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PubMed1987

The clinical significance of change.

Clinicians frequently make judgements about the clinical importance of a change in "score" on visual function tests obtained from patients on successive visits. Almost no normative data for assessing the significance of change in performance on routinely used clinical tests exists, and the importance of collecting such data is emphasized. A description of how normative data for the significance of change can be collected is given, using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test as an example. Although there are always limitations to estimates of error variance, the importance of determining the precision of clinical tests, for guiding rational decision making, is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Performance of the standard pseudoisochromatic plate test.

The Standard pseudoisochromatic Plate (SPP) test was administered to 346 normals, 55 anomalous trichromats, and 46 dichromats. Its ability to detect and classify congenital color defectives was assessed. The performance of each plate was assessed separately and compared with its colorimetric properties. The test as a whole achieves a high level of accuracy in separating normals from color vision defectives [Youden's Index (YI) = 92.4%] and a high reliability (71.3%) in classification of the congenital color vision defectives. The performance of individual plates in separating color normals and color vision defectives of individual plates varies (YI ranges from 69.8 to 86.1%). A set of three plates can be chosen, which achieves a performance similar to that of the whole test. The test is found to be a reliable clinical screening method for congenital red-green color vision defectives.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1975

Color vision testing in young children: a review.

It is often recommended that children be screened for possible color vision deficiencies as early as possible. This paper examines the validity of commercially-available color vision tests when used with young children (age three to seven years). It is concluded that with the possible exception of the anomaloscope, no test is entirely suited for children, in most cases because the test makes cognitive demands beyond the capability of the young child.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Color vision screening: a comparison of the AO H-R-R and Farnsworth F-2 tests.

Vision screening tests should include a simple, reliable, and valid test of color vision defects. In this investigation the single plate Farnsworth F-2 test and the AO H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates were compared as primary screening tests for red-green color defective vision. The tests were administered to 2827 children, kindergarten through high school grades. Both tests failed a higher percentage of children than expected in the lower grades (kindergarten through 3). In grades 4 through high school, however, 4.16% failed the F-2 test and 4.02% failed the AO H-R-R, compared to a predicted 4.2% of the general population with inherited red-green deficiencies. The failure rates of the F-2 test for 1171 high school boys and girls were 7.3 and 0.89%, respectively, very close to the expected incidence of red-green defects in males and females. Although the F-2 test passed a few pupils who failed the AO H-R-R test, their defects were categorized as mild or borderline on the AO H-R-R test and therefore not likely to be of practical significance. Less than 0.5% of the children in grades 4 through high school failed the F-2 test after passing the AO H-R-R. Some children with normal color vision, particularly very young children, may fail the F-2 test because of difficulty picking out the less obvious blue square. Nevertheless, for screening purposes the F-2 test is comparable to the AO H-R-R test and except for kindergarten and grade 1 pupils is an excellent single plate color vision screening test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Observations on color vision testing in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.

Forty-eight patients aged from 60 to 69 years (58 eyes) with ocular hypertension (OHT) or primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and a control group of 16 persons (31 eyes) were studied with six color vision tests: Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates Part 2, Farnsworth Panel D 15, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (FM 100) test, Lanthony Desaturated Panel, Nagel (red-green) anomaloscope, and Besançon (blue) anomalometer. In the color vision tests, the newly diagnosed OHT eyes without treatment differed significantly from the control group in the blue anomalometer. The long-term OHT eyes with treatment had no significant difference from the normals in any of the tests. The newly diagnosed POAG eyes without treatment were significantly different from the normals in the FM 100 test as well as in the boxes I, II, III and IV of the test, in the Lanthony Desaturated Panel and in the blue anomalometer. The long-term POAG eyes with treatment only differed significantly from the normal eyes in the blue anomalometer. The box IV of the FM 100 test and blue anomalometer were observed to be the most useful of these six tests in finding the possible early beginning of the blue color vision defect in the group of newly diagnosed OHT.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Lanthony's new color test. II. Clinical evaluation.

The desaturated 15 Hue test is estimated to give about 7% false-positive single protanopic confusions. Confusions between tetartanopic and protanopic directions are not infrequent. The New Color Test findings, in general, reflect the AOH-R-R pathology but, among other things, because of the difference in their size, the classifications of both tests should not be compared. The New Color Test proves to be valuable, and can be easily employed in a routine clinical procedure. An examination scheme is proposed.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1975

[A railway accident a hundred years ago as reason for systematic testing of colour vision (author's transl)].

Holmgren's supposition that colour blindness was one of the causes for the train-disaster which happened on 15th November 1875 near Lagerlunda had been passed on as an established fact. The course of the accident is outlined on the basis of the court records. It shows that not colour blindness, but the fact that the engine-driver and the station-master were acting contrary to regulations resulted in the head-on collision with the opposite train. After this event systematic testing of colour vision in railway-men was instituted and the methods of examination were considerably improved.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Color vision screening and viewing conditions: the problem of misdiagnosis.

The most popular techniques for assessing color vision, the pseudoisochromatic tests, have been found to differ widely in their sensitivity to changes in viewing conditions. A significant number of color-normal subjects will be misdiagnosed as color defective by some of the standard tests with even relatively minor variations from standardized viewing conditions. These results appear to have strong implications for the use of the tests in many applied settings which precise control over viewing conditions is difficult. In particular, as the consequences of a misdiagnosis become very serious, the tests must be used with special caution. If we were to recommend one test for use, our findings point to the Ishihara, which appears impervious to variation in viewing conditions.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1985

Colour vision of diabetics.

The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test has been assessed as a screening test for the detection of diabetic retinopathy likely to benefit from laser photocoagulation therapy. Two hundred and thirty-two diabetic eyes of 126 patients were tested. The results were assessed both for total error score relative to age and for the presence of polarity. Although the incidence of abnormal colour discrimination was found to correlate with the severity of retinopathy, the test was not sufficiently selective to be of value as a screening test in the detection of retinopathy requiring treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

The Davidson and Hemmendinger color rule as a color vision screening test.

The Davidson and Hemmendinger (DH) color rule was evaluated for color vision screening of normal and congenital color-defective subjects. Ninety-eight normal and 14 color-defective subjects were tested on the color rule under Macbeth illumination of 5,400 K. The color-defective subjects were also tested on the Nagel anomaloscope, the Farnsworth D-15, and the H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates. The DH color rule performed as accurately as the anomaloscope and was superior to the other two tests in detecting anomalous trichromats and in discriminating protanomalous subjects. The color rule also discriminated dichromats from anomalous trichromats. For severe color-defective subjects (dichromats, achromats), the color rule was more time-consuming than the other tests and discrimination was less certain. Response patterns on the DH color rule and response variability of the different classifications are reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Color vision defects in retinitis pigmentosa.

Sixty-seven patients with retinitis pigmentosa underwent color vision testing with the Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test. Results showed both similarities and differences among different genetic types. The presence of an atrophic-appearing foveal lesion found in individual cases served as a reliable indicator of performance on color vision testing as did a reduction in visual acuity to less than 20/30. When no foveal lesion was apparent in patients with visual acuity better than 20/30, patients with autosomal dominant disease showed superior performance on color vision testing when compared to autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and isolated cases. Regardless of genetic type, the FM 100-hue test was more sensitive in detecting poor color vision performance than the Nagel anomaloscope.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Berson test for blue cone monochromatism.

The Berson test for blue cone monochromatism discriminates X-linked blue cone monochromatism from achromatopsia but not from X-linked progressive c dystrophy.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1992

Color vision testing for the U.S. Naval Academy.

Normal color vision is a prerequisite for admission to the United States Naval Academy. The Farnsworth Lantern (FALANT) is the Navy's definitive test for color vision. A FALANT is not available at many locations where candidates are examined, so satisfactory performance on pseudoisochromatic plates has been considered an acceptable alternative. Until recently, the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test Panel D-15 had also been used as an alternative test, but is now considered unacceptable. In the summer of 1991, a large number of candidates reported for induction who were unable to pass the FALANT. Since their screening physical examinations had been reported to show normal color vision, a shadow of doubt was cast upon the ability of the alternative tests to predict performance on the FALANT. Four hundred subjects were then tested on several color vision tests to determine if these tests could predict FALANT success. The results of this study and recommendations are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Contrast/color card procedure: a new test of young infants' color vision.

We have developed a new test which can rapidly evaluate basic color vision in individual infants. The test consists of a series of large cards constructed with Munsell Hues. It uses a modified preferential looking procedure (FPL) and, to control brightness cues, incorporates a two-phase systematic variation of luminance. First, we evaluate an infant's ability to discriminate 9.5 by 16 degrees achromatic patches of varying luminance from a 26 by 65 degrees achromatic background of midrange luminance. In the second phase the test patch is chromatic and its luminance, relative to the background, is varied over a range of about 1.0 log cd/m2. The number of relative luminances chosen for each infant depends upon his/her performance in phase 1. Seventy 2- and 3-month-olds were tested with 4 broad-band chromatic patches, a red (dominant lambda = 660 nm), a yellow (dominant lambda = 580 nm), a green (dominant lambda = 520 nm), and a blue (dominant lambda = 475 nm). Results showed that 3-month-olds had little difficulty making any of the chromatic-achromatic discriminations but many 2-month-olds appeared to fail to discriminate the yellow and green from the background at relative luminances close to an adult brightness match. Most importantly, the test shows promise as a relatively simple, time-efficient, and portable tool for the assessment of early color vision.

Color Perception Tests↗