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PubMed1990

Characteristics of condom use and associated problems: experience in Bangladesh.

Data from the 1983 Bangladesh Condom User Survey (BCUS) are analyzed for patterns of condom use and various problems directly influencing their effectiveness. The survey was undertaken to explain an apparent gap between reports of the number of condoms distributed in certain areas compared with prevalence of users as reported in contraceptive prevalence surveys. These data are analyzed from behavioral and management perspectives to identify various factors influencing utilization, with potential implications for understanding and improving family planning and AIDS/STD prevention service systems. Patterns of use are related to differences in source of supply through public, free or private-priced systems, differences in urban or semi-rural place of residence, and differences in perceptions of men or women. The problem with condom use most often identified by the respondents was breakage.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The fertility impact of alternative family planning distribution channels in Indonesia.

Clinic-based distribution of contraceptive commodities is expensive per unit distributed. This situation has fueled the search for alternative means of delivery. Comparing the performance of alternatives is straightforward if the output measure is a count of commodities distributed, but comparing actual fertility impacts is another matter. I use data from the 1991 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey to assess the extent of difference among the eventual fertility outcomes of users supplied with similar commodities through varying sources. When the "modern" methods of pill, IUD, and injection are grouped together, the fertility of users supplied with these commodities differs markedly according to their source of supply. I find little evidence for self-selecting of users into supply channels. This result implies that fertility differentials by source are likely due to characteristics of the distribution channels.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms are non-randomly distributed in oral contraceptive-induced hypertension.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Oral contraceptives (OC) usage increases serum angiotensinogen levels to three to five times normal and about 5% of these women develop arterial hypertension. The genetic contribution to this susceptibility to OC-induced hypertension is poorly understood. We have analyzed the genotypes of 149 hypertensive and 101 normotensive women using oral contraceptives, for three genetic polymorphisms in genes of the renin-angiotensin system: an insertion/deletion (I/ D) in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, the T235M polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) and a point mutation in its promoter. RESULTS: After cessation of oral contraception the mean arterial pressures of the hypertensive women were separable into two non-overlapping groups; 88 of the women remained hypertensive and 61 returned to normal blood pressure. Both groups of hypertensive women had a similarly higher frequency of hypertensive relatives than the normotensive women, but were otherwise similar. The 235T allele of AGT was significantly increased in frequency in the 61 oral contraceptive-inducible hypertensive women compared with the controls and the 88 women that remained hypertensive. The ACE I/D genotypes were similarly distributed within the three groups of women, but were distinctly non-random in the oral contraceptive-induced hypertensive women when they were also classified by AGT genotype. CONCLUSION: This statistical interaction of genotype frequencies suggests that the genetic basis of susceptibility to OC-induced hypertension is complex.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Decree No. 88-129/PCMS/MSP/AS prescribing procedures for the implementation of Ordinance No. 88-19 of 7 April 1988 authorizing the practice of contraception, 7 April 1988.

Sections 1-6 of this Decree, which has been made in pursuance of, inter alia, Ordinance No. 88-19 of 7 April 1988, read as follows: "1) Medical and allied health personnel shall be authorized to apply the following reversible and irreversible contraception methods: oral and injectable hormonal methods; IUDs; barrier methods (diaphragms, spermicides, and condoms); ligation of the fallopian tubes or tubal sterilization; and vasectomy. 2) Physicians specializing in obstetrics and gynecology shall be entitled to apply all forms of contraception. 3) The following shall be authorized to prescribe oral and injectable contraceptives: physicians, midwives, higher health technicians and health assistants, and nurses holding a State diploma who have received appropriate training. 4) Physicians, higher health technicians, midwives, and nurses holding a State diploma, who have received appropriate training, shall be authorized to prescribe and to perform the insertion of IUDs. 5) No medical prescription shall be required in order to acquire diaphragms, spermicides, and condoms. 6) The procedures for the implementation of this Decree shall be laid down by Order of the Minister of Public Health and Social Affairs of the Niger."

Africa↗
PubMed1989

Condom sales at public universities in California: implications for campus AIDS prevention.

Public health officials have called for increased use of condoms to protect Americans from sexually acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To investigate the availability of condoms for sale on college campuses, we asked student union directors and bookstore managers from all 28 public universities in California, with a combined enrollment of half a million students, to complete a detailed questionnaire in August and September 1987. Two thirds of the campuses reported having condoms for sale in either their bookstores or convenience stores; one third said condoms were available in the men's and women's restrooms in their student unions. On most campuses, sales were instituted in the past year in response to the AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) epidemic. However, very few campuses provided AIDS education at the point of sale, and condoms were not easily available outside of store hours. Respondents felt that the most important obstacles to increasing the distribution of condoms on campus included concern about presenting a negative image of the university and the low priority assigned to this issue by the university administration and others on campus. This study suggests that although condom availability has improved in the past year, the opportunity exists at most California public universities to increase the distribution of condoms and improve associated AIDS-related health education efforts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Bush blasts 'filth' on TV, school condom handouts.

President Bush complained yesterday about the "filth and indecent material" that Americans are exposed to through televised trials. Mr. Bush also criticized programs to combat AIDS that give condoms to teenagers and clean needles to drug addicts. He said such efforts undermine traditional values. He expressed hope that Earvin "Magic" Johnson's revelation that he is HIV positive "will teach people that wayward lifestyles or just kind of unsafe sex at random is not the way it ought to work." Mr. Bush made the comments in a series of satellite television interviews with ABC affiliates in major cities. In an apparent reaction to graphic testimony at the recent Palm Beach rape trial of William Kennedy Smith, Mr. Bush said, "I think the American people have a right to be protected against some of these excesses." Mr. Smith, a nephew of Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., was acquitted last week. The Cable News Network and Court TV provided virtually gavel-to-gavel coverage. Mr. Bush took a dim view of a plan to distribute condoms to juniors and seniors in Philadelphia city high schools as part of a program to combat acquired immune deficiency syndrome. "This is a disease that can be controlled for the most part by individual behavior," Mr. Bush said. "Indeed, I must tell you I'm worried about it. I'm worried about so much filth and indecent material coming in through the airwaves and through these trials into people's homes," he said.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Free condoms in the schools of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Attitudes of ninth grade students and their classroom teachers toward using condoms as a preventive measure against contracting AIDS were studied. Students (N = 438) and their teachers (N = 28) in the council schools of the Municipality of Copenhagen were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Overall, results demonstrated that the message regarding "safe sex" had been well understood. However, 42% of pupils reported not using a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Many pupils indicated difficulty in using condoms. A continuing need exists for advice to the young. An information campaign, with distribution of free condoms, was well accepted by pupils and teachers. Almost all (94%) pupils indicated they will use condoms more frequently in the future. This campaign differed from other efforts that focused more on general information. The importance of other strategies designed to alter behavior to reduce the risk of contracting AIDS is discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Student opinions of condom distribution at a Denver, Colorado, high school.

Over the past two decades, the reported number of women and men who have had intercourse by age 18 has increased by approximately 20%. Concomitant increases occurred in the incidence of teen-age pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV. Increasing condom availability within schools has been proposed as one means of preventing the serious potential consequences of unprotected sexual intercourse. Although published surveys report 68% to 75% of adults have supported distributing condoms in schools, little is known about what students think about making condoms available at school. In this survey, high school students in Denver initiated and helped conduct a school-wide survey to assess student opinions about condom distribution in their school. Of 931 high school students responding to the survey, 85% replied that condoms should be distributed in their school, and 76% believed making condoms more accessible would not change the frequency of sexual activity among teens.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incorporating AIDS prevention activities into a family planning organization in Colombia.

Three AIDS prevention activities were incorporated into the services offered by PROFAMILIA in two operations research projects. The activities included: (1) informative talks given both to the general public and to members of target groups by PROFAMILIA's community marketing (CM) program field workers (or instructors); (2) the establishment of condom distribution posts in meeting places of target groups; and (3) mass-media information campaigns on AIDS prevention. Community-based distributors were able to successfully provide information on AIDS to their regular audiences as well as to deliver information and condoms to special target groups without negatively affecting family planning information/education/communication activities and contraceptive sales. A radio campaign that promoted condom use for AIDS prevention did not affect public perceptions about the condom and did not jeopardize PROFAMILIA's image.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗