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PubMed1983

The inconstant "principle of constancy".

A review of the principle of constancy, as it appeared in Freud's writings, shows that it was inspired by his clinical observations, first with Breuer in the field of cathartic therapy and then through experiences in the early usage of psychoanalysis. The recognition that memories repressed in the unconscious created increasing tension, and that this was relieved with dischargelike phenomena when the unconscious was made conscious, was the basis for his claim to originality in this area. The two principles of "neuronic inertia" Freud expounded in the Project (1895), are found to offer the key to the ambiguous definition of the principle of constancy he was to offer in later years. The "original" principle, which sought the complete discharge of energy (or elimination of stimuli), became the forerunner of the death drive; the "extended" principle achieved balances that were relatively constant, but succumbed in the end to complete discharge. This was the predecessor of the life drives. The relation between the constancy and pleasure-unpleasure principles was maintained for twenty-five years largely on an empirical basis which invoked the concept of psychophysical parallelism between "quantity" and "quality." As the links between the two principles were weakened by clinical experiences attendant upon the growth of ego psychology, a revision of the principle of constancy was suggested, and it was renamed the Nirvana principle. Actually it was shifted from alignment with the "extended" principle of inertia to the original, so that "constancy" was incongruously identified with self-extinction. The former basis for the constancy principle, the extended principle of inertia, became identified with Eros. Only a few commentators seem aware of this radical transformation, which has been overlooked in the Standard Edition of Freud's writings. Physiological biases in the history and conception of the principle of constancy are noted in the Standard Edition. The historical antecedents of the principle of constancy, especially in relation to the teachings and influence of J. F. Herbart (1776-1841), do much to bridge the gap between psychological and neurophysiological aspects of Freud's ideas about constancy and its associated doctrine, psychic determinism. Freud's later teachings about the Nirvana principle and Eros suggest a continuum of "constancies" embodied in the structural and functional development of the mental apparatus as it evolves from primal unity with the environment (e.g., the mother-child unit) and differentiates in patterns that organize the inner and outer worlds in relation to each other.

Abreaction↗
PubMed1984

Tearfulness: a psychoanalytic interpretation.

In our view, the tearful feeling state is occasioned by the ego temporarily threatened with being inundated by complex memories and affects. For the moment, the ego cannot provide appropriate satisfying and integrated verbal expression. Words and verbal thinking are delayed. In this brief period, a controlled regression occurs during which the ego relates the current "precipitating experience" to temporally older conflictual experiences in the presence of the current object as a transference object and with a series of relationships so closely connected to that experience that they are interchanged in whole or part by the less selective, regressed, ego operations. The conscious experience may be sadness, gratitude, love, pride, or joy. But beneath these, there is the controlled regression, which interrupts verbal expression while the ego works through the earlier related conflicts,now remembered. The tearful feeling, a step in the direction of overt weeping, primitively expresses the frustration of an early wish for relief from pain, the pain of the imbalance of a complex conflict. The tearful feeling both expresses the wish for relief of pain and, at the same time, interrupts current verbal expression until the needed defense operations reduce the threat of ego disruption by working through old conflicts once again. Our thesis, then, is that within the analytic or psychotherapeutic hour the patient's feeling of tearfulness is a "too much" ego phenomenon that leads to a psychophysiological outlet.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

On the psychopathology of transitivism and appersonation.

While the phenomena described under the terms transitivism and appersonation are well known, they have not been studied in detail either from the descriptive or from the psychopathological standpoints. Here only a brief reference is made to the descriptive data. An account of the psychopathological hypotheses on which an explanation of the phenomena is based is followed by a discussion of the relevance of the clinical manifestations for a theory of psychosis.

Cathexis↗
PubMed2006

The indissociable unity of psyche and soma: a view from the Paris Psychosomatic School.

Depending on whether or not psyche/soma is seen as singular or dual, one may construct different systems explaining man and the world, life and death. In the author's view, the discoveries of psychoanalysis offer a perfectly cogent and unique solution to the famous mind/body problem. In transferring the duality psyche/soma on to the duality of drives, psychoanalysis places the origin of the thought process in the body. In Beyond the pleasure principle, Freud discusses the drastic effect of a painful somatic illness on the distribution and modalities of the libido. He provides a starting point for the Paris Psychosomatic School's psychoanalytical approach to patients afflicted with somatic illnesses. To illustrate the technical implications of this theory the author relates two clinical cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A mother's feelings for her infant are strengthened by excellent breastfeeding counseling and continuity of care.

OBJECTIVE: Continuous support during the childbirth process ultimately may strengthen the mother's self-esteem and her capacity to interact with and nurture her infant and also may improve paternal involvement in general. In the present study, we investigated whether mothers, who were attended by midwives and nurses who had had a process-oriented training program in breastfeeding counseling, perceived stronger maternal feelings for their infant than mothers who had received only routine care. METHODS: In a previous study, an intervention that included a process-oriented program on breastfeeding counseling for health professionals and continuity in family classes through childbirth was conducted. The 10 largest municipalities were classified in pairs that were similar in size and had similar figures of breastfeeding duration. The municipalities were randomized pairwise to either an intervention or a control group. The present study is a follow-up study on women's feelings for their infants in relation to the kind of care that they had had and was undertaken between April 2000 and January 2003. The sampling frame was based on women who were cared for at either the intervention clinic or control clinics. The mothers at the control clinics had received standard routine care and had attended family classes through the point of birth. Data collection for control group A started before effects of the intervention could be studied. Data for control group B were collected simultaneously with data collection for the intervention group (n = 540). The mothers responded to 3 questionnaires at 3 days and at 3 and 9 months postpartum. Background data of the mothers were collected. The perception of support that was provided by the health professionals and the perception of mother-infant relationship and feelings for the infant were rated on Likert scales. RESULTS: At 3 days postpartum, both the intervention group and control group B versus the control group A thought that their understanding of the infant was better, they perceived more strongly that the infant as their own, and they enjoyed more breastfeeding and resting with the infant. Although there was no significant difference between the intervention group and control group B at 3 days and 3 months observation, mothers in the intervention group talked more to their infant, perceived their infant to be more beautiful than other infants, and perceived more strongly that the infant was their own than did the mothers in control group B at 9 months observation. In addition, the mothers in the intervention group felt significantly more confident with the infant and felt the infant to be closer than did the mothers in control group B. CONCLUSION: A process-oriented breastfeeding training program for antenatal midwives and postnatal nurses that included an intervention that guaranteed continuity of care strengthened the maternal relationship with the infant and the feelings for the infant.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Sexuality. A freudian psychoanalytical concept].

Emphasis is placed in the difficulty in conceptualizing sexuality as a complex and controversial subject. This is a presentation of a concept based on freudian psychoanalysis. With this in mind, many of Freud's references are collected from the Brazilian Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. The following concept is arrived at: sexuality is an instinctive vital energy directed to pleasure, with the possibility of quantitative and qualitative variations, closely bound to homeostasis, to affection, to social relations, to phases of development of childhood-libido, to eroticism, to genitality, to sexual relations, to procreation and to sublimation.

Cathexis↗
PubMed1975

On hearing and inspiration in the composition of music.

The observation that composers experience inspiration as a source external to the self is considered, using reports of early and modern composers. This is related both to earlier psychoanalytic work on creative inspiration and to modern ego psychology. The postulation that an auditory sensory style in composers has early developmental roots and becomes their primary sensory mode is considered together with some possible determinants in its development.

Auditory Perception↗