[Consumption of biologically active substances from non-alcoholic beverages. II. Fluoride consumption in a group of young people].
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Adolescent↗
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[Recurrence of thyrotoxicosis and iodine consumption. Recurrence frequency in drug-treated patients from a district with low low average iodine consumption].
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Carbimazole↗
[Consumption, dietary habits and nutritional status of the Reus (IX) population. Evolution of food consumption, energy and nutrient intake and relationship with the socioeconomic and cultural level, 1983-1993].
BACKGROUND: Mediterranean diet (a greater intake of olive oil, cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables), is related to a lower prevalence of some associated diseases. The aim of the study was to observe in a Spanish population the evolution of dietary intake, whether there could be changes in the contribution of different kinds of food in energy intake, and the importance of socioeconomic and cultural factors which could influence this phenomenon. METHODS: Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24 hours recall method in a representative sample (n = 941, age range = 10-69) of a Reus population (Spain). This longitudinal study consisted of 70% of the sample studied in 1983 using identical methodology. RESULTS: From 1983 to 1993, we observed a significant increment of lactic derivatives (50.0%), vegetables (12.5%) and fruit intake (10.6%), and a significant decrease in tubercles (-56%), eggs (-15.6%), sugars (-13.0%), milk (-9.2%), and cereal (-7.6%) intake. Meat, fish, and visible fat intake remained unchanged. The intake of the 9 groups of food was different for men and women along this time period. We observed an increment in animal sources to our diet, primarily because of an increment in lactic derivative intake and a decrease in tubercles intake. Differences observed in 1983 between social classes related to different kinds of nutrients had nearly disappeared in 1993. Medium and high social classes followed very similar diets. However, the group of population with lowest socioeconomic status had a lower intake of energy and nutrients. CONCLUSIONS: Our diet consisted of the main characteristics of the typical mediterranean diet, although we observed a decrease in cereal intake and an increase in food of animal origin. Differences observed in 1983 related to dietary habits and nutritional profile between medium and high social classes, disappeared in 1993. However, there exists a small group of people of low social class which had a lower intake of energy and other nutrients.
Adolescent↗
[Ecology of alcoholic drink consumption in the district of Chomutov in 1961 to 1973 and some negative social consequences of increased alcoholic drink consumption (author's transl)].
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Adolescent↗
Smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, and H pylori infection. Alcohol consumption eliminates rather than prevents infection with H pylori.
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Adult↗
Uses of food consumption data: with an example exploring the impact of food consumption on economic growth.
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Developing Countries↗
Secular trends in children's sweetened-beverage consumption (1973 to 1994): the Bogalusa Heart Study.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether children's sweetened-beverage consumption has changed over a 21-year period (1973 to 1994) in Bogalusa, LA, and whether trends in energy intake, milk consumption, and body mass index (BMI) varied among the sweetened-beverage consumption groups. DESIGN: Information on food and nutrient intake was derived from a single 24-hour dietary recall collected from children who participated in one of seven cross-sectional surveys. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A total of 1,548 10-year-old children (65% white, 35% African American; 51% female, 49% male) were randomly selected to participate in the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The Cochran-Armitage Trend test was applied to examine the trends in sweetened-beverage consumption by 10-year-old children over a 21-year period. A general linear model was used to examine the trend in milk consumption, energy intake, and BMI among the sweetened-beverage consumption groups. RESULTS: The percentage of children consuming sweetened beverages significantly decreased from 83% (1973) to 81% (1994) (P <.05), particularly consumption of soft drinks (P <.01) and coffee with sugar ( P <.0001). However, the mean gram amount of tea with sugar consumed significantly increased (P <.0001), with no changes in the mean gram amount of fruit drinks, soft drinks, and coffee with sugar consumed. When comparing tertiles of sweetened-beverage consumption over time, the mean gram consumption significantly increased from 1973 to 1994 for those children who were in the medium (P <.001) to high (P <.0001) tertiles. The mean BMI significantly increased (P <.001) from 1973 to 1994 in children within all of the sweetened-beverage consumption groups; however, there were no significant differences in total BMI across the sweetened-beverage consumption groups. The total gram amount of milk consumption was significantly lower in the medium to high sweetened-beverage consumption groups compared with the lower to no sweetened-beverage consumption groups. Total energy intake remained unchanged from 1973 to 1994 within all four sweetened-beverage consumption groups. Total energy intake was significantly higher in the high sweetened-beverage consumption group compared with the other three sweetened-beverage consumption groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children's sweetened-beverage consumption has changed over a 21-year period. The percentage of children consuming sweetened beverages decreased from 1973 to 1994, particularly consumption of soft drinks and coffee with sugar. Data suggest that there was no linear relationship between sweetened-beverage consumption and BMI and total energy intake. However, total milk consumption was lower in the medium to high sweetened-beverage consumption groups compared with the low to no consumption groups. More studies are needed to confirm these regional findings, which may not be reflective of national trends.
Animals↗
Oxygen consumption after cardiopulmonary bypass--implications of different measuring methods.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intra-pulmonary oxygen consumption or whole body oxygen consumption is the main determinant of the hypermetabolic response after cardiopulmonary bypass. Secondly, which method of measuring oxygen consumption best quantifies this hyperdynamic response. DESIGN: We measured oxygen consumption by analysing respiratory gas (VO2-gas), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER = VCO2/VO2), and calculated oxygen consumption using the Fick-method (VO2-Fick) and intra-pulmonary oxygen consumption (VO2-gas - VO2-Fick) in patients at fixed times before and after elective cardiac surgery. Next, comparisons were made between methods and also between measurements at different times before and after bypass. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: 10 elective cardiac surgical patients. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: VO2-gas, VCO2 and RER were measured with an open circuit indirect calorimeter. VO2-Fick was calculated: VO2-Fick = cardiac index x (arterial - mixed venous oxygen content). Intrapulmonary oxygen consumption was calculated as the difference between VO2-gas and VO2-Fick. Both VO2-gas and VO2-Fick were about 20% higher after bypass than after induction of anaesthesia. Absolute values of VO2-gas were about 30% higher than VO2-Fick. Intra-pulmonary oxygen consumption accounted for 32% of whole body oxygen consumption after induction of anaesthesia and did not increase after bypass. CONCLUSION: Whole body oxygen consumption and not intra-pulmonary oxygen consumption is the main determinant of the hypermetabolic response after bypass. Increased intra-pulmonary oxygen consumption is not related to bypass. VO2-gas best quantifies this hypermetabolic response directly after bypass, and not VO2-Fick, VCO2 or intra-pulmonary oxygen consumption, since VO2-Fick excludes intra-pulmonary oxygen consumption and VCO2 does not reflect metabolism directly after bypass.
Aged↗
[An approach to food consumption in an urban environment. The case of west Africa].
West Africa has undergone rapid economic and political changes during the last 20 years. After the failure of economic policies implemented since independence, programs for structural adjustment have strongly influenced the economy. Food problems affect each country differently. The Sahel has experienced food shortages and starvation whereas in forested countries the food supply has remained stable. Nevertheless, food policies have not succeeded in contributing to urban and rural development. The rate of urbanization in west Africa is generally low but the rate of urban population growth is particularly high, much more than the growth rates of industry and infrastructure. Although metropolitan areas are affected by poverty, they offer more hope and opportunities than rural areas. Urban markets have expanded and diversified as social differences have also increased and contributed to changes in consumption structure. Urban growth has contributed to the increase of imported food: this is indicated by both the strong dependency and the change of food habits towards western food patterns. Recently however, west African urban dwellers are still preferring local items if they are affordable. When imported products are used, they are integrated within a stable meal plan consisting of a single dish with a base and a sauce, which is typical of African food preparation. Surveys of consumption-budgets are still only available on a national scale. These can provide accurate information about food consumption patterns of families, particularly for significant trends. However, they do not provide information about the dynamics of food consumption, neither for urban areas or the individual. Now a significant proportion of individual food consumption occurs outside of the home, mainly with food provided by street vendors. This new consumption habit is a response to the urban food crisis. Consumption of street-vendor-food comprises one component but this cannot be dissociated from in-home food consumption. Despite the growing importance of street-vendor food consumption, it has still not been adequately documented. Theoretically, food consumption is an evolving concept. Single disciplines, such as economics or nutrition, first studied food consumption. More recently, social sciences developed new approaches with various interpretations, which were sometimes contradictory. The evolution of urban food consumption and the numerous related problems support the approach proposed by some authors suggesting a mixed analysis integrating both economics and cultural factors. Operationally, a global and dynamic approach to food styles must consider urban heterogeneity and diversity of situations. For example, food consumption by people maintaining their in-home food habits shows the pertinence of studies focusing on individuals. Therefore, the food course concept may be a useful method for the study of food consumption.
Africa, Western↗
Effect of enterostatin and kappa-opioids on macronutrient selection and consumption.
Enterostatin, the activation peptide of pancreatic procolipase, suppresses consumption of high-fat diets and selectively suppresses fat consumption over carbohydrate consumption. Kappa-opioid subtype agonists stimulate feeding whereas antagonists suppress feeding. We investigated the effects of enterostatin, the kappa-opioid agonist U50488, and the kappa-opioid antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on macronutrient selection and food consumption in rats adapted to choose between a high-fat (HF) diet or a low-fat-high-carbohydrate (LF) diet. In fasted rats, lateral cerebro-ventricular injection (LV) of enterostatin selectively suppressed consumption of the HF diet, with no effect on LF diet consumption. Nor-BNI also selectively suppressed consumption of the HF diet without affecting LF diet consumption. Additionally, U50488 prevented the suppression of consumption of the HF diet in response to enterostatin. In food-sated rates, U50488 preferentially increased consumption of the HF diet and had no effect on consumption of the LF diet. Combined infusions of subthreshold doses of enterostatin and nor-BNI also inhibited consumption of the HF but not the LF diet, whereas combined infusions of maximal doses of enterostatin and nor-BNI had no additive effects. Collectively, these data suggest that a kappa-opioid pathway modulates selection and consumption of diets high in fat and that enterostatin modulates consumption of dietary fat by interacting with this pathway.
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
Lifetime alcohol consumption and breast cancer: a case-control study in Finland.
OBJECTIVE: To study the association between lifetime alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: A case-control study carried out in eastern Finland. Information about alcohol consumption was obtained by two methods: a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) including alcohol consumption during the previous 12 months, and a lifetime alcohol consumption questionnaire (AQ) which was administered by the study nurse. SUBJECTS: The study consisted of 301 breast cancer cases (25-75 years old) and 443 population controls. RESULTS: The subjects reported higher current alcohol consumption in the AQ compared to the FFQ. According to the AQ, premenopausal cases consumed on average 28 g and controls 24 g alcohol week(-1); in postmenopausal women the values were 15 and 14 g, respectively. About 30% of premenopausal and 60% of postmenopausal women were classified as non-drinkers. The correlation for current alcohol consumption between the FFQ and the AQ was 0.80 in premenopausal women but only 0.40 in postmenopausal women. Current alcohol consumption seemed to influence the reporting of total lifetime alcohol consumption. Current alcohol consumption was not associated with the risk of breast cancer either in premenopausal or postmenopausal women; neither were associations found between alcohol consumption at age of first use, use before the age of 30, or total lifetime alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: On average, one to three drinks per week did not increase the risk of breast cancer in this study. Consumption levels were, however, too low to exclude increased risk with high regular consumption. Further research is necessary on lifetime alcohol consumption.
Adult↗
Changes in calcium intake and association with beverage consumption and demographics: comparing data from CSFII 1994-1996, 1998 and NHANES 1999-2002.
BACKGROUND: Consumption of soft drinks has been hypothesized to be negatively associated with calcium intake. However, fortification of some foods and beverages may have affected calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in calcium intake and the association of milk consumption with key beverage consumption and demographic variables using the most current data available. DESIGN: Several techniques were used to describe how age, gender, race/ethnicity, and beverage consumption were associated with milk and calcium intake using the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 1994-1996, 1998 (CSFII) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 (NHANES). Using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses, we examined the independent relationships of total non-beverage energy intake, fluid milk consumption, non-milk beverage consumption, and demographics with calcium intake. RESULTS: During the time period between CSFII and NHANES, milk consumption decreased and RCSD consumption increased among children 6-11 y. Calcium intake was unaffected. Among other age categories, milk consumption either did not change or increased (females 40-59 y), while RCSD consumption increased. Calcium intake either did not change or increased in most age-gender categories, including adolescent females. Fluid milk consumption exhibited the strongest association with calcium intake. Fruit juice consumption was also positively associated with calcium intake in most age-gender categories. Consumption of other beverages, including RCSD, had little or no association with calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of low-fat milk should be encouraged, but calcium fortification of certain foods and beverages and calcium supplementation may be needed to further increase calcium intake.
Adolescent↗
An international multicenter study of antimicrobial consumption and resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 15 hospitals in 14 countries.
Antibiotic consumption during 1996 was measured in 15 large hospitals from 14 countries and 3000 consecutive Staphylococcus aureus samples were collected, allowing calculation of local resistance rates and typing of isolates. Antibiotic consumption data were converted to defined daily doses (DDD), and similar antibiotics were grouped if they belonged to the same therapeutic subgroup. Variations in hospital size were corrected by using DDD per 1000 bed-days. The total antibiotic consumption in the 15 hospitals varied between 296 DDD/1000 bed-days and 1108 DDD/1000 bed-days. Differences in the usage of therapeutical subgroups of antimicrobials varied significantly between hospitals. A positive correlation was found between S. aureus resistance to methicillin (MRSA) and consumption of beta-lactam combinations, between resistance to quinolones and consumption of beta-lactam combinations and carbapenems and resistance to aminoglycosides and consumption of beta-lactam combinations. The consumption of beta-lactamase-sensitive antibiotics was negatively correlated to resistance to methicillin, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. Usage of the different antimicrobial therapeutical subgroups was also correlated. Consumption of beta-lactamase-sensitive antibiotics (penicillin) was positively correlated to consumption of beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins and negatively correlated to consumption of carbapenems, quinolones, and glycopeptides, whereas consumption of cephalosporins was positively correlated to consumption of aminoglycosides, quinolones, and glycopeptides. In this study of hospitals with MRSA prevalence of between 0% and 63%, significant correlations were found between resistance and consumption of antimicrobials. These findings support the importance of antimicrobial consumption on resistance. An accompanying paper addresses the issue of antibiotic resistance and clonality of isolates.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Fish consumption and stroke: a community case-control study in Asturias, Spain.
BACKGROUND: The relationship between fish consumption and stroke is controversial. Actually, a low fish consumption may protect against ischemic stroke, while a fish diet is ecologically associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to examine the relationship between fish consumption and stroke in a population with a high fish consumption and stroke incidence. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was performed, lasting from September 1990 to December 1991. The study comprised 440 incident cases of stroke and 473 controls between the ages of 40 and 85. Cases were defined following WHO criteria, and controls were randomly selected from the study base population. Information on fish consumption was obtained with a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: After controlling for age, energy intake and several stroke risk factors, the risk of stroke increased with the consumption of fish, chi(2) 4.12, p = 0.04. Those in the highest quintile of consumption (46 g of fish/day) had a multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.95 (95% CI: 1.14-3.33) as compared to those in the lowest quintile of fish consumption (11 g/ day). The risk of cerebral infarction also increased with the consumption of fish, showing an OR of 1.98 (95% CI: 1.08-3.47). Those in the highest quintile of n-3 fatty acid consumption (660 mg/day) were at borderline higher risk of stroke, with an OR of 1.76 (95% CI: 0.95-3.26), and also of cerebral infarction (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 0.95-3.75), as compared to those in the lower quintile of n-3 fatty acids consumption (115 mg/day). CONCLUSION: Although misclassification of exposure and residual confounding by unmeasured factors cannot be ruled out, a high fish consumption was associated with an increased risk of stroke and cerebral infarction in this study. More studies should be done to clarify the effect of fish consumption on stroke and stroke subtype in order to issue recommendations regarding the consumption of fish and the risk of stroke.
Adult↗
Determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in fibrillating dog hearts. Comparison between normothermia and hypothermia.
The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of the difference in myocardial oxygen consumption between heating and fibrillating states during normothermia and hypothermia. In five isolated cross-circulated dog hearts, we measured left ventricular pressure at several ventricular volumes and myocardial oxygen consumption at V0 and V100, at which peak isovolumic pressures were zero and approximately 100 mm Hg, respectively, in beating and fibrillating states during normothermia and hypothermia (29 degrees C). As a measure of the total mechanical energy at V100, we obtained pressure-volume area in the beating state and equivalent pressure-volume area for fibrillation. We calculated equivalent heart rate as an estimate of the contraction frequency of individual myocytes in a fibrillating ventricle from myocardial oxygen consumption at V0 in the beating and fibrillating states. During normothermia, myocardial oxygen consumption per minute at V0 and V100 and myocardial oxygen consumption for mechanical purposes at V100 (myocardial oxygen consumption at V100-myocardial oxygen consumption at V0) were significantly higher during fibrillation than in the beating state. Equivalent pressure-volume area during fibrillation and pressure-volume area in the beating state at V100 were comparable, whereas equivalent heart rate during fibrillation was significantly higher than heart rate in the beating state. During hypothermia, myocardial oxygen consumption was comparable between beating and fibrillating states at V0, although myocardial oxygen consumption at V100 was slightly lower during fibrillation than in the beating state. Myocardial oxygen consumption for mechanical purposes during fibrillation was half of that in the beating state. Equivalent pressure-volume area was significantly smaller than pressure-volume area, whereas equivalent heart rate and heart rate were comparable. We conclude that during normothermia, higher myocardial oxygen consumption during fibrillation than in the beating state at V0 and V100 is attributable to the higher contraction frequency. During hypothermia the comparable myocardial oxygen consumption values at V0 are attributable to the comparable contraction frequencies, whereas slightly lower myocardial oxygen consumption during fibrillation at V100 is ascribed to the lower total mechanical energy.
Animals↗
Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis.
CONTEXT: Observational studies suggest that heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk of stroke while moderate consumption may decrease the risk. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between alcohol consumption and relative risk of stroke. DATA SOURCES: Studies published in English-language journals were retrieved by searching MEDLINE (1966-April 2002) using Medical Subject Headings alcohol drinking, ethanol, cerebrovascular accident, cerebrovascular disorders, and intracranial embolism and thrombosis and the key word stroke; Dissertation Abstracts Online using the keywords stroke and alcohol; and bibliographies of retrieved articles. STUDY SELECTION: From 122 relevant retrieved reports, 35 observational studies (cohort or case control) in which total stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic (intracerebral or total) stroke was an end point; the relative risk or relative odds and their variance (or data to calculate them) of stroke associated with alcohol consumption were reported; alcohol consumption was quantified; and abstainers served as the reference group. DATA EXTRACTION: Information on study design, participant characteristics, level of alcohol consumption, stroke outcome, control for potential confounding factors, and risk estimates was abstracted independently by 3 investigators using a standardized protocol. DATA SYNTHESIS: A random-effects model and meta-regression analysis were used to pool data from individual studies. Compared with abstainers, consumption of more than 60 g of alcohol per day was associated with an increased relative risk of total stroke, 1.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.93); ischemic stroke, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.34-2.15); and hemorrhagic stroke, 2.18 (95% CI, 1.48-3.20), while consumption of less than 12 g/d was associated with a reduced relative risk of total stroke, 0.83 (95%, CI, 0.75-0.91) and ischemic stroke, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67-0.96), and consumption of 12 to 24 g/d was associated with a reduced relative risk of ischemic stroke, 0.72 (95%, CI, 0.57-0.91). The meta-regression analysis revealed a significant nonlinear relationship between alcohol consumption and total and ischemic stroke and a linear relationship between alcohol consumption and hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that heavy alcohol consumption increases the relative risk of stroke while light or moderate alcohol consumption may be protective against total and ischemic stroke.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Alcohol consumption, 29-y total mortality, and quality of life in men in old age.
BACKGROUND: The negative effects of excessive alcohol consumption are well known, but moderate alcohol consumption is advocated for health reasons. OBJECTIVE: We compared 29-y total mortality and quality of life in old age by alcohol consumption in midlife. DESIGN: Cardiovascular disease risk factors and alcohol consumption were assessed in 1974 in 1808 men (aged 40-55 y) of high socioeconomic status. At baseline, the men were without signs of chronic diseases. Baseline alcohol consumption was divided as zero (n = 116), moderate (1-349 g/wk; n = 1519), and high (>349 g/wk; n = 173). Quality of life was surveyed in 2000 with the RAND-36 (SF-36) health survey (n = 1216). Mortality was retrieved from registers during the 29-y follow-up. RESULTS: Median alcohol consumption in 1974 and in 2000 was 123 (interquartile range: 56-238) and 84 (28-168) g/wk, respectively, and was significantly correlated. Values of cardiovascular disease risk factors measured in 1974 increased with increasing alcohol consumption. During the 29-y follow-up, 499 men (27.6%) died; mortality was significantly higher among men with the highest alcohol consumption (37.6%) than in abstainers (25.0%) or in men with moderate (26.7%) consumption. Quality of life was not significantly associated with baseline alcohol consumption in responding survivors but was worst in men with high consumption when deaths during follow-up were accounted for. CONCLUSIONS: In this male cohort of high socioeconomic status, only the highest alcohol consumption (>3 drinks/d) affected mortality, and it was associated with worse quality of life in old age. Moderate alcohol consumption in middle age offered no special benefits compared with abstinence over the long term.
Adult↗
Estimation of the exposure of the French population to the BSE agent: comparison of the 1980-95 consumption of beef products containing mechanically recovered meat in France and the UK, by birth cohort and gender.
Assuming that human exposure to BSE was through beef mechanically recovered meat (MRM) consumed as burgers and other meat products, we estimated the French consumption of different food items containing beef MRM, and compared these consumptions for French and British populations. To estimate consumption of meat products containing bovine MRM, we used dietary data from national individual and household food surveys conducted between 1980 and 1995. After reconciliation of consumption data between the available surveys and calendar year adjustments, we simulated consumption of one-thousandth of the French population. Consumption was estimated by birth cohort and gender, and for the periods 1980-89 and 1990-95 separately. Data showed that burgers (including manufactured minced meat) represented around 75-80% of the individual consumption of meat products containing MRM, and that consumption of burgers increased by 40% over the 1980-95 period. In all age groups, consumption was higher in males than in females. In both genders, the 1940-69 birth cohort had the highest mean consumption of burgers and other beef products containing MRM. Similar findings have been reported for the UK population. Estimated consumption of bovine MRM per calendar year increased markedly over the study period, concomitantly with an increase of bovine carcasses imported from the UK. Comparison of the 1980-1995 pattern of bovine MRM consumption in the UK and France indicated thatthis consumption peaked later in France than in the UK. This difference might result in different temporal pattern of vCJD incidence.
Adolescent↗