Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cephalothin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Clinical evaluation of cefotiam (CGP/14221) versus cephalothin in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

A study was carried out in 35 patients with urinary tract infections to compare the efficacy and tolerance of cefotiam and cephalothin. Patients received at random either 1 g cefotiam twice daily (19 patients) or 1 g cephalothin 4-times daily (16 patients) parenterally over a period of 10 days. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed mainly on disappearance of bacteriuria. Only 1 patient of those receiving cefotiam failed to respond and suffered a delayed relapse. Five patients failed to respond to cephalothin: in 3 of them bacteriuria persisted throughout treatment and there was relapse in the other 2 patients. The time for the disappearance of bacteriuria was significantly shorter in the cefotiam group.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Serum and dialyzate concentrations of intraperitoneal cephalothin in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

The pharmacokinetics of cephalothin sodium were studied in seven patients with chronic renal failure undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 100 mg of cephalothin per liter dialyzate were administered intraperitoneally during nine dialysis cycles with 2 liters of dialysis fluid per cycle. Serum levels of the antibiotic, measured microbiologically during the first, fifth and ninth dwell time, revealed peak values of 3.5 +/- 1.7 mg/l, 5.6 +/- 2.2 mg/l and 5.3 +/- 2.5 mg/l, respectively. The mean concentration in the dialysis outflow was 23.6 +/- 15.6 mg/l (range: 2.0-78.7 mg/l). Intraperitoneally administered cephalothin is well tolerated. Serum levels exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentrations of most gram positive bacteria causing peritonitis in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A comparative study of cephapirin, cephalothin, and methicillin in cardiovascular surgery.

An open, randomized study involving 217 patients undergoing elective cardiovascular surgery was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of cephapirin, cephalothin, and methicillin in preventing postoperative infections. One of the three antibiotics was assigned randomly to each patient and administered beginning 2 h before operation and continuing every 6 h for 5 days. There was no significant difference between the three study groups with respect to the incidence of infection (p = 0.9913). In both the cephalothin and methicillin groups, seven patients developed adverse reactions as compared with two patients in the cephapirin group. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.0788). The results from the investigation indicate that cephapirin, cephalothin, and methicillin are equally effective as prophylactic antibiotics when used perioperatively for cardiovascular surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[The pharmacokinetics of cephalothin during the late stage of pregnancy and in the course of labour (author's transl)].

Using an open one- and two-compartment model, the authors studied the kinetics of cephalothin during pregnancy and in the course of labour as well as in a group of non-pregnant women. They found that the parenteral application of cephalothin leads to therapeutic levels in the serum, tissues and urine also during pregnancy and in the course of labour. The bearing of pregnancy and labour on the kinetics of cephalothin is but insignificant; consequently, no modification of the pharmacotherapy will be necessary.

Cephalothin↗
PubMed1994

Whole-blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosa bleeding time, and serum cephalothin concentration in dogs receiving a presurgical antibiotic protocol.

Whole-blood platelet aggregation (using the impedance method) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, buccal mucosal bleeding time (BT), and serum cephalothin concentration were measured in 21 adult female Beagles before (PRE) and 1 hour (1 HR) after IV administration of cephalothin (22 mg/kg). A second injection of cephalothin (22 mg/kg) was given 3 hours after the first, and blood samples were obtained 1 hour (4 HR, 4 hours after the first injection) and 3 hours (6 HR, 6 hours after the first injection) after the second injection. Samples of jugular blood were obtained from each dog, using citrate as an anticoagulant. A platelet count was obtained for each sample. Platelet aggregation and ATP released from the aggregating platelets were measured within 1 hour of sample collection, using a whole-blood aggregometer. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen were used as aggregating agents. Aggregation was measured over 6 minutes for each aggregating agent; ATP release in response to collagen, but not to ADP, was measured over the same period. For 1 HR samples, there was a significant (P < 0.01) reduction from PRE values in the ability of platelets to aggregate in response to ADP. Bleeding time was determined, using a published procedure, with each dog as its own control. Bleeding time during the same period was found to be significantly increased over PRE values for 1 HR (P < 0.01) and 6 HR (P < 0.02) samples. There was no significant difference between BT for 1 HR and 4 HR samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1977

Double-blind study to investigate methods to prevent cephalothin-induced phlebitis.

Methods which might be useful in preventing cephalothin-induced phlebitis following intravenous administration of the buffered drug were investigated. One hundred and twenty adult orthopedic patients were assigned randomly to either a control group or one of five treatment groups. The treatment regimens studied were: addition of hydrocortisone phosphate 10 mg to each liter of intravenous fluid; addition of heparin 1,000 units to each liter of intravenous fluid; addition of heparin 500 units and hydrocortisone phosphate 1 mg to each liter of intravenous fluid; addition of heparin 1,000 units and hydrocortisone phosphate 10 mg to each liter of intravenous fluid; and filtration of intravenous solutions through a 0.22-mum inline filter. All patients in the study received intravenous buffered cephalothin at a dosage of 1 g every six hours for a minimum of 48 hours. Phlebitis was assessed every 12 hours according to predetermined criteria. Significant differences were found in the incidence of phlebitis at 48 hours between the control group and the last three study groups (see above). It is concluded that postinfusion phlebitis following cephalothin administration can be reduced by the concomitant addition of heparin and hydrocortisone to the intravenous solution or by the use of an inline 0.22-mum final filter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The penetration characteristics of cefazolin, cephalothin, and cephradine into bone in patients undergoing total hip replacement.

Preoperatively, to prevent infection, seventy-one patients who were to have total hip arthroplasty were given one gram of cephalothin, cephradine, or cefazolin intravenously. Simultaneous samples of bone and serum were obtained after various time intervals and assayed for cephalosporin concentration to correlate the antibiotic concentrations in these sites with time. Of the cephalosporins tested, cefazolin achieved the highest total peak levels in bone (thirty micrograms per gram), followed in descending order by cephradine (twenty-three micrograms per gram) and cephalothin (2.8 micrograms per gram). These peak levels in bone, reached twenty-five to forty minutes after injection, were sixty, 6.7, and fifteen times higher than the usual mean minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefazolin, cephradine, and cephalothin, respectively, for penicillin-resistant staphylococci. The half-lives of the antibiotics in bone were forty-two, forty, and thirty minutes, respectively.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Tobramycin and cephalothin for treatment of suspected sepsis in neutropenic children with cancer.

The safety and efficacy of tobramycin and cephalothin in treatment of suspected sepsis were studied in neutropenic children with various malignancies. Twenty episodes of suspected sepsis in 19 febrile children with cancer were treated with parenteral tobramycin and cephalothin; the duration of therapy ranged from one to 80 days. In 14 of the 20 episodes of suspected sepsis, a favorable clinical response was achieved within five days after initiation of antibiotic therapy. These episodes included a urinary tract infection with Proteus mirabilis and sepsis due to Escherichia coli. In four of the additional six episodes, clinical deterioration was though to be caused by the underlying malignancies. Two episodes included a case of E. coli spesis that ended fatally and a nosocomial infection with Eikenella corrodens. Results of this study suggest that combination therapy with tobramycin and cephalothin is safe and efficacious in treatment of suspected sepsis in febrile children with malignancies and neutropenia.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed2005

Molecular dynamics simulations of the TEM-1 beta-lactamase complexed with cephalothin.

Herein, we present theoretical results aimed at elucidating the origin of the kinetic preference for penicillins over cephalosporins characteristic of the TEM/SHV subgroup of class A beta-lactamases. First, we study the conformational properties of cephalothin showing that the C2-down conformer of the dihydrothiazine ring is preferred over the C2-up one by approximately 2 kcal/mol in solution (0.4-1.4 kcal/mol in the gas phase). Second, the TEM-1 beta-lactamase complexed with cephalothin is investigated by carrying out a molecular dynamics simulation. The DeltaG(binding) energy is then estimated using molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) and quantum chemical PBSA (QM-PBSA) computational schemes. The preferential binding of benzylpenicillin over cephalothin is reproduced by the different energetic calculations, which predict relative DeltaDeltaG(binding) energies ranging from 1.8 to 5.7 kcal/mol. The benzylpenicillin/cephalothin DeltaDeltaG(binding) energy is most likely due to the lower efficacy of cephalosporins than that of penicillins in order to simultaneously bind the "carboxylate pocket" and the "oxyanion hole" in the TEM-1 active site.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

A comparison of the use of cephalothin and oxacillin in vascular surgery.

A randomized trial comparing two prophylactic antibiotics in vascular surgery was reviewed retrospectively. Two hundred thirty-two patients were given cephalothin sodium, and 168 patients were given oxacillin sodium. The overall incidence of wound infection was 1.5%; there was only one prosthetic graft infection in 346 patients in whom prosthetic material was used. There was no significant difference in wound infection between the groups. When postoperative infection in other areas was considered, however, it appeared that cephalothin was a more suitable antibiotic for treatment of these infections despite its use prophylactically. Although this trial was uncontrolled, the low overall incidence of wound and graft infection would appear to support the use of prophylactic antibiotics in vascular surgery.

Blood Vessel Prosthesis↗
PubMed1976

Association of renal injury with combined cephalothin-gentamicin therapy among patients severely ill with malignant disease.

There is a high incidence of primary renal tubule damage among patients with malignant disease who die following recent treatment with combinations of cephalothin and gentamicin. Administration of this combination of antibiotics appears to make the patient appreciably more susceptible to severe renal injury if an additional, often minor, insult to the renal tubules is superimposed. In the present study, significant blood loss or bacterial infection not promptly controlled by the antibiotic combination were two factors that provided this additional insult to many patients; the renal injury in these patients could not be attributed to bleeding or infection alone. The combination of cephalothin plus gentamicin carries the potential of causing renal tubule injury and places the patient severely ill with malignant disease at risk for renal failure from many clinical complications which are commonly associated with their primary illness.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1985

Cephalothin: hydrolysis of the C-3'-acetoxy moiety of a 7-aminocephalosporanic acid; observation of both acyl-oxygen bond cleavage and reversible alkyl-oxygen bond cleavage.

The aqueous solution chemistry of the C-3'-acetoxy moiety of cephalothin sodium (1b) was examined with the use of isotopically labeled H2(18)O and [2-13C]acetate anion. The 18O incorporation studies indicate that the hydrolysis (at pH 4.7 +/- 0.1) of 1b to the deacetyl derivative of cephalothin (2b) proceeds via two pathways: alkyl-oxygen bond cleavage (55-63%) and acyl-oxygen bond cleavage accounting for the remainder. The incorporation of [2-13C]acetate into 1b suggests that the alkyl-oxygen cleavage pathway is a reversible reaction.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1975

[Cephalothin and platelet enzymes in chronic renal failures].

Cephalothin inhibits the activities of platelet enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase and NADH-cytochrome-c-reductase in patients with chronic renal failure. Two hours after Cephalothin administration the return of enzyme activities to baseline values was dependent on the severity of the chronic renal failure, and the higher the serum-creatinine concentration, the slower was the return to original enzyme activities.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1978

[Interference of the tissue concentration of antibiotics with a salidiuretic. Behaviour of cephradine and cephalothin in brain tissue after additional administration of furosemide (author's transl)].

Serum and brain tissue concentrations were determined after i.v. administration of 4 g cephradine to 11 patients of whom 6 were additionally receiving 40 mg furosemide t.i.d. peroral. Five further patients were given 4 g cephalothin i.v. All patients were undergoing a brain operation at the time of antibiotic administration. Between 60 and 100 min after dosage, cephradine decreased in the serum from 104.9 mcg/ml to 56.7 mcg/ml and in the brain tissue from 13.02 mcg/g to 8.37 mcg/g in the mean. Cephradine concentrations in serum were higher and in brain tissue lower when furosemide was given as well. These differences are statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Serum concentrations of cephalothin over the same period and in the absence of furosemide were very low with 32.2 mcg/ml at 60 to 70 min, and extremely low in the brain tissue (0.55 mcg/g in the mean) so that a trial with furosemide was not performed. Neither antibiotic was detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid. The differences in serum and brain tissue concentrations of cephradine in the presence and absence of furosemide demonstrate that special care must be taken when administering more than one drug.

Brain Chemistry↗
PubMed1982

Pharmacokinetic studies of azlocillin, mezlocillin, cephalothin and sisomicin in rabbits.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of two new acylureido penicillins (azlocillin and mezlocillin) and of cephalothin and sisomicin were compared in rabbits after the subcutaneous administration of 50 mg or 100 mg. It was found that the highest serum level of the antibiotics was reached 15 to 30 min after administration. Only sisomicin, applied in a higher dosage, reached its peak value after 60 min. The half-lives for azlocillin and mezlocillin were 1.35 h and 1.38 h, respectively. The half-lives for cephalothin and sisomicin were 0.65 h and 5.7 h, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cephalothin, cefoxitin, or metronidazole in elective colonic surgery? A single-blind randomized trial.

A randomized controlled trial aimed at comparing the individual efficacy of cephalothin, cefoxitin, and metronidazole in the prevention of postoperative wound infection was performed among 74 colorectal surgical patients. Of 28 patients on cephalothin, seven (25 per cent) developed a postoperative infection, but among 23 patients in each of the other two groups, only one (4 per cent) in each group became infected. These results confirm the primary importance of anaerobes in the causation of postoperative sepsis after colorectal surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Prospective, randomized, controlled trial of ticarcillin and cephalothin as prophylactic antibiotics for gastrointestinal operations.

The effectiveness of ticarcillin (one 6 g dose at the start of the operation) and cephalothin (three 2 g doses given at 4 hour intervals from the start of the operation) as prophylactic antibiotics in operations on the colon, stomach, small bowel or obstructed biliary tract was determined in a prospective, randomized, blind study of 190 patients. Data from the 152 patients forming the definitive study revealed a significant reduction in the rate of wound and peritoneal infections with the use of ticarcillin (3.4 percent) and cephalothin (5.3 percent) over that with the use of a placebo (27.8 percent). Cultures showed no evidence of antibiotic resistance in the contaminant organisms of patients who later developed infections. Both antibiotic regimens offered excellent protection against infection after gastrointestinal operations; neither produced untoward side effects. The very short duration of treatment, particularly with ticarcillin, conferred the additional benefits of low cost, simplicity of drug administration, and negligible risk of the emergence of resistant bacterial strains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Depletion of renal cortical glutathione and nephrotoxicity by cephaloridine, cephalothin and gentamicin in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Cephaloridine and gentamicin are selectively accumulated in renal cortex and produce necrosis or proximal tubular cells. However, the mechanisms responsible for renal cortical accumulation of these two antibiotics are quite different; therefore the early pathogenetic processes may not be the same. In the present study, effects of two cephalosporins (cephaloridine and cephalothin) and an aminoglycoside (gentamicin) on rat renal cortical glutathione were determined. Cephaloridine produced a dose-related depletion of renal cortical glutathione one hour following a single administration of the drug. In contrast, cephalothin in equivalent doses did not reduce renal cortical glutathione. Gentamicin had no effect on renal cortical glutathione, even when an acutely lethal dose (1000 mg/kg) was used. Pretreatment of rats with diethyl maleate (0.4 ml/kg) markedly depleted renal cortical glutathione and this pretreatment also potentiated cephaloridine nephrotoxicity. These results suggest that glutathione may play a protective role against cephaloridine but not gentamicin nephrotoxicity.

Animals↗