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PubMed1986

Address register research for the 1991 census of Canada.

"The current Canadian census is based on the local enumerator who lists and visits each dwelling in his/her enumeration area to drop off the questionnaires just before census day. Other approaches to compiling an address list exist, however. This paper describes current research into the use of an address register for the next Canadian census, to take place in 1991. Possible applications of an address register are described, earlier research is summarized and potential sources for an address register in the Canadian context are mentioned. The paper concludes with a number of concerns which must be addressed in addition to the more technical issues."

Americas↗
PubMed1986

Topic selection for the Australian census of population and housing.

"We describe how topics were selected for the Australian Census of Population and Housing. Australia has adopted an open assessment of topics submitted by users and the general public and then performed field tests of difficult or sensitive questions. For the 1986 Census, special attention was given to the development of a census question on ethnic origin."

Australia↗
PubMed1986

Censuses of population and housing in Africa: some issues and problems.

"A census of population and housing, which contributes immensely to the development of social statistics and national statistical services in general, has been carried out at least once in every African country except Chad. The common issues and widespread practices of design, implementation, processing, and evaluation of this census are reviewed. Also reviewed are the problems that arise at each of these stages of conducting the census; problems arising as a result of the socio-economic and physical peculiarities of African conditions."

Africa↗
PubMed1992

U.S. census data uses.

"This article examines the principal applications of the statistics yielded by the 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing. Before doing so, however, a framework of census policy and operational features that directly influenced the content of the questionnaires will be outlined.... Having established this background, the uses of census data will be addressed, citing case examples in some instances, for...major groups of data users."

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Interfacing U.S. census map files with statistical graphics software: application and use in epidemiology.

In 1990, the United States Bureau of the Census released detailed geographic map files known as TIGER/Line (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing). The TIGER files, accessible through purchase or federal repository libraries, contain 24 billion characters of data describing various geographic features including coastlines, hydrography, transportation networks, political boundaries, etc. for the entire United States. Many of these physical features are of potential interest in epidemiological case studies. Unfortunately, the TIGER data base only provides raw alphanumeric data; no utility software, graphical or otherwise, is included. Recently, the S statistical software package has been extended to include a map display function. The map function augments S's high-level approach towards statistical analysis and graphical display of data. Coupling this statistical software with the map data base developed for U.S. Census data collection will facilitate epidemiological research. We discuss the technical background necessary to utilize the TIGER data base for mapping with S. Two types of S maps, segment-based and polygon-based, are discussed along with methods to construct them from TIGER data. Polygon-based maps are useful for displaying regional statistical data, such as disease rates or incidence at the census tract level. Segment-based maps are easier to assemble and are appropriate when the data are not regionalized. Census tract data of AIDS incidence in San Francisco and lung cancer case locations relative to petrochemical refinery sites in Contra Costa County are used to illustrate the methods and potential uses of interfacing the TIGER data base with S.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Clusters of census tracts with high proportions of men with distant-stage prostate cancer incidence in New Jersey, 1995 to 1999.

BACKGROUND: Although the etiology of prostate cancer is uncertain, cancer control programs need to know the factors that contribute to variations in prostate cancer incidence from place to place. Geographic patterns of prostate cancer cases diagnosed at the distant stage are particularly important, because survival is substantially lower than for prostate cancer diagnosed at earlier stages. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize clusters of census tracts in New Jersey with significantly high proportions of men diagnosed with distant-stage prostate cancer. METHODS: Prostate cancer cases diagnosed in New Jersey residents from 1995 to 1999 (n=30,505) were geocoded at the census tract level (n=1938) based on their residences at time of diagnosis. A spatial scan statistic (SaTScan) then was applied to identify clusters of census tracts with elevated proportions of cases of distant stage prostate cancer, using a case-control Bernoulli probability model study design. Distant-stage prostate cancers were defined as cases (n=1230), and all other prostate cancers as controls. Population characteristics from the 1990 Census for the area of the most likely cluster were compared to the remainder of the state. RESULTS: SaTScan identified a large geographic area in northeast New Jersey as the most likely cluster (RR=1.25, p=0.001). Compared to the remainder of the state, the underlying population in the most likely cluster area had higher proportions of African-American, Hispanic, and Asian men, and was more likely to be foreign-born, undereducated, in poverty, and have limited English speaking ability. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analyses of late stage prostate cancer cases can provide additional insights into less favorable outcomes for disadvantaged populations and racial and ethnic minorities.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lung cancer in relation to residence in census tracts with toxic-waste disposal sites: a case-control study in Niagara County, New York.

Nine selected census tracts containing 12 toxic-waste disposal sites with known or suspected lung carcinogens were identified in Niagara County, New York. Analysis of death certificates of 339 lung cancer cases (decedents) and 676 controls who died of other causes excluding respiratory diseases in 1978-1981 showed no association between death from lung cancer and residence in the selected census tracts (odds ratio = 0.95; 95% confidence interval = 0.65-1.38). Analysis of mail questionnaires from surrogate respondents for 209 lung cancer decedents and 417 controls showed no significant association between lung cancer and a history of ever having resided in the selected census tracts (age-adjusted odds ratio = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.78-1.76) and no significant interaction between such residence and cigarette smoking. Duration of residence in the selected census tracts did not differ between cases and controls. The limitations of this low-cost study design, in terms of response rates and potential misclassification of exposure, were discussed along with its value in interim studies of potentially hazardous dumpsites (prior to more intensive case-control or other studies using better exposure data).

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Unemployment and mortality: comparison of the 1971 and 1981 longitudinal study census samples.

Mortality in the period 1981-3 among men in the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys longitudinal study who were seeking work in 1981 was examined to investigate whether the finding of a high mortality rate among a comparable group of men who were followed up from the 1971 Census was repeated despite appreciable changes in the size and structure of the labour force over the intervening years. The pattern of mortality shortly after both censuses suggests that sick unemployed men were not categorised as seeking work, and it is concluded that for both samples the mortality of those who were reported to be seeking work was raised for reasons other than initial poor health. Other findings from the two censuses are also broadly similar. If confirmed after longer follow up this will add considerably to the evidence of the adverse health consequences of unemployment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Census based deprivation indices: their weighting and validation.

KEY ISSUES--Over one hundred years of social science research has shown that different social groups have different probabilities of suffering from multiple deprivation; yet census based deprivation indices frequently assign equal weightings to each of their component variables. This becomes highly problematic when these indices are used as the basis for allocating resources to local and health authorities. In order to ensure fairness and accuracy in resource allocation these indices should be both weighted and validated. STUDY RESULTS--Weightings are derived from the Breadline Britain in the 1990s survey to produce a census based deprivation index that estimates the percentage of poor households at electoral ward level. Examples of validation methodology are discussed and the estimate of the proportion of poor households is shown to be highly correlated with both low income and morbidity as estimated from the 1991 census. DATA SOURCES--The 1991 census local base statistics (LBS) and small area statistics (SAS) aggregated for the 8519 electoral wards of England. The Breadline Britain in the 1990s survey: a nationally representative survey of 1831 households specifically designed to measure poverty and multiple deprivation.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1986

Census based mortality study of pharmaceutical industry workers.

This study was designed to investigate whether the mortality of British pharmaceutical industry workers showed any evidence of occupationally related patterns associated with particular sections of the industry with special emphasis on cancers and respiratory diseases. The data were extracted from census schedules by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys using occupational categories recorded by pharmaceutical workers at the 1961 and 1971 censuses of England and Wales. Subsequent mortality was ascertained through the National Health Service Central Registry. Both cohorts, followed up to the end of 1981, showed a "healthy worker effect," with overall SMRs ranging from 0.77 to 1.04, though comparison with the employed populations of the longitudinal study reduced this effect by 25%. Evidence of inconsistent excess mortality was noted in small numbers for suicide (SMR 0.91 to 2.79) and cancer of the large intestine (SMR 1.09 to 2.38). There was no clear association between the type of industry and the causes of death investigated. Although the census based study has several methodological shortcomings, there was no evidence, on the basis of this study, to suggest any excess mortality risk from employment in the pharmaceutical industry.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The quality of retrospective questions about occupational history--a comparison between survey and census data.

The main purpose of the present study was to assess the quality of information about occupational history obtained via retrospective interview questions. This assessment is achieved by linking interview data from the Swedish survey of Living Conditions (ULF) with occupational information about the same individuals obtained from a number of censuses. This has been done for the census years 1960, 1970, 1975 and 1980. In both ULF and the census, occupations have been classified according to the Nordic Occupational Classification (NYK). Both data sources contain errors. There are also differences in definitions and measurement procedures. Still, the survey question on occupational history gives results of good quality in terms of agreement with census data. This is especially the case for coarse levels of the classification scheme (NYK 1-digit level). The agreement is somewhat lower for the comparisons farthest back in time.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Socio-economic factors and mortality among 25-64 year olds followed from 1991 to 1994: the New Zealand Census-Mortality Study.

AIM: To measure the association of income, education, occupational class, small area socio-economic deprivation, car access and labour force status with mortality among 25-64 year old males and females using the 1991 census-cohort of the New Zealand Census-Mortality Study. METHODS: Mortality records for 1991-94 were anonymously and probabilistically linked to 1991 census records, thereby creating a cohort study of all New Zealand census respondents. Odds ratios of mortality comparing categories of each socio-economic factor were calculated using logistic regression. For income, education and deprivation (NZDep91) a modified relative index of inequality (RII(10:90)) was calculated. The RII(10:90) estimates the relative risk of mortality for low socio-economic people (10th percentile rank) compared to high socio-economic people (90 percentile rank) allowing direct comparisons across socio-economic factors. RESULTS: The relative risk of all-cause mortality for 25-64 year old males with an equivalised household income less than $20,000, compared to greater than $50,000, was 2.16 (95% confidence interval 1.99 to 2.34). For females, this relative risk was 1.68 (1.52 to 1.86). Using the RII(10:90) all-cause mortality was 2.22, 1.94 and 1.58 times greater among low compared to high socio-economic males for income, NZDep91 and education, respectively. For females, these RII(10:90) estimates were 1.77, 1.69 and 1.57, respectively. By cause of death, the strongest gradients were observed for respiratory diseases, followed by lung cancer, cardiovascular disease and unintentional injury. For suicide deaths, unemployed males and females had 2.70 (1.84 to 3.95) and 2.86 (1.19 to 6.85) greater rates than the employed. CONCLUSIONS: There are strong socio-economic gradients for all-cause mortality and most specific causes of mortality among both males and female adults in New Zealand, regardless of the choice of socio-economic factor. The gradients were strongest for income, followed by small area deprivation and education, and strongest for 'preventable' causes of death.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of ward population estimates from FHSA patient registers with the 1991 Census.

"Postcode addresses from National Health Service patient registers for Norfolk and Suffolk [counties in England] current on census day 1991 were assigned to census wards, and estimates of populations in wards were produced for the total population and for twelve age-sex groups. These were compared with adjusted counts of usual residents from the 1991 Census." The results indicate that family health service authority registers "are an acceptable alternative to the census for population estimation purposes. This supports recent arguments for wider use of population registers and suggests that they may be particularly valuable as a source of intercensal information."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1976

Annual fertility rates from Census data on own children: comparisons with vital statistics data for the United States.

This paper begins by describing the procedure and data requirements for calculating annual fertility rates from census data on own children. Then, using data from the United States Censuses of 1960 and 1970, fully adjusted estimates are presented and compared with recorded vital statistics rates. Total fertility estimates derived from own children data for whites average less than two percent lower than the recorded rates- a difference that can be attributed partially to the fact that the estimates are adjusted for net census undercount but the recorded rates are not. Even without adjustments for mortality, children not living with their mothers, and net census undercount, the own children data estimates accurately replicate recorded trends (even though the levels are misspecified). The utility of own children data for the study of differential fertility is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The hidden component in census-derived migration data: assessing its size and distribution.

Comparison of Norwegian "linked" decennial census data with statistics compiled from 10 years' migration registrations showed that the amount of movement omitted by census data was considerable. This hidden movement was of a similar order at every administrative level, but only when total movement was considered. There was wide variation between regions, migration directions, and streams. In some cases census data misrepresented the direction of net movement. Available evidence suggests that these patterns are not confined to Norway, raising the possibility that research findings based on census-derived migration data may merely be artifacts of the data.

Demography↗
PubMed1990

Racial and ethnic differences in U.S. census omission rates.

This article assesses differences in rates of omission across seven race-ethnicity groups in the 1980 census to learn more about the social factors that condition census enumeration. Findings indicate that there are multiple sources of error, that these sources reflect distinctive ethnic attributes to a greater degree than shared minority status, and that census omissions have both inadvertent and motivational causes. The discussion notes some of the implications for improving coverage in future censuses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

High and low surgical procedure rates in census divisions across Canada.

This paper identifies outliers (unusually high or low values) among rates of 39 surgical procedures in 255 Canadian census divisions. Surgery rates for the two-year period from April 1988 through March 1990 were standardized for age and sex, and then "normalized" to adjust for differences in census division population sizes. Among the 39 procedures, a total of 402 outlying census division rates were found, of which 48 were deemed to be very high, 254 high, 79 low, and 21 very low. The results are presented for individual procedures, by province, and for the 16 census divisions in which medical schools and their associated teaching hospitals are located.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Mortality among blacks living in census tracts with public housing projects in Hartford, Connecticut.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined mortality among blacks (African Americans) living in census tracts with a large public housing project(s). DESIGN: Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), or the ratios of observed to expected numbers of deaths, from all causes and from selected specific causes were analyzed. SETTING: SMRs were analyzed for 1988-91 for blacks in four census tracts in Hartford, CT. Expected numbers of deaths were based on age-specific death rates for all blacks in the city. RESULTS: The SMR for all causes of death combined was statistically significantly elevated for black male (but not black female) residents of the four census tracts combined, due in part to statistically significantly elevated SMRs for both cancer and cardiovascular diseases (and for the subcategory of coronary heart disease). However, differences in SMRs for black males were evident among the four census tracts, which did not appear to be explained by differences in black poverty rates among these tracts. CONCLUSION: Research is needed on quality of life and health care among black residents of different housing projects in Hartford, and in other U.S. cities.

Adolescent↗