Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cephapirin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Activity of cephalosporins against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci: minimal effect of beta-lactamase.

Eight cephalosporins were tested for their activity against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci and for their resistance to beta-lactamase from methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Susceptibility testing by the agar plate method was evaluated for the effect of inoculum size and duration of incubation. Methicillin-susceptible, coagulase-negative staphylococci were highly susceptible to the cephalosporins, with cephapirin and cepahlothin showing the greatest activity, followed by cefazolin and cefamandole. Methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci displayed nearly total cross-resistance to the cephalosporins. Resistance increased with increasing inoculum size. Beta-Lactamases produced by methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci had a minimal hydrolytic effect on cepahlothin, cephapirin, cefazolin, and cefamandole and no measurable effect on cefoxitin. There was no correlation between the anti-staphylococcal activity and resistance to beta-lactamases.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1976

Activity of four cephalosporin antibiotics in vitro against bovine udder pathogens and pathogenic bacteria isolated from newborn calves.

The in vitro activity of chephaloridine, cephalexin, cefatrizine (BL-S640), and cephapirin (BL-P-1322) was evaluated by the serial dilution method against pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine udders and neonatal calf diseases. Cephapirin showed the comparatively greatest activity against the most common streptococcal species associated with bovine mastitis, whereas cephaloridine exhibited the best activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Cefatrizine was more active than the other cephalosporins against the gram-negative bacteria studied. In general, the minimal bactericidal concentration of each cephalosporin was two- to fourfold lower than the comparative value reported in the literature against the same type of pathogen of human origin.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of some antimicrobial drugs against bacteria causing uterine infections in cattle.

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oxytetracycline, cephapirin, cephapirin/mecillinam, cefquinome, ceftiofur and enrofloxacin, candidate antibiotics for the principal bacteria associated with uterine infections: Escherichia coli, Arcanobacterium pyogenes and the anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella melaninogenicus, were determined by the agar dilution method. The bacteria were isolated from animals with clinical metritis and/or endometritis. For E coli, cefquinome and enrofloxacin had the lowest MIC90 and MIC50 values (< 0.06 microg/ml), and oxytetracycline and cephapirin had the highest values. For A pyogenes, oxytetracycline had the highest MIC50 value (16 microg/ml), but all the cephalosporins had values below 0.06 microg/ml. For the anaerobic bacteria, enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline had the highest MIC50 values but all the cephalosporins had values of 0.06 microg/ml or below.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed1983

Aminoglycoside inactivation by penicillins and cephalosporins and its impact on drug-level monitoring.

The degree of in vitro inactivation of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin by various penicillins and cephalosporins was investigated. Serum samples were prepared that contained one aminoglycoside and one penicillin or cephalosporin. Each aminoglycoside was combined with each of the following: penicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cephapirin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. Each sample contained a final concentration of 10 micrograms/ml of gentamicin or tobramycin, or 35 micrograms/ml of amikacin, with 400 micrograms/ml of the beta-lactam antibiotic. Control samples containing only the aminoglycoside were used for comparison. Half of each mixture was frozen at -20 degrees C and the remainder was left at room temperature for 24 hours. The samples were assayed for aminoglycoside content by a radioimmunoassay and each combination was compared with its control value. Based on the results, the beta-lactams can be divided into three groups: (1) cefazolin and cefamandole, which cause little inactivation; (2) nafcillin, cephapirin, and cefoxitin, which cause moderate inactivation; and (3) penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin, which cause marked inactivation. In general, tobramycin was the most reactive of the three aminoglycosides studied and amikacin the most stable. The frozen samples were much less affected than those left at room temperature. Freezing samples, if there will be a delay in assaying, and choosing aminoglycoside sampling times when the beta-lactam concentration is at a trough are recommended to minimize spurious aminoglycoside level determinations due to in vitro inactivation.

Amikacin↗
PubMed2001

Screening method for identification of beta-lactams in bovine urine by use of liquid chromatography and a microbial inhibition test.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a multiple-residue screening method for the detection of beta-lactams in bovine urine. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal Holstein cows and 6 calves. PROCEDURE: Pooled urine obtained from cows was used as a negative-control sample or spiked with varying concentrations of 6 beta-lactam antibiotics. Urine samples were prepared for liquid chromatography by diluting 1 ml of urine with 9 ml of 0.01M KH2PO4, 0.01 M Na2PO4, and filtering. Filtrate (2,000 ml) was eluted with a mobile phase in a gradient program. A fraction corresponding to each beta-lactam of interest was collected and evaporated to < 1 ml, and water then was added to achieve a 1 ml volume. The collected fraction was tested, using a microbial inhibition test. Then, calves were fed milk spiked with a mixture of 5 beta-lactam antibiotics at a concentration 40X the FDA tolerance in milk. Three hours following the feeding, urine samples were obtained from the calves and tested, as described for the urine samples for the cows. RESULTS: The lowest concentrations of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, desfuroylceftiofurcysteine, and penicillin G that were consistently detected in urine were 100, 10, 100, 250, 1,000, and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, desacetylcephapirin, and penicillin G were detected in urine samples of 6/6, 5/6, 0/6, 6/6, 2/6, and 3/6 calves respectively, fed antibiotic-spiked milk. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The integrated method described can be used to detect or identify beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine urine. This method can be used to test cattle for beta-lactam residues.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial activity of ofloxacin and other agents against mycobacterial isolates from postoperative sternotomy wounds.

In 1987 and 1988, 16 patients in a cardiothoracic hospital developed median sternotomy wound infections from Mycobacterium fortuitum or Mycobacterium chelonei (M fortuitum, 14 patients; M chelonei, two patients). For M fortuitum isolates, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (by agar dilution) of ofloxacin was 0.32 to 1.25 mg/L; of amikacin, 0.5 to 1 mg/L; of sulfadiazine, 16 to 256 mg/L; of imipenem, less than or equal to 2 to 4 mg/L; of cefoxitin, 4 to 16 mg/L; of ampicillin, 64 to greater than 256 mg/L; of cephapirin, 64 to 128 mg/L; of cefoperazone, greater than 256 mg/L; and of ceftazidime, greater than 256 mg/L. Addition of sulbactam to ampicillin and cefoperazone resulted in at least a four- to eight-fold reduction of their respective MICs. For M chelonei isolates, the MIC of ofloxacin was greater than 20 mg/L; of amikacin, 8 mg/L; of sulfadiazine, 64 mg/L; of imipenem, 8 mg/L; of cefoxitin, 16 mg/L; of ampicillin, 128 mg/L; of cephapirin, 128 mg/L; of cefoperazone, greater than 256 mg/L; and of ceftazidime, greater than 256 mg/L. Addition of sulbactam resulted in much smaller reductions of the MICs of ampicillin and cefoperazone. Synergism was noticed between ofloxacin and amikacin against M chelonei but not against M fortuitum. The results indicate that ofloxacin alone is as effective as the combination of ofloxacin and amikacin in treating M fortuitum, but not M chelonei, infection.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1987

[Sensitivity to beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics of clinical Proteus strains as dependent upon on their species classification and the source of their isolation].

Sensitivity of 130 Proteus clinical strains was studied. Among beta-lactam antibiotics cefotaxime showed marked advantages with respect to various Proteus species. All the isolates of Proteus mirabilis were sensitive to cefuroxime. Cefamezin and cephapirin were inferior by their activity to cefotaxime and cefuroxime. They were characterized by close antibacterial activity and almost complete cross resistance. Ampicillin and carbenicillin proved to be the least efficient among the tested beta-lactam antibiotics. Isolates of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus penneri were more resistant to the penicillins and cephalosporins than the cultures of Proteus mirabilis. Sensitivity of separate Proteus species to gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and amikacin was close. No cross resistance to the aminoglycosides was detected. Studies on the effect of different doses of the antibiotics revealed pronounced heterogeneity of Proteus by the feature of sensitivity to the tested antibiotics. The level of the heterogeneity was not the same for separate antibiotics. Cultures of Proteus mirabilis resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefamezin and cephapirin were more frequent in patients with urogenital infections as compared to patients with intestinal infections and suppurative-inflammatory processes of other localization.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1986

Comparative study of the biotype, hemolysin-producing capability and antibiogram of the aquatic and the clinical strains of Aeromonas hydrophila.

One hundred and seventy-two Aeromonas hydrophila strains were isolated from aquatic hosts including fish, turtle, frogs, shellfish and water itself. The aquatic organisms were compared with 45 clinical strains with regard to biotype, hemolysin, and antibiogram. The carrier rate of A. hydrophila in the aquatic environment was 61.7%. Of the aquatic strains 51% were hemolysin producers, equivalent to a capability for producing enterotoxin. The hemolysin-producing capability of aquatic strains was not significantly different from that of the clinical strains. The main code numbers or biotypes of aquatic strains were 3265 (29.4%), 3065 (17.5%), 7065 (9.6%), 7265, 3225 (each 8.5%). The main code number or biotypes of clinical strains were 3265 (36.1%), 3065 (9.8%), 7261 (6.6%), 2265, 3261 and 6241 (each 4.9%). Analysis of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of both aquatic and clinical A. hydrophila strains using the microbroth dilution method showed that there is no significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility. Most aquatic and clinical strains were highly susceptible to tobramycin, gentamicin, amikacin, cefuroxime, piperacillin, cefotaxime and cefoperazone. Most strains of aquatic A. hydrophila were highly susceptible to cefamandole and chloramphenicol; however, clinical strains were only moderately susceptible to the same drugs. Most aquatic and clinical strains were highly resistant to ampicillin, and moderately resistant to sulbenicillin. Clinical strains were moderately resistant to cephapirin; however, aquatic strains were moderately susceptible to cephapirin. Based on the above findings, we may considered aquatic environment be, at least partially, the source of clinical strains. Furthermore, biotypes of aquatic A. hydrophila do not correspond to antibiogram or hemolysin-producing patterns.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1985

[Beta-lactam antibiotic sensitivity of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urology patients].

Sensitivity of 172 strains of gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urine of urological patients was tested to the beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, cefradin, cerhazolin, cephapirin, cefotaxim, and cefuroxim. The method of two-fold serial dilutions in a meat-peptone agar was used. In the therapeutic concentrations the above antibiotics except carbenicillin, cefotaxim and cefuroxim had no inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa. With respect to E. coli the highest activity was observed with the use of carbenicillin and the new cephalosporins cephazolin, cephapirin, cefradin, cefotaxim and cefuroxim. A significant number of Proteus strains sensitive to the minimal concentrations of the cephalosporins and carbenicillin were detected. However, highly resistant strains were also isolated.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

[Comparative study of the interaction of cephalosporins with blood serum proteins and organ homogenates].

Interaction of 7 semisynthetic antibiotics (cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephradine, cephazolin, cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephapirin) with proteins of human, bovine and rabbit blood serum, as well as organ and tissue homogenates of rats was studied comparatively. The study showed that binding of the cephalosporins by the blood serum depended on both the chemical structure of the antibiotic and the species affiliation of the protein substrate. The binding lvels of cephazolin and cephalotin by the blood serum proteins (except bovine serum) were the highest, while the binding level of cephaloridine was the lowest. A significant decrease in the values of binding by the serum proteins of the drugs with high percentage of binding was observed when the drug concentrations in solution were increased. Binding of the cephalosporins by the blood serum proteins was in most cases completely reversible. The activity of the cephalosporins decreased in the presence of the rat organ and tissue homogenates. The levels of the activity decrease as compared to the theoretical ones were the highest with the use of cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephapirin. The lowest values of detection of these antibiotics were noted on their incubation with the liver, kidneys and lungs.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay for detection of residual penicillins in milk: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was performed on a Bacillus stearothermophilus paper disk method designed to detect residual levels of 4 antibiotic drugs in whole market milk. This method is a modification of an earlier procedure developed for the International Dairy Federation. Whole milk samples spiked at low levels with ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, and penicillin G were sent frozen to 11 collaborating laboratories with instructions to assay them promptly according to the method provided. Five of the laboratories reported inconclusive results due to technical difficulties encountered with the method. The 6 remaining laboratories all detected levels of 0.005-0.008 microgram or unit/mL for penicillin G, ampicillin, and cephapirin and 0.05-0.08 microgram/mL for cloxacillin. The most commonly used official methods, the Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus luteus) cylinder plate method and the Bacillus subtilis paper disk method, can detect levels of 0.01 and 0.05 unit penicillin G/mL, respectively. The B. stearothermophilus method is rapid, simple to perform, and more sensitive than present official methods. The method has been adopted as official first action for the detection of penicillins in milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Pharmacy and therapeutics committee review of the parenteral cephalosporins.

The process by which a 530-bed university hospital reduced, from three to one, the number of parenteral cephalosporins in its formulary is discussed. In January 1975, cephapirin sodium was added to the formulary which already included cefazolin sodium and cephalothin sodium. Nine months later, the pharmacy and therapeutics committee decided to delete cephapirin and cephalothin from the formulary. The pharmacy department had supplied background information to the committee, and infectious disease specialists advised the committee. The decision was ratified by the executive committee of the medical staff. The rationale for the decision and its implementation, including staff communications, are discussed.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1984

Five cephalosporins: pharmacokinetics and their relation to antibacterial potency.

In a group of adult volunteers, pharmacokinetic profiles of five cephalosporins were correlated with their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs90) against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Subjects received the following intravenous regimens in a randomized, crossover fashion: (1) 0.5 gm, 1 gm, or 2 gm of cefazolin; (2) 2 gm of cephalothin; (3) 1 gm of cephapirin; (4) 1 gm of cefoxitin; or (5) 0.5 gm of cefamandole. The 500-mg dose of cefazolin produced serum concentrations that exceeded those of any of the other cephalosporins at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after administration. The area under the curve for this dose of cefazolin was at least twice that of any of the other antibiotics. Two hours after a 500-mg dose of cefazolin, serum levels exceeded the MIC90 for all seven groups of pathogens; at six hours, the 500-mg dose of cefazolin continued to achieve serum levels above the MIC90 against the majority of bacterial groups. In contrast, at two hours after administration none of the other cephalosporins maintained serum levels above the MIC90 for all pathogens; at six hours, the levels of cephapirin were adequate to inhibit the two streptococci, but serum levels of all other cephalosporins were inadequate to inhibit any of the pathogens. These data indicate that a 500-mg dose of cefazolin maintains serum levels above the MICs90 longer than any of the other cephalosporins tested and support the use of a 500-mg dose of cefazolin every eight hours for surgical prophylaxis and treatment of most community-acquired infections. Such a comparatively low dosage offers substantial savings to both patient and hospital.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Study of the interaction between human serum albumin and some cephalosporins.

Dialysis and microcalorimetric methods were used to calculate the binding parameters of some cephalosporins to human serum albumin (HSA) and to study the nature of the interactions involved in the binding process. Dialysis results agree with microcalorimetric data for cephapirin, cephradin, cefamandole, and cefazolin. Binding forces seem to be principally electrostatic. The parts of the drug molecule involved in HSA drug binding have been identified by high-resolution NMR. The major binding site for cephalosporins with high HSA affinity is thought to be the electron-rich heterocyle fixed on the methylene at position 3. Four classes of cephalosporin have been defined: (a) very weak affinity for HSA (cephalexin, cephradin); (b) moderate affinity (cephapirin, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime) in which binding to the protein involves the heterocycle substituent of the acetamide chain carbon atom; (c) strongly binding (cefamandole), in which binding to HSA is by means of the methyltetrazole ring; and, finally (d), cefazolin, with two classes of binding sites for protein, showing strong and moderate affinity.

Calorimetry↗
PubMed1981

Interference of cephalosporins and cefoxitin with serum creatinine determination.

The interference of cephalosporins and cefoxitin with serum creatinine (Crs) determinations was studied. Various concentrations of cephapirin, cefazolin, cefamandole, cephalothin, and cefoxitin were added to serum samples. Apparent creatinine concentrations were measured with the Beckman ASTRA, Technicon SMAC, and DuPont ACA analyzers. Pharmacokinetic models were used to predict serum drug concentrations as a function of time and renal function and to estimate the magnitude of interference in varying situations. The magnitude of the interference was proportional to the concentration of the drug in the sample and additive with baseline concentrations of creatinine in the serum. Negligible interferences occurred with cephapirin, cefazolin, and cefamandole. False elevations (i.e., Crs greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/dl over baseline) were detected with clinically achievable serum concentrations of cephalothin and cefoxitin. For patients with normal renal function (creatinine clearance greater than 50 ml/min), this drug interaction would be negligible from 20 minutes to two hours after drug administration, depending on the assay used. For patients with renal failure, measurable interferences could persist for up to 16 hours after dose administration. The critical concentrations were different for the three procedures and both antibiotics. The degree of interference varies with the assay procedure used, the serum concentration of the drug, and the patient's renal function. To minimize drug interference, blood samples for serum creatinine determinations should be drawn at the time of minimum drug concentration.

Cefoxitin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Agarose gel electrophoretic detection of six beta-lactam antibiotic residues in milk.

An electrophoretic method coupled with bioautography was developed for detection and identification of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cephapirin, and ceftiofur residues in milk. The method uses a 2% agarose gel for electrophoresis, an overlay of PM indicator agar seeded with Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, and incubation at 55 degrees C for 16-18 h. The new method separated and detected residues in milk at the levels of concern for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for penicillin G (5 ppb), cephapirin (20 ppb), and ceftiofur (50 ppb). The method also detected ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cloxacillin at 20, 30, and 30 ppb, respectively, but these levels are above those of concern for FDA (10 ppb).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous multiresidue analysis of beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and confirmation by electrospray mass spectrometry.

A multiresidue analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin, cephapirin, procaine penicillin G, ampicillin, cloxacillin, and ceftiofur in bovine milk. The method involved ultrafiltration of milk diluted with an equal volume of 50% acetonitrile through a 10,000 dalton molecular mass cutoff filter. Separation of these beta-lactam antibiotics from other milk components was performed by ion-paired (octane- and dodecanesulfonate) liquid chromatography using a phenyl column eluted with acetonitrile-water solution. Ultraviolet absorbance of the column effluent was monitored in the 200-350 nm range of a photodiode-array detector. For quantitation, the chromatograms were acquired at lambda 210 nm for penicillin G, ampicillin, and cloxacillin; lambda 230 nm for amoxicillin; and lambda 290 for cephapirin, procaine, and ceftiofur. The limit of detection for the simultaneous determination of these antibiotics was estimated to be 100 ppb. Liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry could be used to confirm these antibiotics for quantities down to 100 pg entering the mass spectrometer.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Electrospray ionization and tandem ion trap mass spectrometry for the confirmation of seven beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk.

The feasibility of a technique to confirm the presence of residues from seven beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk has been demonstrated. The technique makes use of electrospray ionization and tandem ion trap mass spectrometry. Residues are first extracted from milk by reversed-phase solid phase extraction. Target analytes are separated by on-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography and ionized in the electrospray interface. The product ion mass spectra are acquired following collision-induced dissociation of protonated molecules. Confirmation is based on comparison of full scan spectra between unknowns and bona fide standards. The feasibility of this technique has been demonstrated for the six beta-lactams currently approved for use in lactating dairy cattle (penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cephapirin and ceftiofur) and a drug not approved for animal use, cefazolin. The technique has been applied to control milk fortified at 5 ng/mL of penicillin G and 10 ng/mL of the other six drugs.

Amoxicillin↗