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PubMed1990

Computer graphics in medical illustration.

The advent of powerful personal computers (PC) has revolutionised the production of graphic illustrations in the various disciplines of medicine. This paper reviews the current hardware devices and software programmes available in the personal computer market for the generation, processing and production of graphic output in medical illustration for the purposes of teaching and presentation. A low-cost method of generating high quality presentation slides on IBM-PC based systems is also outlined.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1992

Drug interactions represented by high resolution computer graphics.

The amount of backward walking induced in mice by co-administration of clenbuterol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist and putative antidepressant, and the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide was plotted as a three-dimensional surface, using modified Uniras software. The surface was compared with the theoretical surface to be expected if the interactions between the two drugs were merely additive. The difference between the theoretical and the obtained surfaces was plotted and a functional representation of statistical variability was 'draped' over the difference model. The computer methods can be applied to small amounts of irregularly distributed data, and results are apparent from simple inspection, e.g. the highest peak of backward walking is also the most reliable statistically. The technique is useful for both laboratory and clinical studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Experimental and computer graphics simulation analyses of the DNA interaction of 1,8-bis-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-anthracene-9,10-dione, a compound modelled on doxorubicin.

The crystal structure of the anthraquinone derivative 1,8-bis-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-anthracene-9,10-dione has been established. This compound was prepared as a potential DNA-intercalating agent based on the proven intercalators doxorubicin and mitoxantrone. Its DNA-binding properties have been examined experimentally by spectroscopic, thermal denaturation and ccc-DNA unwinding techniques: the results are consistent with an intercalative mode of binding to DNA. Computer graphics stimulation of the intercalative docking of this compound into the self-complementary dimer of d(CpG) has provided a minimum energy geometrical arrangement for the bound drug in the intercalation site comparable to that for proflavine when intercalated into the same d(CpG) model system. Entry of the compound into the site can only occur via the major groove.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Specifying colours for colour vision testing using computer graphics.

AIMS: This paper describes a novel test of colour vision using a standard personal computer, which is simple and reliable to perform. METHODS: Twenty healthy individuals with normal colour vision and 10 healthy individuals with a red/green colour defect were tested binocularly at 13 selected points in the CIE (Commission International d'Eclairage, 1931) chromaticity triangle, representing the gamut of a computer monitor, where the x, y coordinates of the primary colour phosphors were known. RESULTS: The mean results from individuals with normal colour vision were compared to those with defective colour vision. Of the 13 points tested, five demonstrated consistently high sensitivity in detecting colour defects. CONCLUSION: The test may provide a convenient method for classifying colour vision abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Computer graphics interface to a complex simulation.

The program "Cardio VascularCat" is a simulation of a laboratory experiment on the cardiovascular system of the cat, for students of physiology or pharmacology. There are two important innovations in this version, utilizing the "Macintosh environment": 1) The functioning of the program is highly interactive with the student. Any manipulation almost immediately produces some result in the (simulated) experimental animal. 2) The input from the student, and the output to the student, are handled in simple and intuitive ways. The mouse and menu system are utilized to simplify the control of the program. The keyboard is eliminated. The Macintosh graphics capabilities provide for an output display that is easily and quickly interpreted by the student. The program has been tested with a small sample of medical students. As measured by an objective test, the results are equivalent to learning from a textbook. An attitude survey revealed that the Macintosh program is clearly superior for reenforcement and review.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Three-dimensional computer graphic modeling of ballistic injuries.

Multiple variables affect the tissue destruction caused by missiles, and the interaction of these variables is incompletely understood. The recently developed technology of computerized solid modeling now makes it possible to analyze these parameters in three dimensions. A technique for creating solid models of organic structures is described. The tissues within the boundaries thus defined are ascribed physical attributes by means of finite element analysis with data derived from empirical studies. An interactive user-friendly program is being developed combining this modeling with a probabilistic scheme (Monte Carlo simulation) to describe a variety of wounding scenarios. The data from these predictions will be compared with information from wound registries and the model refined until it can project consistently accurate patterns of injury.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1990

Molecular conformational space analysis using computer graphics: going beyond FRODO.

The molecular graphics program FRODO has been modified to support analytical animation of molecular dynamics trajectories. The enhanced program, mdFRODO, supports all features available in FRODO and is interfaced to GROMOS. A variety of analytical animation modes is included. Extensive coloring and atom selection features are implemented to aid the user in distinguishing features of interest in a set of conformations. Molecular conformational space can be analyzed efficiently and comprehended. Animations may be viewed in stereo, and the animated object can be overlaid with any of the standard FRODO objects. The mdFRODO program is of wide use in molecular dynamics, X-ray crystallography and two-dimensional NMR work. Examples illustrating various aspects of collective motion in protein molecules are given and discussed.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1995

Computer graphics of center of masticatory forces in complete dentures.

1. INTRODUCTION. In dental education, it is valuable to show visually the differences between a good-fitting and an ill-fitting complete denture. A vector of masticatory forces across all the teeth of the denture is available to estimate the capability of the denture. The vector is simple while the forces exerted on a denture are very complex. A vector has only two factors, the point of application (center of force) and the magnitude. Because a complete denture acts as a unit, we can obtain the vector from electrical signals detected by transducers installed in the denture base. The aim of this study was to develop software which is able to show visually to dental students, the differences between the vectors of the dentures of three representative complete denture wearers. 2. METHODS. Three subjects, each with either a good, a moderate or an ill-fitting complete denture, were selected. Subject 1 could use the denture very comfortably during experiment. Subject 2 was uncomfortable at the insertion of the new denture, but after adaptations to the denture he could use it very well. Subject 3 had been uncomfortable during the experiment. A bottom complete denture was divided into upper and lower parts. These were connected by the four force-detecting units which were embedded in approximately the first premolar and second molar regions on both sides of the denture. The electric signals from these units during the chewing of peanuts and raisins (sampling time period: 30 msec) were recorded as digital signals and processed using the computer (Macintosh IIcx, Apple Computer) with the A/D converter (Lab-NB), National Instruments). Center and magnitudes of masticatory force were calculated from all sampling points using our newly developed software scripted by ¿C¿ (MPW C, Apple Computer). On the other hand, a tracing of the external shape of the dentition of the denture was made using the project (V-12, NIKON). The tracing of the dentition, with center and magnitude of masticatory forces was displayed successively on the screen like a movie. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The typical scenes in each cases during one stroke of chewing were illustrated in Figure 1. The center of each circle is the point of application of the vector and the diameter of the circle is its magnitude. As time proceeded, the diameter of the circle became larger. As the period of denture insertion proceeded, the center of masticatory force was localized on the first molar region in subject 1, was shifted from the middle of the dental arch to the molar in subject 2, and was irregularly moved on the middle of the dental arch in subject 3. This software could visualize the center of masticatory force as an indicator of the type of fitting of the complete denture on display.

Bite Force↗
PubMed1990

Prediction of total knee motion using a three-dimensional computer-graphics model.

Twenty-three knees were sectioned, digitized, and standardized to determine the 'average' three-dimensional bony geometry and ligamentous attachments. Data on normal knee motion were obtained from a cadaveric study. An algorithm was written to simulate three-dimensional patella motion. Verification of the knee model was achieved by determining femoro-tibial and patello-femoral contact locations, as well as ligament length patterns, and comparing the results with published data. The criterion for maximum predicted knee motion with a prosthesis in place was the length of the posterior cruciate ligament. Three total knee replacement surfaces were mathematically generated: flat, laxity and conforming. A greater flexion angle was obtained with a flat tibial surface than for the laxity or conforming. Posterior tibial component displacement increased the range of motion, but only slightly. For all tibial surfaces, increased range of motion was achieved with a 10 degrees posterior tilt of the tibial tray. Anterior femoral component displacement increased motion due to reduction in posterior cruciate tension during flexion. The results are applicable to the design and surgical technique of total knee replacement.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

CAD-based graphical computer simulation in endoscopic surgery.

This article presents new techniques for three-dimensional, kinematic realtime simulation of dextrous endoscopic instruments. The integrated simulation package KISMET is used for engineering design verification and evaluation. Geometric and kinematic computer models of the mechanisms and the laparoscopic workspace were created. Using the advanced capabilities of high-performance graphical workstations combined with state-of-the-art simulation software, it is possible to generate displays of the surgical instruments acting realistically on the organs of the digestive system. The organ geometry is modelled in a high degree of detail. Apart from discussing the use of KISMET for the development of MFM-II (Modular Flexible MIS Instrument, Release II), the paper indicates further applications of realtime 3D graphical simulation methods in endoscopic surgery.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computer graphics for slide presentations.

This applications article describes the use of a computer to generate high-quality presentation materials. Different programs and methodologies are discussed.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1991

Hypertext and three-dimensional computer graphics in an all digital PC-based CAI workstation.

In the past several years there has been an enormous increase in the number of computer-assisted instructional (CAI) applications. Many medical educators and physicians have recognized the power and utility of hypertext. Some developers have incorporated simple diagrams, scanned monochrome graphics or still frame photographs from a laser disc or CD-ROM into their hypertext applications. These technologies have greatly increased the role of the microcomputer in education and training. There still remain numerous applications for these tools which are yet to be explored. One of these exciting areas involves the use of three-dimensional computer graphics. An all digital platform increases application portability.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1991

VESICA: computer graphics modeling of lipid vesicles.

A vesicle simulation and computer analysis program, VESICA, is described which employs spherical projections of triangularly tessellated icosahedra to produce molecular graphics models of the three-dimensional structures of lipid vesicles. The program is used to analyze the molecular architecture of small unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine and is demonstrated as a worthwhile investigative tool for determining the factors that govern the minimum vesicle size.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗