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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of smoking and telic/paratelic dominance on the contingent negative variation (CNV).

Concepts from reversal theory, a general theory of motivation, emotion and action, have recently been shown to be relevant to smoking behavior and smoking cessation. One relevant concept is that of telic and paratelic dominance. Individuals who are paratelic-dominant are playful, spontaneous, and prefer high arousal seeking. Those who are telic-dominant are serious, tend to plan ahead, and prefer low arousal. This led to the hypothesis that smoking might increase the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in paratelic-dominant smokers more than in telic-dominant smokers. CNV was obtained using a Go/NoGo reaction time task with a 2 s S1-S2 interval and variable intertrial intervals. S1 indicated whether the subject was to respond to S2 or not. Errors were punished with a burst of white noise. Subjects performed the CNV task three times: after being deprived of smoking for at least 4 h; after sham smoking; and after smoking a cigarette of their own brand. Telic-dominant subjects differed from paratelic-dominant subjects in the relative amplitude of early (1 s) and late (2 s) components of the CNV. Smoking did not differentially affect the dominance groups unless gender was taken into account, and the most striking interactions between smoking and dominance groups were noted for the NoGo trials. As expected, smoking decreased the amplitude of the early component of the NoGo CNV for telic-dominant women, but increased it for paratelic-dominant women; no significant differences were found for the late component. In men, smoking increased the late CNV more for telics than for paratelics, while smoking did not differentially affect the early component.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

[Contingent negative variation (CNV) in children with hyperkinetic syndrome--an experimental study using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT)].

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of event-related potentials for selective attention in attention deficit/hyperactivity disordered children. METHODS: Selective attention processes were examined in a group of 18 boys aged 6 to 12 years with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and compared with the data of a control group of 21 age and sex matched boys. Parallel thereto the event-related potentials (ERP) were derived during the test at the electrode positions Fz, Cz, Pz, and Oz with reference to the linked ears. RESULTS: Two components of the contingent negative variation (CNV) with different topography were identified in the ERP following a preparatory stimulus (CNV-1: 600 to 1100 ms and CNV-2: 1000 to 1500 ms after the stimulus). There were no group differences at the behavioural level (number of correct detected targets, number of errors). Significant group differences resulted with regard to the topography of the two CNV components. Children with ADD showed an attenuated frontal CNV-1 amplitude and a trend towards increased CNV-1 and CNV-2 occipital amplitudes. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis of impaired frontal inhibitory processes in children with ADD.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

The magnetic counterpart of the contingent negative variation.

The magnetic counterpart of the CNV, the contingent magnetic variation (CMV), was investigated in an Go/No Go design: subjects moved their index finger to the offset of a 4 sec tone of a certain frequency in the Go condition and were asked not to move during presentation of a 4 sec tone of different frequency in the No Go condition. During the preparatory interval, both the CMV and the electrical wave form followed a similar time course and both produced an equally pronounced statistical difference between conditions (Go and No Go). Compared to the variability in the auditory evoked fields, the CMV showed considerably more variance in the field distribution across subjects. The polarity reversal across the temporal surface of the head and the pronounced amplitudes over inferior temporal areas led us to conclude that a significant temporal activity contributes to both the late and the early CMV. However, neither for the early nor for the late CMV component did a single equivalent dipole prove to be a satisfying model. The data are consistent with the suggestion that the earlier as well as the later aspects of the CMV are fed through distributed sources in motoric, sensory and association areas, a distribution with considerable intersubject variability.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of adinazolam, amitriptyline, and diazepam in endogenous depressive inpatients exhibiting DST nonsuppression or abnormal contingent negative variation.

Adinazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine that has an action similar to antidepressants in several pharmacological tests, was compared with amitriptyline and diazepam in endogenous depressive inpatients exhibiting dexamethasone suppression test non-suppression and/or abnormal contingent negative variation. Three parallel groups of 22 patients received in double-blind conditions either adinazolam (60-90 mg/day), amitriptyline (150-225 mg/day), or diazepam (30-45 mg/day) over a 4-week period, with weekly assessments by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Results showed significant superiority of amitriptyline over diazepam on total Hamilton depression scores. On the endogenomorphy subscale, amitriptyline induced significantly better improvement than both diazepam and adinazolam, whereas both amitriptyline and adinazolam exhibited significantly better antidepressant efficacy on the core symptoms of depression. Moreover, the dropout rate for inefficacy after 2 weeks of treatment was higher in the diazepam group. Taken together, these findings suggest that adinazolam has an antidepressant efficacy intermediate between amitriptyline and diazepam. Adinazolam was, however, much better tolerated than amitriptyline, and produced significantly fewer anticholinergic side effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Contingent negative variation and reaction time in patients with presenile idiopathic cognitive decline and presenile Alzheimer-type dementia. Preliminary report on long-term nicergoline treatment.

Up to date 6 patients with initial presenile idiopathic cognitive decline (PICD) and 5 suffering from a presenile Alzheimer-type dementia (PAD) with a mean age of 59.5 were admitted to the trial. The 6 PICD patients were assigned to a double-blind nicergoline/placebo 6-month course with an oral dose of 30 mg twice a day. PAD patients were treated in an open design (nicergoline oral dose 30 mg twice a day) for at least 6 months. Until now only 4 PICD and 3 PAD patients have been treated regularly for 6 months. Two of 4 PICD patients showed a progressive enhancement of contingent negative variation (CNV), shorter reaction time (RT) and an improvement of clinical status. The other 2 PICD patients, on the contrary, showed a progressive mild worsening of CNV-RT and clinical patterns. The double-blind trial is not yet completed. CNV activity, RTs and clinical patterns progressively improved also in 2 PAD patients while in the 3rd they remained nearly unchanged or minimally worse during the 6-month treatment. The positive nicergoline effect on CNV-RT and clinical status noted in our patients appeared similar to that observed by other authors with DHEMT in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. No adverse drug-related reactions were seen.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1973

The contingent negative variation and the excitability of the spinal monosynaptic reflex.

A method is described which permits simultaneous measurement of changes in slow electroencephalographic potentials (Contingent Negative Variation-CNV) and the excitability of the spinal monosynaptic arc (H reflex) during the foreperiod of a simple reaction time experiment. Data from 11 normal subjects show that during the development of the CNV there is an augmentation of the amplitude of the H-reflex. It is suggested that the two phenomena are controlled by a common subcortical structure.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Early contingent negative variation of the EEG and attentional flexibility are reduced in hypotension.

This study explored the question as to whether hypotension is related to decreased attentional performance and reduced cortical activation. A total of 50 females aged 19-44 years participated in the study. Attentional performance was assessed using three subtests of the Attentional and Cognitive Efficiency (ACE) battery. Contingent negative variation (CNV) as a measure of cortical activation was registered during a constant fore-period reaction time paradigm: two conditions were defined using tones as S1 (80 or 60 dB) and S2 (70 dB). The following results were obtained. Hypotensive patients performed significantly more poorly on one subtest of the ACE, which indicates a reduced speed for switching from a routine to a controlled response (quantifying attentional flexibility). They also had longer reaction times and revealed a significantly smaller amplitude of the early CNV component. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between systolic blood pressure and the amplitude of the early CNV component. The data support previous findings that hypotension can be related to lowered cortical activation and indicate that specific aspects of attentional performance might be negatively affected by hypotension.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Patterns of EEG coherence, power, and contingent negative variation characterize the integration of transcendental and waking states.

Long-term meditating subjects report that transcendental experiences (TE), which first occurred during their Transcendental Meditation (TM) practice, now subjectively co-exist with waking and sleeping states. To investigate neurophysiological correlates of this integrated state, we recorded EEG in these subjects and in two comparison groups during simple and choice contingent negative variation (CNV) tasks. In individuals reporting the integration of the transcendent with waking and sleeping, CNV was higher in simple but lower in choice trials, and 6-12 Hz EEG amplitude and broadband frontal EEG coherence were higher during choice trials. Increased EEG amplitude and coherence, characteristic of TM practice, appeared to become a stable EEG trait during CNV tasks in these subjects. These significant EEG differences may underlie the inverse patterns in CNV amplitude seen between groups. An 'Integration Scale,' constructed from these cortical measures, may characterize the transformation in brain dynamics corresponding to increasing integration of the transcendent with waking and sleeping.

Adult↗