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PubMed2001

[Care for body materials obtained from autopsy].

During every autopsy, small tissue samples are taken from each organ for microscopic examination. Organs or part of organs are retained for a longer period if (a) the organ concerned is so small that the entire organ is needed for the microscopic examination; (b) the organ exhibits complicated abnormalities which can only be diagnosed following fixation or a special treatment; (c) the organ must be fixed before the examination can take place, for example, the brain. This means that the corpse is not buried or cremated in its entirety. Next of kin are not always aware of this procedure even if they have given their consent for an autopsy. Changes within society, especially the handling of aborted foetal material and foetal material from intra-uterine deaths, require new agreements and rules for the retention of organs. Next of kin must be able to have confidence in the provision of information and the careful management of body material retained during autopsies.

Autopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Death in homes for the aged/nursing homes from the legal medicine viewpoint].

Following the death of 16 inhabitants of a nursing home within a period of 2 weeks, the prosecution ordered legal autopsies in all of the cases, which had not yet been buried or cremated, suspecting a neglect of nursing or active euthanasia respectively. Two out of a total of ten cases revealed drug overdoses which could have explained death. However, due to concurring causes of death, the evidence could not be furnished with adequate security. In the present case, the examinations helped--already in a preliminary stage of the investigations--to prevent the authorities from more expensive proceedings as well as the respective nursing home from being unjustly suspected of having committed a criminal offense.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Water quality management planning zone development by introducing a GIS tool in Kathmandu valley, Nepal.

This research was conducted to identify the critical pollution (BOD, TN, TP) areas and to develop the priority mitigation zone for the Bagmati River pollution in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal. A GIS tool was used to define and identify the critical pollution areas and sources. Pollution source information such as population, livestock, industry and land use were collected on the basis of the individual village boundary. The industrial, land use and living pollution were aggregated by the GIS overlay analysis capability to obtain the combined pollution load within the watershed. Priority areas for the mitigation of the pollution were defined considering the pollution loading rate, distance of stream from pollution source, and political, religious, and touristic values of the area. This research noticed that Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur municipalities are the major polluting areas and living beings are the major factors of Bagmati River pollution. Delivery ratio for the watershed was found to vary from 40-69% for BOD and nitrogen but the delivery of phosphorus was exceptionally high (92% at Gaurighat and 77% at Chovar) due to cremation activity of the Hindu religion on the riverbanks. Thus, the priority areas for the mitigation of the carbonaceous and nutrient source pollution were identified. At present the land use and industry impaired a very low contribution compared to the huge pollution load from the municipalities to the river system.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1987

Planned Parenthood Association v. City of Cincinnati, 1 July 1987.

The plaintiffs sought a preliminary injunction against enforcement of a city statute stipulating that "Every hospital and clinic in which abortions are performed . . . shall provide that the fetuses be interred, deposited in a vault or tomb, cremated, or otherwise disposed of in a manner approved by the Health Commissioner." On appeal of a decision granting the injunction, the Court first ruled that the plaintiffs, the operator and medical director of an abortion clinic, had standing. It also held that the injunction was properly granted since the plaintiffs had established a likelihood of prevailing on the merits of their claim due to the fact that part of the ordinance beginning "otherwise disposed of" was unconstitutionally vague.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

Act of 26 May 1987.

This Law provides for the disposition of the remains of aborted or miscarried fetuses. It defines remains to be "the remains of the dead offspring of a human being that has reached a stage of development so that there are cartilaginous structures, fetal or skeletal parts after an abortion or miscarriage, whether or not the remains have been obtained by induced, spontaneous, or accidental means." Hospitals, clinics, and medical facilities are required to deposit or dispose of such remains "by cremation, interment by burial, or in a manner directed by the commissioner of health." The Law does not require that a religious service or ceremony be held or a discussion with the woman obtaining an induced abortion. Violation of the law is a misdemeanor.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Craniometric diagnosis of skeletal and somatotype mass].

The paper presents diagnostic models for evaluation of ash mass (bone fragments, bone ashes), sex, length and mass of the burned body. Individual data by M. Warren and W. Maples (1997) on 85 adult Americans were used. On the basis of a canonical discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression equations the authors have developed models for diagnosis of ash residue mass as well as the burned body's sex, body length and mass. The above models can be used directly on the place of the criminal body cremation. They do not require determination of anatomic appurtenance of bone fragments and their osteometric examination.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Fatality in diabetic coma during foreign travel].

The case history and the autopsy findings of a 44-year-old women who died shortly after her flight to Khartoum (Sudan) in a hospital is presented. The clinical diagnosis in Africa was "shock caused by gastroenteritis". The body was embalmed thoroughly and brought back to Germany. The autopsy was performed just prior to the cremation (according to "section 3 Abs. 2 Nr. 2 Feuerbestattungsgesetz"). Morphological findings (nodular glomerulosclerosis and glycogen nephrosis with Armanni-Ebstein-cells) and postmortem biochemical analyses of vitreous humour led to the diagnosis of a hyperglycaemic coma. The fatal course might have been prevented by sufficient health information to the patient (who suffered from type 1 diabetes); the diagnostic errors in the hospital could have easily been avoided by careful anamnesis and diagnostic procedures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of pastoral and spiritual support in bereavement care.

For many people, the death of a loved one can result in feelings of shock, numbness or denial, even though they may have been expecting it for some time. Pastoral and spiritual care is a vital part of an authentic, holistic health care service. Nurses need to be aware of the needs of relatives and friends of the deceased and understand their role in practical matters such as death certificates, cremation forms and last offices.

Family↗
PubMed2004

[The recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for high-dose-rate brachytherapy and for permanent prostatic implants].

ICRP (International Commission for Radiological Protection) Committee 3 ("Radioprotection in medicine") is currently finalizing two recommendations about Brachytherapy. The first text, from Task Group (TG) 53, is focussing on the prevention of high-dose-rate brachytherapy accidents. It reminds the reader of the 500 accidents/incidents which have been reported so far in the literature, and reports in details on some representative accidents. Building on those data, the text gives general and specific recommendations, aiming at reducing both the frequency and the severity of those accidents. The second text, from Task Group 57, considers the radiation safety aspects of brachytherapy for prostate cancer using permanently implanted sources. For this topic, no severe accident has never been reported so far. However, some radioprotection problems arose, due to the dose received from the patients, to migrating seeds and to cremation. The text presents recommendations specifically addressing those issues.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Duration of the fire and degree of charring of a burned cadaver].

A 37-year-old woman was found dead severely charred in the bedroom of her house. The autopsy revealed as cause of death a strangulation of the neck. On the basis of the decomposition of the body the experts were asked for a statement on the duration of burning. There seems to be only little medicolegal experience on the duration of burning to a defined state of decomposition. Based on observations during cremations published in the literature and experimental burnings a burning time of approximately 20 minutes (after temperatures of more than 700 degrees C had been reached) is supposed to be sufficient to produce the present state of the body.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Health concerns associated with disaster victim identification after a tsunami--Thailand, December 26, 2004-March 31, 2005.

The number of persons confirmed dead from the Indian Ocean tsunami that struck on December 26, 2004, had exceeded 174,000 as of March 31, 2005; the majority of decedents were buried or cremated without being identified. In contrast, in Thailand, disaster victim identification (DVI) continues, with approximately 1,800 persons identified among the 5,395 persons confirmed dead; of the dead, approximately 50% were not citizens of Thailand. This large-scale, multinational effort faced immediate challenges, including establishment of four temporary morgues, implementation of safeguards against environmental and occupational health hazards, and coordination of forensic procedures and safety protocols among Thai and international forensic teams. Public health and other agencies performing large-scale DVI in temporary morgues might consider implementing the recommendations and procedures described in this report.

Disasters↗
PubMed2006

[Legal and practical aspects of perinatal death].

There is some debate as to whether the Dutch Burial Act applies to neonatal deaths after a gestation of less than 24 weeks. It is recommended that the Act be considered applicable in these situations, leading to a compulsory (external) post mortem examination, the issue of an official death certificate, and registration of the birth and death at the official registry office, followed by burial or cremation according to the law. The Act should be amended to this effect. It is also recommended that the Burial Act no longer apply in cases of known intra-uterine death before 24 weeks of gestation where birth takes place after 24 weeks. The stipulated cut-off point in the Act for defining a miscarriage as opposed to a birth or stillbirth, i.e. 24 weeks of gestation, should preferably be replaced by the international (WHO) criterion of a birth weight of 500 g, as this will lead to less ambiguity and a better comparison of Dutch and international data concerning perinatal mortality.

Burial↗
PubMed1991

[Placing of implantable devices for electric stimulation].

Various electrical devices are implanted for cardiac-, diaphragma-, pain- and musclestimulation. The stimulator/pacemaker can be implanted in locations, different from that of ordinary cardiac pacemakers. All electric stimulation equipment containing batteries must be removed before cremation on account of the risk of explosion.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Secular trend of body height and "acceleration" or fluctuation in growth in height in child development--on questions of methodology in relation to pre-historical skeletal remains].

The possibility of obtaining information on growth and development from prehistoric and early historic skeletal remains of children and juveniles is discussed. Beside simple measurements of length there are some new methods of assessment, e.g. control of "Harris' lines", thickness of bone corticalis including cremated bones, diameters of neural canal and vertebral body height. Estimation of age based on dentition must be presumed in every case. Results show oscillations rather than a linear or curved trend in only on direction. The phenomenon of acceleration can also not be seen as a return to earlier phases of mankind.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Microradiographic study of prehistoric skeletal remains].

Microradiography is a standard technique for determining small differences in mineral content in histological sections of calcified tissues by using soft X-rays. Such differential mineralization points on physiological and pathological processes in bone and teeth, and is frequently conserved both in excavated skeletal remains and in cremations. Continuing from this, microradiography gives diagnostic criteria for histological and palaeopathological investigations on historic and prehistoric skeletal remains rather than ordinary light microscopy. In addition, this technique helps in reconstructing the genesis of special dead bone decomposition phenomena.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1977

[Architecture of the human skullcap in the region of the pars bregmatica suturae sagittalis. I. Age dependence].

For scientific investigations of human skeletal remains--e.g. material from cremations--there are often only rather small bone fragments available. The analysis of their inner structure presents itself as one of the few possibilities of finding evidence to characterize the former individual. The article presented here demonstrates structure findings (calvarial thickness; relation between tabula externa, tabula interna, and diploe [in terms of the percentage of the whole section examined], porosity of the diploe [including the mean width of its cavities]; degree of obliteration of the sagittal suture) of a strictly defined skeletal segment in special regard to the expected variability. With the help of the results, change tendencies--not "age changes"--of the investigated components will be discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Infection in the deceased: a survey of management.

Funeral directors, control of infection officers, chief environmental health officers, and consultants in communicable disease control were surveyed to identify the sources and nature of advice about infectious hazards from the deceased available to undertakers. They were asked about management responsibilities, policies, particular activities (viewing, hygienic preparation, bagging, embalming, and final disposal by burial or cremation), specific diseases (hepatitis B, HIV infection, tuberculosis, meningitis, septicaemia, and salmonellosis), and repatriation. A wide range of opinions and advice was received on each topic. Medical personnel need a greater understanding of the work of funeral directors. Policies based on a realistic assessment of risk should be agreed.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of ceramic substrate found in cremains.

With the recent increase in the number of lawsuits questioning the possible commingling of cremains, recognition of nonosseous artifacts may aid in the circumstantial identification of a decedent. The remains of a cremated individual were analyzed both macroscopically and microscopically. Examination of material ranging in size from 1.5 cm x 1.0 cm to less than 0.5 cm yielded evidence of numerous nonosseous artifacts. Of primary interest were several fragmentary ceramic objects located in the material, which were pieced together under a microscope and photographed to reveal the imprint of circuitry suggesting a computer chip, subsequently identified from a pacemaker. Although this particular ceramic substrate did not have the necessary markings to facilitate identification of the manufacturer, the pacemaker brand may aid in identification.

Ceramics↗