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Results for “Contraceptive Methods Chosen”

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PubMed1989

Sex worker, client sex behaviour and condom use in Harare, Zimbabwe.

One-hundred sex workers and 100 clients were interviewed at a bar/disco complex in Harare, Zimbabwe in 1989. Sociodemographic characteristics of sex workers and clients were examined. Almost a third of sex workers and nearly 90% of clients had engaged in commercial sex over 5 or more years. Sex workers reported that they worked an average of 4.6 nights a week, averaged 2.2 clients a night and charged a mean of Z$8.7 per session and Z$19.8 per night. Clients reported that they averaged 7.4 visits a month to a sex worker and paid a mean of Z$6.2 per session and Z$17.2 per night. Over half the sex workers said their last client was drunk and nearly two-thirds said he was a repeat client. Sex workers and clients were asked about the sex behaviours completed in their last paid sex act. Vaginal intercourse was reported by 98% of sex workers and clients alike. Manual stimulation of the sex worker's and client's genitalia was reported by roughly 80% of sex workers and clients. Oral and anal sex were rarely reported. Fifty-four percent of sex workers and 44% of clients reported using a condom in their last paid sex act. Client reports thus suggest that sex worker reports of sex acts and condom use with the last client possess considerable validity. Ethnographic approaches were used to study the social and work environment of sex workers. Ethnographic analysis demonstrated a lack of organisation among sex workers and a need to develop cohesive groups for successful health interventions. The study also highlighted the need to include clients in health interventions, the possible role of alcohol as an impediment to health interventions and the feasibility of using bar/disco security and the bar personnel as health educators.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A scale to measure microbehaviors of oral contraceptive pill use.

The ways in which contraceptive methods are actually used is of increasing interest to researchers, clinicians, and policy makers. Although contraceptive "use" has multiple dimensions, existing indicators measure only one aspect of use or combine unidimensional measures to produce a questionable pastiche. This study uses a subsample of 612 respondents from a larger study of first-time patients at a public-health-department family planning clinic to develop a new measure. Psychometric properties of this measure are examined and discussed.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Practice and methods of contraception among Saudi women in Riyadh.

The use of contraceptives can have an impact on better spacing between children, better child care, improvement of children's health and preservation of the mother's health. In this study 2675 Saudi women attending a gynaecology out-patient clinic were interviewed about their contraceptive practices. The majority of the women (56.0%) were using or had used some form of contraceptive. Oral contraceptives were the most common method; 94.8% of the 1497 women who practised contraception were using or had used this form of contraception. Sterilization accounted for 0.9% of contraceptive practices, while the intrauterine device was a more common form of contraceptive among the more educated women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Contraceptive use and attitudes in Italy 1993.

Surveys conducted between 1979 and 1991 indicated that contraceptive practice in Italy underwent rapid changes over that period. In order to assess current contraceptive use and attitudes, a survey was conducted among a random sample of 2000 Italian women aged 15-45 years. Replies were received from 1542 women (77.1%). Of the self-defined non-sterile, sexually active women who wished to avoid pregnancy, 30.3% were using oral contraceptives, 8.1% an intrauterine device, and 1.1% sterilization, while 29.6% were using traditional methods, principally coitus interruptus. In reply to questions about the relative advantages and disadvantages of various contraceptive methods, women expressed worries with respect to the safety of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and sterilization. Relatively high percentages of women answered 'do not know' with respect to the various aspects of intrauterine devices, periodic abstinence and sterilization that were investigated. In view of the findings of previous studies, the current data obtained suggested that traditional methods are being gradually displaced by modern methods in Italy. Nevertheless, the use of traditional contraceptive is widespread, the same probably being true of inconsistent use of condoms. Furthermore, lack of information on the contraceptive options available seems to be a central issue in Italy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Menstrual function after tubal sterilization.

More than 10 million women in the United States have undergone tubal sterilization. There has been concern that this procedure may increase the risk of later menstrual dysfunction. The Collaborative Review of Sterilization (CREST) is a large, multicenter, prospective study of tubal sterilization in the United States. This report describes CREST participants who were interviewed immediately before sterilization and again in annual poststerilization interviews for up to 5 years between 1978 and 1988. The authors analyzed reported changes in six menstrual cycle characteristics for 5,070 women undergoing interval sterilizations. Longitudinal, multivariate regression was used to adjust for baseline menstrual function and other potential confounders. Five years after sterilization, 35% of the CREST participants reported high levels of menstrual pain, 49% reported heavy or very heavy menstrual flow, and 10% reported spotting between periods. In contrast to the fifth year, the first year of follow-up was similar to presterilization menstrual function; in the first year, 27% of participants reported high menstrual pain, 41% reported heavy menstrual flow, and 7% reported spotting. These findings may be affected by aging of the cohort and other study limitations, but they suggest that if tubal sterilization leads to changes in menstrual function, such changes may take some time to develop.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between contraceptive method choice and beliefs about HIV and pregnancy prevention.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between contraceptive method choice and perceptions of HIV and pregnancy risk among women at risk of HIV infection and transmission. STUDY DESIGN: Women who were infected with HIV or who were at high risk of infection were administered a questionnaire assessing sexual and drug-related HIV risk behaviors and beliefs, STD and pregnancy history, and intentions, beliefs and behaviors regarding pregnancy, childbearing and contraception. RESULTS: Among women who reported using a contraceptive method every time they had intercourse, 43% used condoms only, 22% used birth control pills only, and 11% used both. Only 58% of consistent condom users believed they were very unlikely to become infected with HIV in the next year. Controlling for risk factor differences, pill-only users were less likely to believe themselves at risk of HIV infection, and more confident in their ability to prevent HIV infection, compared with condom-only users. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that women's beliefs about the effectiveness of a method for pregnancy prevention may generalize to beliefs about the efficacy of the method for disease prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Can combined oral contraceptives be made more effective by means of a nursing care model?

This manuscript is a theoretical attempt to show how the Neuman Systems Model can be practically used in combined oral contraceptive counselling by Swedish midwives. Counselling regarding combined oral contraceptives is not solely of a medical nature. There are many dimensions of care, namely sociological, developmental and philosophical. In 1980, the midwife in Sweden was responsible for between 70-80% of counselling in contraceptive methods. To facilitate the contraceptive counselling by the midwives, the Neuman Systems Model can be used as a theoretical aid. In the present report, the midwife's oral contraceptive counselling is described at an individual level with primary prevention. It is concluded that, from a theoretical standpoint, it is not possible to predict how the Neuman Systems Model, as a theoretical aid for the midwife, can increase the effectiveness of the birth control pill in preventing pregnancy. Research about the use of the nursing care model in oral contraceptive counselling should be carried out.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The influence of method of contraception and cigarette smoking on menstrual patterns.

Self-perceived menstrual patterns have been investigated in a sample of 2115 women aged 18-49 years using a postal questionnaire. Seven aspects of 'abnormal' menstruation were defined: prolonged periods, heavy periods, frequent periods, irregular periods, intermenstrual bleeding, painful periods and severe premenstrual syndrome. Women who used oral contraceptives were less likely than other women to report any of the seven menstrual abnormalities except for intermenstrual bleeding and severe premenstrual tension. Women who used an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) reported prolonged, heavy, and frequent periods and intermenstrual bleeding more often than other women, but they did not report painful periods with undue frequency. Women who had had a tubal sterilization generally reported menstrual patterns similar to, or slightly less favourable than, women using no contraception or contraceptive methods other than the pill or the IUCD. There was a significant association between smoking habits and each of the abnormal menstrual patterns except for severe premenstrual tension. In every case, the effect of smoking was unfavourable and in almost every case, current smokers reported the worst experience, with ex-smokers occupying an intermediate position. We believe that these data are of considerable clinical significance and that they offer a basis for a conservative approach to managing menstrual disorders in some women.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Lessons from an audit of unplanned pregnancies.

To determine the effectiveness of contraceptive use a two year audit of pregnant women registered in one group practice was carried out. The methods of contraception used by women with unplanned pregnancies were studied and the rates of failure assessed. Of the 518 pregnancies during the study, 187 (36%) were unplanned. Unplanned pregnancies were most common in the 15-19 age group (54 out of 187), and women aged under 25 used contraceptives less reliably than women aged 25 and over. The combined pill was the most effective method of contraception in all age groups. The methods that resulted in most unplanned pregnancies were the sheath in women aged 25 and over and incorrect use of oral contraceptive or no contraception in those aged under 25. The fear of side effects was an important reason why women did not use the combined pill, being cited by 22 out of 134 women, and inappropriate medical advice was cited by a further 20 women. More discussion between doctors and patients and readily available information on the use of oral contraceptives might help to reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Allergic reactions to rubber condoms.

With the increased use of condoms, contact dermatitis to rubber is being seen more often. To develop a rubber condom suitable for use by rubber sensitive people, a "hypoallergenic" condom, which is washed in ammonia to reduce the residues of rubber accelerators, has been manufactured. Fifty patients allergic to various rubber accelerators were patch tested with an ordinary condom and the new washed condom. Fifty patients undergoing routine patch test investigation who were not allergic to rubber were also tested as controls. Twenty two of the rubber sensitive patients had a positive reaction to the new rubber condom compared with four of the control patients. Washing rubber condoms in ammonia does not appear to reduce the residues of rubber accelerators sufficiently for their use by rubber sensitive people. A non-allergenic condom is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Contraceptive use in a rural general practice.

All women aged 20-49 in a general practice were sent a questionnaire about their reproductive health, and 72% responded. 78% of respondents were using a method of fertility control. More than a quarter of women were obtaining their contraceptive supplies (condoms especially) from non-medical outlets. Knowledge of the existence of emergency contraception was high (83%). The general practitioner (GP) was the most popular source of contraceptive supplies for those aged under 40 years and more than four-fifths of women said that they would rather turn to their GP than to other sources for future contraceptive advice.

Adult↗