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PubMed2001

The Discovery of Polyacetylene Film: The Dawning of an Era of Conducting Polymers (Nobel Lecture) Copyright((c)) The Nobel Foundation 2001. We thank the Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, for permission to print this lecture.

This lecture is not directly related to our discovery and development of conducting polymers to which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 was awarded. However, I would like to present my previous work that I had carried out just before we reached the discovery of chemical doping. I hope that this will be of use and deepen your understandings by learning what had happened before and how we reached the idea of chemical doping.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

"Synthetic Metals": A Novel Role for Organic Polymers (Nobel Lecture) Copyright((c)) The Nobel Foundation 2001. We thank the Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, for permission to print this lecture.

Since the initial discovery in 1977, that polyacetylene (CH)(x), now commonly known as the prototype conducting polymer, could be p- or n-doped either chemically or electrochemically to the metallic state, the development of the field of conducting polymers has continued to accelerate at an unexpectedly rapid rate and a variety of other conducting polymers and their derivatives have been discovered. Other types of doping are also possible, such as "photo-doping" and "charge-injection doping" in which no counter dopant ion is involved. One exciting challenge is the development of low-cost disposable plastic/paper electronic devices. Conventional inorganic conductors, such as metals, and semiconductors, such as silicon, commonly require multiple etching and lithographic steps in fabricating them for use in electronic devices. The number of processing and etching steps involved limits the minimum price. On the other hand, conducting polymers combine many advantages of plastics, for example, flexibility and processing from solution, with the additional advantage of conductivity in the metallic or semiconducting regimes; however, the lack of simple methods to obtain inexpensive conductive polymer shapes/patterns limit many applications. Herein is described a novel, simple, and cheap method to prepare patterns of conducting polymers by a process which we term, "Line Patterning".

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Semiconducting and Metallic Polymers: The Fourth Generation of Polymeric Materials (Nobel Lecture) Copyright(c) The Nobel Foundation 2001. We thank the Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, for permission to print this lecture.

When asked to explain the importance of the discovery of conducting polymers, I offer two basic answers: first they did not (could not?) exist, and second, that they offer a unique combination of properties not available from any other known materials. The first expresses an intellectual challenge; the second expresses a promise for utility in a wide variety of applications.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Living with fair use and TEACH: a quest for compliance.

With the expansion of Web-based courses in nursing education, faculty members are faced with a greater responsibility to be copyright compliant. This article reviews the changes in copyright law. The Conference on Fair Use (CONFU), the passage of the Digital Millennium and Copyright Act (DMCA), the passage of the Technology Education and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act, and recent legal cases will be discussed. The strategies and resources the authors used to secure copyright permission while designing a Web-based continuing education course will also be described.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

Multipurpose image watermarking algorithm based on multistage vector quantization.

The rapid growth of digital multimedia and Internet technologies has made copyright protection, copy protection, and integrity verification three important issues in the digital world. To solve these problems, the digital watermarking technique has been presented and widely researched. Traditional watermarking algorithms are mostly based on discrete transform domains, such as the discrete cosine transform, discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Most of these algorithms are good for only one purpose. Recently, some multipurpose digital watermarking methods have been presented, which can achieve the goal of content authentication and copyright protection simultaneously. However, they are based on DWT or DFT. Lately, several robust watermarking schemes based on vector quantization (VQ) have been presented, but they can only be used for copyright protection. In this paper, we present a novel multipurpose digital image watermarking method based on the multistage vector quantizer structure, which can be applied to image authentication and copyright protection. In the proposed method, the semi-fragile watermark and the robust watermark are embedded in different VQ stages using different techniques, and both of them can be extracted without the original image. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of robustness and fragility.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Therapeutic effects of Vascupump treatment patients with Fontaine Stage II B arteriopathy.

Intermittent claudication is the primary symptom of chronic obstructive arteriopathies of the lower extremities. Increased walking distance is the aim of all physical or pharmacological treatment of such patients. The study reported aims to assess the increase in distal arterial blood flow in arteriopathic patients achieved by physical treatment using a cuff, generally positioned on the upper third of the thigh to produce pulsed compressions. By tightening for a few milliseconds slightly behind the natural cardiac systole, the cuff reinforces the systolic thrust to increase distal perfusion without making any additional demand, on the cardiac pump. The cuff used is produced by Vascupump Copyright vp-El. The trial was conducted on 36 patients with intermittent claudication divided into 3 groups. Group A included 12 patients given Vascupump Copyright treatment only (20 yen 45 minute sessions); Group B included 12 patients given combined treatment with the Vascupump Copyright and endovenous Pentoxillin (3 fl/per diem for 20 days); Group C included 12 patients given Pentoxyfillin alone (3 n per diem for 20 days). Each patient was examined at the start (D0) and end (D20) of treatment as follows: Treadmill tests at 0 and 12% gradients at a speed of 3 km/h. Doppler arterial tensiometry with calculation of the Winsor Index; photoplethysmography. Group A revealed an increase in relative and absolute walking distance of 230% and 224% respectively on the flat and 357% and 343% respectively uphill. Doppler tensiometry revealed a 40.7% improvement in Group A compared to 29% in Group B and 13.6% in Group C. By contrast the improvement in the plethysmographic reading was higher in Group B (+ 119%) than in Group A (+67.3%). These results suggest that the Vascupump Copyright gives better than expected results on Fontaine Stage B arteriopathies.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biomedical publishing and the internet: evolution or revolution?

The Internet is challenging traditional publishing patterns. In the biomedical domain, medical journals are providing more and more content online, both free and for a fee. Beyond this, however, a number of commentators believe that traditional notions of copyright and intellectual property ownership are no longer suited to the information age and that ownership of copyright to research reports should be and will be wrested from publishers and returned to authors. In this paper, it is argued that, although the Internet will indeed profoundly affect the distribution of biomedical research results, the biomedical publishing industry is too intertwined with the research establishment and too powerful to fall prey to such a copyright revolution.

Authorship↗
PubMed1977

Legal and ethical aspects of proprietary rights to federally funded media programs.

This article attempts to place in proper perspective the legal and ethical aspects of proprietary rights as they apply to federally funded media programs. Brief reference is made to the recently enacted revision of the Copyright Law, Title 17 of the U.S. Code. Distinction is made between the common law and statutary copyright protection afforded to the creator of an original work. The 'Fair Use' doctrine and the 'Rights in Data' clauses of the general provisions of the Federal Procurement Regulations are discussed in detail; so is the use of Talent Consent and Waivers and Easements of Copyright.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed2001

The role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists in in vitro fertilization.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-antagonists can suppress the pituitary hormone secretion completely within a few hours, allowing the avoidance of premature luteinization within controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) by midcycle administration. Two different protocols were described, which were widely used in COH in several phase II and III studies as well as in clinical practice since the GnRH-antagonists Cetrorelix (Cetrotidesound recording copyright sign; Serono International S.A., Geneva, Switzerland) and Ganirelix (Orgalutansound recording copyright sign, Antagonsound recording copyright sign; Organon, Oss, The Netherlands) are available on the market. Cetrorelix was applied in single- and multiple-dose protocols; Ganirelix was used until now only according to the multiple-dose protocol. Fertilization rates of >60% as well as clinical pregnancy rates of about 30% per transfer sound most promising. Estradiol secretion is not compromised by the GnRH-antagonists using recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for COH. The incidence of a premature leutinizing hormone (LH) surge is far below 2% while the pituitary response remains preserved, allowing the induction of ovulation by GnRH or GnRH-agonists. However, luteal phase support remains mandatory. The incidence of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) seems to be lower under antagonist treatment than in the long agonistic protocol. Treatment time is significantly shortened. Without any doubt GnRH-antagonists have the potential to become the new standard for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.

Embryo Transfer↗
PubMed1991

Nursing research instruments: pathway to resources.

Measurement of nursing phenomena involves locating and obtaining instruments that are reliable, valid, and feasible for use with an intended sample. Beginning with a clear conceptualization of the problem and delineation of the measurement framework, the process of finding and legally obtaining and using appropriate instruments can proceed. Resources for instruments are so numerous today that it is especially important to insure that valuable resources are not overlooked. Computerized resources offer comprehensive and efficient searches at low cost. The persistent nurse researcher who is aware of how to find and use the many resources available can select from among the numerous alternatives to measure nursing phenomena. The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 has been shaped over the years by court cases and committee work to protect original work, including nursing research instruments. Knowledge of the provisions of copyright law may minimize the danger of unintentional violation while obtaining research instruments.

Copyright↗
PubMed1997

A trial of three commercial document delivery suppliers with strong holdings in biomedicine.

The University of Vermont's Medical Library evaluated the services of three commercial document delivery suppliers with significant holdings in biomedicine. The purpose of the trial was to determine whether journal articles could be procured in less time than routine interlibrary loan without greatly increasing costs. Each supplier offered a quick delivery method employing modern technology at a standard fee. The need to pay copyright royalties at times and a desire to test the possibility of substituting "access" for "collection" also prompted the trial. Results reported include: mean and median delivery times, percentages of requested titles held, and average price per transaction, including copyright fee. The Medical Library continues to use commercial services to augment interlibrary loan.

Contract Services↗
PubMed2003

Intellectual property law: a primer for scientists.

Intellectual property (IP) is a generic legal term for patents, copyrights, and trademarks, which provide legal rights to protect ideas, the expression of ideas, and the inventors and creators of such ideas. A patent provides legal protection for a new invention, an application of a new idea, discovery, or concept that is useful. Copyright provides legal protection from copying for any creative work, as well as business and scientific publications, computer software, and compilations of information. A trademark provides rights to use symbols, particular words, logos, or other markings that indicate the source of a product or service. A further method of benefiting from an invention is simply to keep it secret, rather than to disclose it a trade secret. IP impinges on almost everything scientists do. As scientists are paid to come up with ideas and aspire to patent and/or publish their work, the protection of ideas and of written works especially should be of interest and concern to all.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1991

Thought police. Healthcare executives must carefully guard intellectual property developed in their facilities.

Healthcare executives should have a working knowledge of intellectual property law--the legal principle that, for a limited period, treats intangible ideas and concepts as if they were products or property. Not only should administrators be aware of how to protect their facilities' patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, but they must also be sure that employees in their own facilities do not infringe on the intellectual property of others. A patent is granted when an inventor proposes a useful new process, machine, "article of manufacture," or composition of matter, including any new and useful improvement on existing items in these same categories. A trademark is a name, symbol, device, or combination thereof adopted and used by an institution to identify its goods or services and to distinguish them from its competitors' goods or services. Expressions of ideas and thoughts set forth in words, sentences, paragraphs, sketches, pictures, graphs, or any other means of conveying ideas or concepts commonly understood to be works of authorship--both published and unpublished--may be protected by a copyright. Trade secret law applies to those who might misappropriate information that has been given to them because of their special relationship with the holder of the trade secret (i.e., through employment, contract, or other fiduciary or trust relationship).

Confidentiality↗