11.3 per cent), plaque severity (18.8 per cent), gingivitis (19.9 per cent) and gingivitis severity (27.8 per cent), as compared to the placebo dentifrice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of nine weeks' use of a new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on intrinsic plaque virulence expressed as acidogenicity and regrowth: a modified PGRM study.

A new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice, currently marketed as Crest Gum Care has been examined for its effects on intrinsic plaque metabolic and regrowth activity and effects on plaque resistance to SnF2 throughout nine weeks of toothbrushing. Subjects brushed their teeth 1 X, 2 X or 3 X/day with stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice or placebo dentifrice for nine weeks, presenting in the morning on weeks 3, 6-9 for plaque sampling. Following nine weeks, subjects were crossed-over and repeated the experiment on their alternative assigned product (active SnF2/placebo). Sampled dental plaques were evaluated for standardized glycolysis and regrowth activity using the "Plaque Glycolysis and Regrowth Method" (PGRM). Following the second nine-week treatment period, subjects concluding either placebo or SnF2 toothbrushing participated in a single-treatment PGRM experiment using stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice. Toothbrushing with stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice in this experiment produced significant and sustained reductions in both plaque glycolytic and regrowth activity as compared to placebo treated plaques. In the concluding single-brushing PGRM experiment, SnF2 dentifrice was shown to produce equal inhibitory actions in plaque from subjects completing stannous fluoride or placebo treatments. This result confirmed that nine weeks toothbrushing with stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice produced no development or resistance of plaque to SnF2 inhibition. These results support the strong in vivo antimicrobial actions of the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice, Crest Gum Care.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Intra-oral comparison and evaluation of the ability of fluoride dentifrices to promote the remineralization of caries-like lesions in dentin and enamel.

The effect of three types of fluoride dentifrices and one non-fluoride dentifrice were evaluated and compared intra-orally for their ability to promote the remineralization of caries-like lesions in thin sections of human dentin and enamel. The three fluoride dentifrices were silica based. One dentifrice contained 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), another contained 0.247% sodium fluoride (NaF), and the third contained 0.247% NaF plus 1.3% pyrophosphate and 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer (denoted NaF/PPi). The fourth dentifrice (placebo) was also silica based, but contained no fluoride, and served as a negative control. Two week treatment resulted in the following percent mineral changes for the enamel specimens: +21 +/- 16 for MFP, +10 +/- 30 for NaF, +16 +/- 15 for NaF/PPi, and -30 +/- 30 for the placebo. The respective percent mineral change values for the dentin specimens were +28 +/- 20 for MFP, +22 +/- 19 for NaF, +28 +/- 18 for NaF/PPi, and -34 +O/- 61 for the placebo. A statistical analysis revealed that the three fluoride dentifrices were significantly better (p<0.05) than the placebo at promoting remineralization for both types of specimens. No significant differences were found among the three fluoride dentifrices. The following can be concluded from this study: 1) silica based dentifrices containing MFP and NaF are effective at remineralizing caries-like lesions in both enamel and dentin; 2) there was no statistical difference between NaF and MFP in their ability to promote remineralization; and 3) pyrophosphate does not interfere with the remineralizing effects of NaF.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the use of a child and an adult dentifrice by a sample of preschool children.

The purpose of this study was to compare the use of a child dentifrice (CD) and an adult dentifrice (AD) by a convenience sample of preschool-aged children. Fifty participants, ages 31 to 60 months, were recruited from a dental school clinic and an area day care center. All were healthy, free of developmental delays, and capable of applying dentifrice to a toothbrush. The study employed a crossover design in which the children each brushed their teeth twice, once with each type of dentifrice. The order of dentifrice use was assigned randomly, and the two brushings were separated by at least 1 week. The following were recorded: 1) the amount of dentifrice applied, 2) the time spent brushing, and 3) whether the child expectorated and/or rinsed after brushing. The mean weight of CD the children used (0.689 g, 0.43 SD) was significantly greater than that of AD (0.509 g, 0.41 SD, P = 0.02, Wilcoxon's signed rank test). The mean time spent brushing with CD (83.56 sec, 85.4 SD) was significantly greater than for AD (57.48 sec, 39.0 SD, P = 0.01). A "risk factor" (dentifrice weight x usage time) was derived to estimate the relative fluoride exposure of each child. The mean risk factor for CD (58.54, 64.8 SD) was significantly greater than that for AD (27.43, 25.0 SD, P < 0.001). Most children did not expectorate or rinse after brushing. Most parents selected drawings on a questionnaire that indicated that their child routinely used 0.25-0.5 g of dentifrice per brushing, which underestimated the amount they used in the study. The results of this study indicated that young children may be exposed to more fluoride for a longer period of time with CD.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Quanticalc assessment of the clinical scaling benefits provided by pyrophosphate dentifrices with and without triclosan.

The Quanticalc (QC) dental scaler permits a quantitative assessment of the work used by professionals in calculus removal through the measurement of force dynamics and scaling strokes applied in calculus debridement. The purpose of this study was to use the QC to compare the clinical effects of two 5% pyrophosphate dentifrices on dental calculus in subjects following six-months' product use. Three-hundred forty-six subjects participated in a six-month, double-blind tartar control clinical trial involving traditional Volpe-Manhold Index (VMI) evaluations. Following the six-month VMI examinations, the subjects had a QC prophylaxis (scaling force measurements). The three dentifrice treatment groups included a control dentifrice (NaF only, Crest); NaF dentifrice containing 5.0% pyrophosphate (Crest Tartar Control); and NaF dentifrice containing 5.0% pyrophosphate plus 0.28% triclosan (antimicrobial). Subjects were balanced by baseline (pretest) VMI scores at the start of the trial. QC examinations revealed statistically significant reductions in total force and stroke number used by the therapist to scale the six anterior VMI teeth for subjects using the pyrophosphate tartar control dentifrices as compared to control dentifrice. The reduction in scaling effort amounted to almost 3 kg per scaling for subjects. QC results paralleled VMI reductions of calculus on the teeth and demonstrated that the use of 5% pyrophosphate dentifrices, with or without triclosan antimicrobial, results in significant reductions in the total (developed) force and strokes required by therapists in regular calculus debridement at a six-month interval. The clinical benefits of tartar control toothpastes may not only include reductions in cosmetically objectionable supragingival calculus, but in reducing professional effort in calculus debridement during regular prophylaxis.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

[Dose-response effect of a dentifrice formulation with low fluoride concentration - an in vitro study].

The utilization of dentifrices with low fluorine concentration, for children under 6 years of age, has been suggested to reduce the risks of dental fluorosis. However, in order to have anticariogenic potential, the dentifrice should form loosely-bound fluorine (CaF2) on dental enamel. Considering that the formation of CaF2 is a function inversely related to pH, dentifrices with pH 5.5, with 275, 550 and 1,100 ppm F (NaF/silica) were developed in order to assess dose-response effects. A comparison between those dentifrices, a placebo product and the Crest toothpaste (positive control - standard) was carried out. Furthermore, the bioavailability of dentifrices, in terms of formation of total fluorine (TF), CaF2, and fluorapatite (FA) on human dental enamel, was evaluated. An ion-specific electrode was utilized for the determination of the dosage of fluorine. The results revealed that the dentifrice with 550 ppm F was more effective than both the placebo and the dentifrice with 275 ppm, presenting no difference in relation to the positive control (p > 0.05). A dose-effect correlation was observed as to the CaF2 formed. In conclusion, the modified formulation with 550 ppm F can be considered as effective as the standard dentifrice with 1,100 ppm, and its utilization would be safer with regard to dental fluorosis.

Apatites↗
PubMed2003

Occluding effect of dentifrices on dentinal tubules.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the tubule occluding ability of three commercial available dentifrices (Sensodyne, Emoform and Sorriso) by Scanning Electron Microscopy. METHODS: Fifty cervical areas from buccal and lingual surfaces of sound third human molars were used. Cervical enamel was wet abraded to expose flat dentin surfaces and further polished with diamond pastes. Specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n=10): G1-no brushing; G2-brushing without dentifrice; G3-brushing with Sensodyne; G4-brushing with Emoform; G5-brushing with Sorriso. Brushed specimens were treated for 4 min per day, for 7 days in a toothbrushing machine. Specimens were prepared and observed under SEM for calculation of the percentage of occluded tubules. In addition, slurries of toothpastes were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Means of occluded tubules in descending order were: G5-98.83+/-3.31% (a), G4-96.02+/-5.24% (a), G3-80.12+/-24.65% (a), G1-37.31+/-24.22% (b); G2-22.92+/-15.19% (b). The three tested dentifrices produced increased dentinal occlusion as compared to controls (p<0.05) but equivalent occlusion among each other. Calcium from calcium-carbonate abrasive was identified in all dentifrices. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that the use of all dentifrices occluded tubules more than no brushing and brushing without dentifrices groups. Thus, the tested dentifrices seem effective for desensitization by tubule occlusion.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

In situ de- and remineralisation of enamel in response to sucrose chewing gum with fluoride or non-fluoride dentifrices.

OBJECTIVES: Enhancement of the remineralisation of artificial enamel lesions has been observed in an intraoral model whether subjects chewed gum sweetened with a non-cariogenic sweetener such as sorbitol [1-3] or sucrose [4] after meals or snacks, and with use of a conventional (1500 ppm F) fluoride dentifrice. Since most of the clinical surveys which have shown the potential cariogenicity of sucrose chewing gum [5] were conducted before use of fluoridated dentifrices became widespread, the effect of fluoride dentifrice on de- and remineralisation of artificial lesions in enamel in response to chewing sucrose-sweetened gum has been examined with the aim of attempting to resolve this apparent discrepancy. METHODS: Subjects wore an intraoral device bearing an enamel lesion and chewed one piece of sucrose gum for 20 min after each of three meals and two snacks daily for two 3-week periods, during which they used a dentifrice containing either 0 or 1500 ppm F in a double-blind, cross-over design. Measurement of the mineral content of the lesions was determined by microradiography or polarised light microscopy. RESULTS: It was found that remineralisation tended to occur with 1500 ppm F dentifrice, but demineralisation with non-F dentifrice; the difference in enamel mineral content between the two periods was significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the potential cariogenicity of sucrose-containing chewing gum may indeed be negated by the use of a conventional fluoride dentifrice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A 24-h regrowth study to evaluate the plaque inhibitory properties of a proprietary liquid dentifrice.

Dentifrices have typically been formulated as pastes. Recently however, a number of liquid products have become available. The chemical plaque inhibitory activity of such products has so far received little attention. The aim of this study was to determine the plaque inhibitory effect of a proprietary liquid dentifrice by comparison to a negative control (water) and a conventional fluoride toothpaste. The study design was a randomised single centre, single blind 3-way cross-over trial with the objective of validating claims of plaque inhibition for the liquid dentifrice. Volunteers were rendered plaque free then asked to brush for one minute with one of the three test products, following which they abstained from oral hygiene for the subsequent 24 h. The plaque area was recorded and then measured planimetrically. The results showed that more plaque accumulated with water and the liquid dentifrice compared with the fluoride toothpaste. Thus, there was a statistically significant difference between the fluoride toothpaste and water and between the fluoride toothpaste and the liquid dentifrice. There was no significant difference between the liquid dentifrice and water. It is concluded that in this particular model system, the liquid dentifrice provided little chemical plaque inhibitory action.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effect of 3 dentifrices containing triclosan and various additives. An experimental gingivitis study.

BACKGROUND: The antiplaque and antigingivitis effect of 3 dentifrices was evaluated using the 21-day partial-mouth experimental model of gingivitis. METHOD: 25 volunteers took part in this cross-over, double-blind study, carried out in 4 phases of 21 days each. For each phase of the study, a toothshield of the IV quadrant was constructed for each volunteer. 2 antiplaque dentifrices from the market, one containing triclosan + pvm/ma and the other triclosan + Zn, were compared with an experimental formulation and its placebo. The experimental dentifrice contained triclosan + pvm/ma + Zn + PPi and the placebo (control) did not contain these substances. The subjects were stratified according to their whole-mouth baseline plaque (PI), gingivitis (GI) and bleeding (BI) index scores, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dentifrices. During each phase, while the volunteers brushed their teeth with one of the dentifrices, the IV quadrant was protected by the toothshield filled with the dentifrice used. After each phase, dental plaque, gingivitis and bleeding indices were determined. RESULTS: The results showed that only the formulation containing triclosan + pvm/ma + Zn + PPi was able to reduce PI (28.8%), GI (35.9%) and BI (30.4%) in comparison with controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that a dentifrice containing the combination of triclosan + pvm/ma + Zn + PPi should be formulated for dental plaque control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effects of brushing with a dentifrice for sensitive teeth on tubule occlusion and abrasion of dentin.

By using a dentifrice or toothpaste for sensitive teeth, the brushing-induced effects on dentinal tubule occlusion and abrasion of human sound dentin were investigated with a scanning electron microscope and a scanning laser microscope. The dentifrice contained diatomaceous earth and silica as abrasives and strontium chloride hexahydrate as an active ingredient. Thirty dentin pieces of human premolar teeth with an average of 20% occluded dentinal tubules were attached to resin plates and exposed to the oral cavities of five adult subjects for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Brushing with and without dentifrice was performed 1 min per day, respectively. Brushing with the dentifrice gradually decreased the mean average of occluded tubules from about 91 to 77% during 2 to 8 weeks, although there were no significant differences among the individual values. However, the mean abrasive loss of the dentin surfaces brushed with dentifrice significantly increased from about 52 to 143 microm in depth. The brushed surfaces of the dentin showed a rough topography with numerous toothbrush scratches but no organic pellicle was found. On the other hand, brushing without dentifrice caused about 99% of the dentinal tubules to occlude in 2 and 4 weeks and 100% in 8 weeks. The brushed dentin surfaces at 8 weeks were entirely covered with organic pellicle containing fine mineral granules derived from saliva, and the abrasive loss was about 1.4 microm in mean depth. Such results indicate that brushing with abrasive dentifrices for sensitive teeth remarkably erodes dentin, and suggest that the brushing should cause the dentinal tubules to open again for a certain period of time.

Adolescent↗