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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Satisfaction of senior citizens in a nutrition education program with and without computer-assisted instruction.

This study assessed the receptiveness of senior citizens to the use of microcomputers in a nutrition education program at participating senior citizen subsidized housing sites. Participants in group A received the nutrition education program with computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Group B participants received the same nutrition education program, but without CAI. A validated Program Satisfaction Questionnaire was administered to assess overall satisfaction, satisfaction with the method of instruction, and satisfaction with the dietary analysis printout. Independent t-test analysis showed that group A was as satisfied as group B. The majority in group A indicated that learning to use the computer was not difficult and was "somewhat enjoyable" to "very enjoyable." These results indicated that senior citizens were receptive to CAI. Additionally, the use of the microcomputer with older adults was deemed possible for health-related educational programming. Appropriate modification of software was recommended to meet the physical limitations which occur with this age group.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Integrated learning. Passing fad or foundation for the future?

On the surface, higher education has served the nation well. An increasing percentage of adults have attended college. Information is widely and freely available to most citizens; the economy is steady; and technological developments appear to offer ever-increasing improvements in the quality of life. Looking just beneath the surface, though, one realizes that knowledge is fragmented, access to knowledge is not universal, and there are no guarantees that past successes will sustain the future. Thus, it is worth examining how higher learning has contributed to the general prosperity and how education might evolve to address society's evident problems. This essay discusses the core approach of liberal arts in the context of the value--and obstacles--of integration across the traditional disciplines. Critical to the natural sciences is a firm grounding in the central importance of rigorous evidence, while the humanities keep us rooted in the importance of human values. Seeking linkages and connections between these realms is the lively challenge of this conference. The details of curricular design will be of less interest at this juncture than locating the critical issues and discussing how education might serve the goal of unifying knowledge and learning.

Education↗
PubMed2005

Ethical issues in pediatric intensive care in developing countries: combining western technology and eastern wisdom.

Application of traditional ethical principles in developing countries may not, indeed should not, conform to the western philosophy and ideology. The principle of distributive justice is of utmost importance when critical resources are scarce. There is no ethical imperative, nor is one followed even in the most advanced countries, that every citizen is entitled to the very best available care. However, a society must establish a uniform code of ethics that can be applied nationally, whereby all citizens are eligible for a minimum acceptable level of care. The traditional principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice are still applicable in structuring an ethical framework that is most suited for the country's needs and resources.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1998

Physicians as leaders in improving health care: a new series in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Searching for one word to describe the state of mind of the physician in the United States today, we might choose beleaguered. Threats appear from all sides--from payers, would-be managers of care, the growth of technology, and even patients. The rhetoric is one of siege and battle, and the dynamic seems to be a clash of values from which only one winner can emerge. But scientific and health services research suggest otherwise. Science suggests that health care could, indeed, perform a great deal better than it does today and that a shared aim of improving health outcomes for patients at a cost that society can afford is sensible and within reach. However, achievement of these improvements will require of physicians not handwringing and resistance to change but concerted, positive, capable leadership. The goal of this series in Annals is to describe a new knowledge base that will help physicians participate effectively in the redesign of the health care system. The series is intended to raise the curiosity of physicians about the skills they will need to become more active and influential citizens of the health care community in accomplishing improvements. These skills will help physicians better deploy their clinical expertise and professional purpose in a debate that has heretofore been informed primarily by economics.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[The theoretical and organizational basis for the Comprehensive Program for Disease Prevention and Health Improvement of the Population].

The authors present a general characterization of a complex programme of disease prevention developed by the Ministry of health care, Academy of medical science and by other authorities of the USSR. At first, there is an outline of demographic and health state indicators of soviet population and of factors leading to morbidity increase. The major part of the paper deals with an analysis of the aims of this programme, i.e. air pollution control, improvement of social and medical care of working and child-bearing women, education of young people to a healthy life-style, health care of children and adolescents, reinforcement of health of young families, expanding and improvement of the recreation, sporting and cure facilities, propagation of mass-physical training, rationalization of nutrition, intensification of health education of citizens, dispensary care of population, and medical personnel education in the field of preventive medicine.

Health↗
PubMed1988

Infection control in developing countries.

The level of socio-political and economic development achieved by a country determines the quality and quantity of the health care its citizens receive. These factors also govern the amount of attention given to hospital-acquired infection. The problems of infection control in 'developing' countries include, first, the international problems that arise from clashes of personality and viewpoint among those responsible for it, exacerbated in some places by ethnic or religious traditions. Second are problems imposed by factors that affect the spectrum of infectious disease, and third is a variable deficiency of human and financial resources. In the search for solutions, an analysis suggests that nurses are particularly suited to take the lead in the prevention of infection, so that a special initiative directed towards their education in the rapidly developing science of hospital infection and its control is likely to be the most cost effective and appropriate initial approach. This needs to be accompanied by parallel improvements in the education of medical undergraduates. Anything else should be applied in response to measured need, and then only as money and manpower permit. Careful thought is required to avoid squandering scarce resources by applying inappropriate infection control technology.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

[Homage to Dr. Guillermo C. Blest (1800-1884), founder of Chilean medicine].

William Blest M.D. graduated from Edinburgh Medical School in 1821 and was Director of the first course of medicine (1833) created in Chile after the independence. He arrived to Chile in 1823, when the rising Republic struggled to develop science, culture and its own identity as a nation. In 1826, he presented to the government of that time his "Observations over the actual state of medicine in Chile and a plan to improve it" and in 1828, an "Essay over the most common causes of diseases suffered in Santiago de Chile". The sanitary conditions were deplorable, hospitals were unhealthy barracks and there were only 9 physicians, most of them foreigners. Outstanding was his address to the 11 students of the 1833 course, that reflects love for the profession and contains valuable ethical concepts. Blest was a precursor of Public Health and founder of Chilean Medicine. He became a Chilean citizen in 1831 and was representative and Senator of the Republic. He formed a distinguished family and one of his sons, Alberto Blest Gana, was the most prominent chilean novelist of the nineteenth century.

Chile↗
PubMed1996

Research on physical activity and disability: an emerging national priority.

Despite the voluminous amount of research that has been published in the field of exercise science over the past three decades, there remains a paucity of information on the activity patterns and physiological responses to exercise in persons with disabilities. In an era when physical activity has grown to new heights in terms of its importance in promoting health and preventing disease, many questions pertaining to how it affects the lives of individuals with physical disabilities remain unanswered. The purpose of this paper is to review the prevalence of disability in the United States and to present recommendations for future research on physical activity and disability. A related objective of this paper is to encourage exercise scientists to undertake research on this increasingly significant group of American citizens.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2003

Child and adolescent psychiatry workforce: a critical shortage and national challenge.

Despite the decades-long projection of an increasing utilization of child and adolescent psychiatry services and an undersupply of child and adolescent psychiatrists, the actual growth and supply of child and adolescent psychiatrists have been very slow. Inadequate support in academic institutions, decreasing graduate medical education (GME) funding, decreasing clinical revenues in the managed care environment, and a devalued image of the profession have made academic child and adolescent psychiatry programs struggle for recruitment of both residents and faculty, although child and adolescent psychiatry has made impressive progress in its scientific knowledge base through research, especially in neuroscience and developmental science. While millions of young people suffer from severe mental illnesses, there are only about 6,300 child and adolescent psychiatrists practicing in the United States. There is also a severe maldistribution of child and adolescent psychiatrists, especially in rural and poor, urban areas where access is significantly reduced. By any method of workforce analysis, it is evident that there will continue to be a shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists well into the future. Medical/psychiatric educators have a mission to encourage medical students and general psychiatry residents to enter child and adolescent psychiatry and provide crucial mental health care and health care advocacy for our country's youngest and most vulnerable citizens. This article stems from the work of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Task Force on Work Force Needs, which led to its 10-year recruitment initiative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Modernizing the animal science curriculum: is change needed?

To identify an animal science curriculum is difficult because it is a "moving target" due to changing needs and demands of our society and, more specifically, to changes in the backgrounds and interests of students. Therefore, animal science curriculums not only should change, but must change, if they are to succeed. With new technological innovations and discoveries that either modify, supplement, or change basic concepts and approaches, it is paramount that changes in courses as well as in the curriculum conform. Because of the applied nature of animal science and because of the many unknowns yet to be discovered, the curriculum should be under continual scrutiny. However, we must not fix something when it is not broken. For all practical purposes, a curriculum reflects a philosophy of what subjects should be included to complete a plan of study. After a philosophy has been established the base curriculum will seldom change significantly. When it does, it will be the result of a change in people's philosophies rather than a reflection of industry needs or student interests. Teachers should not forget how to teach most effectively the material and must never lose sight of their goal of molding students into knowledgeable, wise, and responsible citizens in our society.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1981

Medical schools without walls. Self-instruction abroad.

A fraction of American citizens who are denied acceptance to domestic medical schools complete all or part of their education abroad. The different modes of instruction these students experience are discussed, as well as possible factors that lead a student to use one mode above another. The role of self-instruction in medical education is examined. Additionally, preclinical subject matter taught in a domestic institution is compared quantitatively in 4,067 categories with a curriculum offered in a foreign institution, as well as with a self-designed curriculum. Based on test performance on part 1 of the National Board of Medical Examiner's examination, we conclude that self-instruction can be an effective method for learning the basic science aspects of a medical school curriculum.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1997

Medical profession changes between religion, science, skill, ethics, law and economics.

How has the medical profession changed during the centuries? How has the evolution of the profession been influenced by the balance of different issues, e.g. magic, religion, philosophy, science, technology, ethics, law and/or economics? One needs to examine many historical changes leading from the hierarchized medicine of Ancient Egypt to the Asklepiadic and Hippocratic medicine at the time of Plato, from the newly organized medicine of the Renaissance to the emerging social medicine of the XIX century, from the nosological medicine centered on the evaluation of the symptoms to the medicine which explores the human body through technologies. Furthermore, an overview from the past to the future should analyze the new doctor-patient relationship in a health system of managed care, between market and solidarity, between the efficientistic guidelines of the providers (hospitals, physicians, etc.) and an anthropocentric view of the rights of the citizen-customers. These problems are presented and discussed by many Authors in three issues of Medicina nei Secoli (II/III.1997-I, 1998) as an aid to understanding what it means to be a physician today, from the past to the future.

History, Ancient↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test: fraudulent science in the American courts.

The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test was conceived, developed and promulgated as a simple procedure for the determination of the blood alcohol concentration of drivers suspected of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Bypassing the usual scientific review process and touted through the good offices of the federal agency responsible for traffic safety, it was rushed into use as a law enforcement procedure, and was soon adopted and protected from scientific criticism by courts throughout the United States. In fact, research findings, training manuals and other relevant documents were often held as secrets by the state. Still, the protective certification of its practitioners and the immunity afforded by judicial notice failed to silence all the critics of this deeply flawed procedure. Responding to criticism, the sponsors of the test traveled the path documented in this paper that led from mere (if that word can ever truly apply to a matter of such gravity) carelessness in research through self-serving puffery and finally into deliberate fraud--always at the expense of the citizen accused.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Forensic medicine in Tunisia.

Tunisia is an Arab northern African country which counts 10 millions citizens. In Tunisia, there is a small number of forensic practitioners (20) distributed over four University and two regional Hospitals. Forensic activity is under the supervision of Tunisian Ministry of Public Health. The first forensic medicine department was set up in the Faculty of Medicine of Tunis (the capital) in the sixties, after which three other departments were founded in medical faculties and in their respective university hospitals (Sfax, Sousse and Monastir). These departments provide forensic medical education and research beside their daily practice. Forensic medical practice is divided in forensic pathology and clinical forensic medicine. In forensic pathology, we have to deal with violent or suspected deaths beside natural deaths. The clinical forensic medicine activity covers mainly forensic traumatology. Other fields of forensic sciences are in progress and ought to be developed all over the country. A forensic medical curriculum is provided in the four Tunisian Faculties of Medicine and in their University Hospitals. Nevertheless, the number of trainees remains small and could not currently satisfy the country needs.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Travel naturalists].

During the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries, travelers that studied natural history were referred to as travel naturalists. Nature included the stars and planets, the atmosphere, flora and fauna, and surface and underground minerals. While in colonial times they were limited to citizens of Portugal who were instructed to discover natural resources and their uses, those who traveled through Brazil after 1808 came from different regions of Europe and were concerned with observing and classifying people and natural specimens found along the way. Sponsored by either noblemen or scientific societies, they traveled around Brazil in a combined endeavor of discovering, collecting, and classifying natural specimens on the American continent.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Guillaume Dupuytren 1777-1835].

Dupuytren's behaviour as a professor, citizen and man can be understood through his psychoanalytical study. Account of a childhood and teenage years without love his exceptional termper led him to realize an innovative work. As a Balzac's hero he never used any compromise either diplomatic solution and his callousness was at the root of his success in life and his practise and he died in the same way as a real wolf. In fact beyond his obvious coldness he concealed a great sensibility which fascinated Parisian people's soul and provoked the admiration of his master or his students. In the Journal des Débats the chronicler described him as a "a man who was more suffering his grieves than proud of his glory". Thanks to his clever stubbornness he succeeded in leading his surgery school form art to science. As a frenzied actor he left the surgical stage with panache if not without remorse.

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMed1989

[Cholera in 1831. Challenges for science and the federal government].

The peak of the first great cholera pandemic in 1831 fomented the controversy among contagionists and non-contagionists. In the following year the public debate centered around the correct interpretation of the recent experiences with cholera. The central government of the bureaucratic-absolutist monarchy in Prussia adhered to a firmly contagionist interpretation of the disease and reacted accordingly. Local authorities in Königsberg and Berlin and the bourgeoisie in the merchant city of Danzig, however, stressed the destructive consequences of the cordon system. They considered the results of an interruption in trade and industry to be worse than the damage inflicted by the epidemic. The summer of 1831 demonstrated that cholera could not be stopped by the cordons, but the King's medical advisors nevertheless remained contagionists. Non-contagionists put forward several hypotheses to explain the origin and the spreading of cholera, mainly "miasma" theory and the Hippocratic paradigm of "epidemic constitution". The correlation between poverty and disease, however, was widely noticed. Physicians in the city of Bremen pointed to the necessity of sanitary precautions to be taken in cholera-free periods. On the other hand, many "honest" citizens believed that individuals with a "dissolute" conduct of life were more at risk to contract cholera than others. Instead of costly sanitary policies, the well-to-do classes preferred to identify the defense against cholera with the segregation of unwelcome elements of society. The article is based on hitherto unpublished sources from the former Prussian State Archives at Merseburg, GDR, and the State Archive of the Hanseatic City of Bremen.

Cholera↗
PubMed1999

What price politics? Scientists and political controversy.

There is a long tradition within scientific communities that encourages governments, patrons and citizens to enlist scientific expertise in the service of the public good. However, since the 17th century, scientists who have engaged in public political controversy have often been judged harshly by scientific colleagues, as well as by political adversaries. Some prominent scientists were politically active in Germany, France and England during the 1920s and 1930s; controversial stands were taken by the British physicist P.M.S. Blackett and the American chemist Linus C. Pauling against their countries' nuclear weapons policy following the Second World War.

History, 20th Century↗