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PubMed1991

Frequency of asymptomatic hepatitis types B and C in an inner city community and relation to possible risk factors.

The frequency of asymptomatic carriage of the hepatitis virus types B and C in an inner city area (South London) was assessed in a survey of 1002 subjects attending their General Practitioner for minor, non-hepatic complaints. Ten subjects were seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (1 per cent), but only one, who declined liver biopsy, had any clinical laboratory evidence of hepatitis B virus-related chronic liver disease. Carriage of, and exposure to, hepatitis B virus was significantly more frequent among people born outside the UK/Eire and those with a history of jaundice. Among people of Caribbean origin the frequency of hepatitis B virus markers fell from 31 per cent among those born in the Caribbean to 11 per cent amongst second generation subjects born in this country. Despite careful counselling, offers of further investigation and treatment of those affected, and vaccination of vulnerable children or partners, were often declined. Four percent of the same population had antibodies to the hepatitis C virus using the Ortho anti-hepatitis C virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but this figure fell to 0.9 per cent when a second test, based on synthetic peptides rather than a recombinant antigen, was used. None had any abnormality of standard liver function tests. Chronic asymptomatic carriage of hepatitis, particularly in inner city areas, may be more common than previously recognized. Effective use of antiviral agents and vaccination will be limited until appropriate health education dispels the widespread misconceptions and fears associated with a diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Principles of schistosomiasis control in relation to community health care.

The principles of community health care which contribute to control of schistosomiasis comprise 1. accurate demographic and epidemiological survey methods to delineate the numerator of infections over the population denominator, 2. sensitive and specific parasitological techniques to demonstrate the presence of infection and, in appropriate sub-samples, to quantify its intensity, 3. the use of an integrated system of multiple control measures based on an accurate assessment of the ecology of the area, the parasitological status of the inhabitants and the biology and biodynamics of the intermediate snail host, 4. the necessity of community participation in the survey phases and its cooperation in the implementation of physical habitat alteration, in simple aspects of chemical snail control and in health education through local leaders, 5. the employment of population-based chemotherapy. The use of a non-toxic, effective orally administered drug will be a major factor in promoting population compliance in large scale chemotherapeutic control measures and this had been confirmed by evidence derived from recent control campaigns in, for example, Egypt and Brazil. The advent of a new compound seemingly suitable for such use in African conditions augurs well for future control activities.

Community Health Services↗