Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Clinical application”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Average evoked potentials--clinical applications of short latency responses.

Many clinical neurophysiology laboratories have added average evoked potential studies to their routine procedures as evoked potential recording methods are non invasive, highly objective and informative. Indeed, short latency brainstem auditory evoked potentials as well as short and intermediate latency cortical evoked potentials, lately have proved to be valuable clinical tools for objectively testing afferent functions in patients with neurological and sensory disorders. The averaged evoked potential responses (EPR) have been widely used in clinical practice to record the changes in the electrical potentials that occur within the central nervous system (CNS) of the patient in response to an external stimulus. Two types of evoked potentials are usually recorded. 1-Stimulus related, short latency evoked potentials, which represent an obligate neuronal response to a given stimulus and both the amplitudes and latencies of these depend on the physical characteristics of the eliciting stimulus. In this category brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), have normal values for latencies, amplitudes of waves and characteristic wave form. Any abnormality of these reflects excitation, conduction block in the specific pathways in the CNS. Certain abnormalities in EPR reflect subclinical involvement of CNS even before the disease clinically manifests. Abnormality in BAEPs can in addition, depict the exact site of lesion in the brainstem auditory pathways. Same is true for SEPs where abnormalities in far-field or near-field components, reflect lesions at the plexus, spinal cord, brainstem or thalamo-cortical regions respectively. 2- The event related potentials (ERPs) can be recorded in response to an external stimulus to which person is attentive or an event requiring cognition, discrimination, or reaction to the target stimulus. P300 is one such ERP, helpful in distinguishing between disorders such as dementia and depression. This first review gives a bird's eyeview of the essentials, methods, interpretation and clinical applications of stimulus evoked short latency (brainstem auditory, visual and somatosensory) responses in human beings.

Evoked Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Clinical applications of salivary cortisol measurements.

The clinical applications of salivary cortisol measurements were evaluated by radioimmunoassay of time-matched saliva and plasma samples. Salivary cortisol levels of normal subjects exhibited a significant (p less than 0.001) diurnal variation with a mean (+/- SD) concentration of 8.7 +/- 4.8 nmol/L at 0800-1000 h and 2.4 +/- 1.1 nmol/l at 1500-1700 h. After an overnight dexamethasone suppression test, morning salivary cortisol levels decrease to 2.7 +/- 0.7 nmol/L (p less than 0.001 vs normal). An excellent correlation (r = 0.805) of cortisol measurements with time-matched saliva and plasma samples was obtained (y = 0.03x + 0.88, p less than 0.001, n = 91). Hypercortisolism was confirmed by raised salivary cortisols in only half of patients with elevated total plasma levels, thereby indicating that salivary cortisol measurements is a better index of adrenal status.

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests↗
PubMed1999

Phase-contrast MR angiography of peripheral arteries: technique and clinical application.

This articles describes Phase-Contrast-MRA (PC-MRA) techniques and their current clinical applications for peripheral arteries based on more than 250 clinical MRA studies performed at two institutions. PC-MRA depends on phase shifts caused by blood flow and thus this technique permits the use of coronal or sagittal slice orientations with large FOV's along the direction of the vessel of interest. Clinical applications focus on patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) describing the role and limitations of PC-MRA for the work-up of stenoses, occlusions, aneurysms, and postsurgical follow-up. Recommendations for clinical routine are provided. A combined MR angiographic approach with various MRA techniques depending on the vessel segment to be imaged, PC-flow velocity measurements, and high-resolution scans of the vessel wall may turn out to be diagnostically effective and provide a comprehensive test for PAOD within the near future.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1995

Developmental studies and clinical application of mismatch negativity: problems and prospects.

There is wide interest in the clinical application of mismatch negativity (MMN) to assess discriminative capabilities in individuals whose auditory capacities are difficult to determine, including infants, young children and those with severe cognitive impairment. Before MMN can be used as a clinical electrophysiologic measure, it is necessary to establish that it can be reliably elicited in normal individuals. This chapter describes a detailed analysis of MMN recorded in a group of healthy 8-yr-old children to assess intrasubject and intersubject reliability of the response. We conclude that although statistically reliable results can be obtained with group data, and perhaps even in individuals when large numbers of stimuli can be delivered, the unfavorable signal to noise ratio of individual MMN data currently limits its clinical applicability. Suggestions for approaches to surmount these difficulties are presented for its eventual clinical usefulness.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2001

[Anatomical study and clinical application of long head of triceps muscle for reconstruction of shoulder abduction].

OBJECTIVE: To study the morphological character of long head of triceps muscle for clinical application in reconstruction of shoulder abduction. METHODS: Forty-four upper extremities of fixed human adult cadavers were carefully dissected. The origins and the pedicles of blood vessels and nerves of long head of triceps muscle, as well as the maximum available size of the muscles, were measured. Six cases of clinical application of long head of triceps muscle for reconstruction of shoulder abduction were followed up for 3 to 11 months. RESULTS: The origins in the dorsal side of long head of triceps muscle were muscular and the ventral side were tendinous, which was 7.6 to 13.3 cm in length and 1.6 to 3.4 cm in width. The distance from the origin to the neurovascular pedicle was 5.7 to 11.4 cm. The radial nerve, which innervated the muscles, could be dissected for 2.9 to 11.8 cm in length. The blood supplies to the triceps muscle were from humeral artery (43.2%), 1.0 to 6.0 cm in length and 1.6 to 2.4 mm in diameter, and from humeral profundus artery (45.5%), 1.5 to 4.4 cm in length and 0.9 to 2.4 mm in diameter, if the vessel was separated to the humeral artery, the length was 1.5 to 6.3 cm. The neurovascular pedicles were multiple branched. In the 6 cases of clinical application of the triceps muscles, the operated shoulder could abduct from 5 degrees preoperatively (0 degree to 10 degrees) to 77.3 degrees (50 degrees to 90 degrees) postoperatively. CONCLUSION: In accordance to the anatomical character of the triceps muscles, the long head of triceps muscle is a suitable choice for reconstruction of shoulder abduction with optimistic outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Further observations of the digital plethysmography in response to auditory stimuli and its clinical applications.

Further observations of the digital plethysmography with auditory stimuli and its clinical applications were performed in patients with vibration disease and heart diseases. The responsive pattern to the auditory stimuli in the digital plethysmogram could be faithfully reproducible if it elapses more than 5 minutes apart between the first stimulus and the second one. The responsive patterns were divided into four types: normal (N), hyperreactive (I and D) types and hyporeactive (P) type. The values of urinary catecholamine increased in parallel to the activity level of the autonomic nerve. The hyperreactive type (D) had the highest value of urinary catecholamine, and vice versa. With regard to the age, the elderly was prone to show hyporeactive (P) type, and the young tended to be hyperreactive (D) type. Psychologic factors were examined by Cornell medical index. Neurosis was not necessarily related to the hyperreactive type. In clinical applications, it was observed by this method that the autonomic imbalance in patients with vibration disease, angina pectoris, or hypertension was recovered by the treatment, and the abnormal types of the response recovered to N type. In conclusion, the digital plethysmography with auditory stimuli as one of the autonomic nerve function tests would be much useful and non-invasive method for observation of clinical course and decision of the severity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Update on proliferation-associated antibodies applicable to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and their clinical applications.

This review provides an update on proliferation-associated antibodies applicable to immunohistochemical techniques in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. New insights into proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and antibodies to PCNA are presented. The characterization of the protein recognized by the Ki-67 antibody has enabled production of a new range of antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal) which have immunostaining profiles similar to those of the original antibody. A new proliferation-associated antibody, KiS1, is described. The clinical applications of antibodies to PCNA in human material are summarized, and the limitations of these studies are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Clinical applications of recombinant human growth hormone in adults.

The main function of growth hormone (GH) is to promote linear growth during childhood; however, GH secretion persists throughout life after cessation of skeletal growth. This hormone has important physiological functions apart from growth stimulation. Many aspects of the physiological and pharmacological actions of GH have been recently clarified. Accordingly, in the last years, especially since the introduction of recombinant human GH (rhGH), GH therapeutical applications have increased. In the last years, the main clinical application of rhGH has been to stimulate growth of growth-retarded GH deficient (GHD) children. More recently, rhGH therapy has been approved for other conditions associated with short stature, including Turner syndrome and end stage renal disease. In adults, the only therapeutic indications approved are the adult GHD syndrome and the AIDS-associated wasting. This review outlines the present knowledge of the physiological effects, clinical applications, therapeutic perspectives, side effects, precautions and contraindications of rhGH therapy in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Clinical applications of hypnotherapy in a medical setting.

Since 1958, hypnosis has been recognized by the American Medical Association as a legitimate form of medical treatment when administered by an appropriately trained practitioner. With the prevalence of certification societies and international organizations, the specialty has increased its level of professionalism and clinical applications. However, in spite of increased exposure and utilization of this unique clinical application, its use within medical settings varies considerably. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of clinical hypnosis and offer clinical applications, with the goal of increasing its exposure and utilization within medical settings.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1990

The soluble interleukin-2 receptor: biology, function, and clinical application.

PURPOSE: To review the biologic origin, functional characteristics, and current and potential clinical applications of a novel marker of immune system activation, the soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). DATA IDENTIFICATION: Studies reported since 1985 were identified by a computer search using MEDLINE as well as from bibliographies of published work. STUDY SELECTION: Sixty-two reports on the clinical applications of the sIL-2R, largely from peer-reviewed journals, were identified. These reports address the utility and significance of sIL-2R measurements in various conditions. Basic scientific investigations delineating the biochemical and molecular features of the human interleukin-2 receptor complex and the sIL-2R protein were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: The validity of sIL-2R quantitation as an index of in-vivo immune system activation and its usefulness as a measure of disease activity and outcome were examined. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: The quantitation of sIL-2R, a novel laboratory measure of in-vivo immune system activation, correlates reliably with disease activity in autoimmune inflammatory disorders, transplantation rejection, and specific infectious disorders. Markedly elevated serum sIL-2R levels are a particularly prominent feature of certain hematologic malignancies, such as human T lymphotropic retrovirus type I-associated adult T-cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia, reflecting tumor burden and response to therapy. The sIL-2R level at disease onset may also reliably predict long-term prognosis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and it appears to provide an additional serologic measure in the assessment of clinical progression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Studies have suggested that sIL-2R levels offer a rapid, reliable, and noninvasive measure of disease activity, response to therapy, and, in some cases, prognosis in a broad spectrum of conditions associated with T- or B-cell immune activation.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

[Endolaryngeal distance measurement by laser light projection--from the idea to clinical application].

INTRODUCTION: In clinical and scientific examinations with rigid and flexible endoscopes quantitative morphometric measurements of intralaryngeal structures have been difficult whereas qualitative laryngoscopic examinations are routine procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The development of a two-point light projection method for endolaryngeal morphometry in its different phases is described. The way from a first prototype for endolaryngeal morphometry that works with a prism technique to the latest, most modern prototype, which works with a double reflecting mirror is shown. RESULTS: In combination with a newly developed PC software the latest prototype for two-point laser-light projection enables an accuracy of 95 % to 99 % in the measurement of intralaryngeal distances. The contrast of the laser beams to the mucous membrane of the larynx could be optimized by the use of green--instead of red--laser light. CONCLUSION: Morphological measurements within the larynx are now possible for clinical and scientific questions. Former limitations in quantitative morphometric examinations will be reduced.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2003

Content validity and clinical applicability of the Irena Daily Activity assessment measuring occupational performance in adults with developmental disability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Irena Daily Activity (IDA) assessment which measures occupational performance in adults with developmental disabilities. The instrument's content validity was investigated by elucidating its general appropriateness, its clinical applicability and the feasibility of the measurement procedure. Data were collected from a multidisciplinary panel of clinical experts working in day activity centres. Each expert independently judged and reviewed the IDA instrument's content validity. The results show that the content validity index (CVI) values ranged from 0.8 to 1.0 for the instrument's general appropriateness and clinical applicability, and from 0.7 to 1.0 with respect to the significance of the IDA domains' clinical applicability. The applicability of the IDA items were judged as satisfactory (CVI > 80) with respect to their importance for planning treatment and intervention. The feasibility of the measurement procedure was estimated as satisfactory in relation to the items (CVI > 0.70) and satisfactory with respect to the time needed and material used, with CVI values ranging from 0.8 to 1.0. The results of this study support the use of the IDA as a feasible and time-efficient assessment that provides insights regarding the occupational performance of adults with developmental disabilities. A limitation of this study was that it could not illuminate all-important aspects of validity. In conclusion, the IDA has the potential to become a reliable and valid clinical assessment, but additional research on psychometric properties is still needed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Microarray analysis in drug discovery and clinical applications.

DNA microarray analyzes genome-wide gene expression patterns and is used in many areas including drug discovery and clinical applications. This chapter summarizes some of these applications such as identification and validation of anti-infective drug target, study mechanisms of drug action and drug metabolism, classification of different types of tumors, and use of molecular signatures for prediction of disease outcome. A step-by-step protocol is provided for sample preparation, sample labeling and purification, hybridization and washing, feature extraction, and data analysis. Important considerations for a successful experiment are also discussed with emphasis on drug discovery and clinical applications. Finally, a clinical study is presented as an example to illustrate how DNA microarray technology can be used to identify gene signatures, and to demonstrate the promise of DNA microarray as a clinical tool.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1993

Clinical applications of electrogastrography.

Recently, electrogastrography (EGG) has received more and more attention. While gastroenterologists are interested in its clinical applications, concerns remain regarding the reliability and analysis of the EGG and the correlation between the EGG and gastric motility. The aims of this paper are to address these concerns and to review the potential clinical applications of the EGG. The following areas are discussed, based on the literature and our own experience with EGG: the refined method for the measurement of the EGG, the advanced techniques for quantitative analyses of the EGG, the reliability of the EGG in measuring gastric myoelectrical activity, the correlation between the EGG and gastric motility, and applications of the EGG in clinical gastroenterology.

Electrodiagnosis↗
PubMed2006

Clinical applications of high-density surface EMG: a systematic review.

High density-surface EMG (HD-sEMG) is a non-invasive technique to measure electrical muscle activity with multiple (more than two) closely spaced electrodes overlying a restricted area of the skin. Besides temporal activity HD-sEMG also allows spatial EMG activity to be recorded, thus expanding the possibilities to detect new muscle characteristics. Especially muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) measurements and the evaluation of single motor unit (MU) characteristics come into view. This systematic review of the literature evaluates the clinical applications of HD-sEMG. Although beyond the scope of the present review, the search yielded a large number of "non-clinical" papers demonstrating that a considerable amount of work has been done and that significant technical progress has been made concerning the feasibility and optimization of HD-sEMG techniques. Twenty-nine clinical studies and four reviews of clinical applications of HD-sEMG were considered. The clinical studies concerned muscle fatigue, motor neuron diseases (MND), neuropathies, myopathies (mainly in patients with channelopathies), spontaneous muscle activity and MU firing rates. In principle, HD-sEMG allows pathological changes at the MU level to be detected, especially changes in neurogenic disorders and channelopathies. We additionally discuss several bioengineering aspects and future clinical applications of the technique and provide recommendations for further development and implementation of HD-sEMG as a clinical diagnostic tool.

Electromyography↗
PubMed1990

[Clinical application of powder metallurgically produced crowns].

The clinical applicability of a newly developed powder metalurgic procedure (Degusint/Degussa) for the production of crowns and bridges is evaluated in a controlled clinical study. Until now 366 units ranging from occlusal inlays to four-unit ceramometallic bridges were incorporated. In a total of 15,000 marginal gap measurements, medians of 22 microns (Degusint G) and 26 microns (Degusint U) were found, with 95.4% or 94.0% respectively of the values ranging below 70 microns. The PFM-process increases the marginal gap from median 27 microns to 33 microns. With uniform pore distribution mean values from 90.3% to 92.4% of the theoretical density were reached using the available powder compositions. Compared with cast fixed prostheses no differences in intraoral behaviour could be noticed up to now.

Crowns↗