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PubMed1991

Self-injury concept formation: nursing diagnosis development.

Self-inflicted injury, an increasingly common phenomenon in psychiatric settings, often is seen in borderline clients who scratch or burn themselves repeatedly. Their dysfunctional behavioral patterns present special challenges to the psychiatric/mental health nurse who seeks to interrupt such destructive means of coping. Aside from the difficult task of assisting these individuals to deal with their feelings in a constructive way, the psychiatric nurse often struggles with difficult countertransference feelings. The authors review a historical perspective of self-injury behaviors, define the phenomenon through the procedure of concept analysis, propose the creation of a new nursing diagnosis, and outline interventions appropriate for these clients.

Humans↗
PubMed1970

Pigeon concept formation: successive and simultaneous acquisition.

Pigeons were trained to discriminate the presence of one or more human forms in displays projected on a panel above the response key. This task was mastered, although imperfectly, with successive and with simultaneous presentations of positive and negative instances. The course of acquisition of the discrimination was similar for the two training procedures. Animals were able to transfer the discrimination from the successive to the simultaneous situation. Various tests were carried out to control for artifactual cues on which the discrimination might have been based. The discrimination was maintained when new displays were presented, when reinforcement was omitted, and when displays were inverted 180 degrees . Animals were also able to discriminate between pairs of displays that were identical, except that one member of the pair contained a human form. The research extends the techniques used by Herrnstein and Loveland (1964), and confirms their finding that pigeons can master the concept of "person-present" in a visual display.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

[A study of the process of self-concept formation in adolescence: an investigation of self-descriptions using the Twenty Statement Test (TST)].

The Twenty Statement Test (TST) was administered to four groups of subjects consisting of fifth graders in an elementary school, second graders in a junior high school, senior high school and university. In addition to the traditional analysis of TST in which the major emphasis is on content aspects of mode of self with respect to elementary contents of self-descriptions, further analysis was undertaken in terms of structural aspects of mode of self by focusing on the relation of the self with the elementary contents of self-descriptions. The results of the content-oriented analysis conformed in general to those reported by other investigators in the past. The structurally-oriented analysis indicated a decrease in descriptions of the relationship of the self to things, events and persons in one's environment and an increase in these aspects with respect to one's own traits. It was suggested that by employing both these analytic procedures, an enhanced understanding of self-concept might be facilitated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Canalicular bile salt-independent bile formation: concepts and clues from electrolyte transport in rat liver.

Studies on canalicular electrolyte transport are reviewed with reference to the concept that hepatocellular inorganic ion secretion may provide an osmotic drive for canalicular water flow. Cellular transport of electrolytes and of some nonelectrolytes appears directly or indirectly (cotransport or potential-sensitive transport) related to the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase of the sinusoidal cell membrane, but the role of the enzyme in regulating bile flow remains undetermined. Bile secretion of the isolated rat liver continues in the absence of either Na+, K+, Cl-, or HCO-3 when these ions are replaced in the perfusion medium by other permanent ions. Transepithelial salt concentration gradients, established experimentally, cause transient changes of bile flow and dissipate very quickly. Isotopic ion equilibration between sinusoids and bile proceeds faster than between sinusoids and liver cells. Both observations indicate extensive electrolyte diffusion through a paracellular shunt pathway. This pathway appears preferentially permeable to cations, and it restricts permeation of molecules of the size of sucrose (no apparent diffusion or effects of solvent drag) or bile acids (no backleak). In promoting canalicular osmotic water flow, transepithelial concentration gradients of NaCl are less effective than those of sucrose, revealing a reflection coefficient of NaCl of 0.3. By perfusion with hypertonic medium containing sucrose, bile flow is reduced. Bile production against this opposing osmotic gradient is accomplished by an increase in biliary organic anion concentration. Inorganic ion concentrations essentially conform to a Gibbs-Donnan distribution across the canalicular epithelium, established by the presence of impermeant anions in bile. Hence, the luminal electrical potential is expected to be negative with respect to the sinusoids. It is concluded that biliary secretion of endogenous organic anions is the major osmotic driving force for canalicular bile salt-independent bile flow and that transport of inorganic ions into bile results mainly from diffusion and solvent drag.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Mutual concept formation of older and younger subjects. Stereotyping and distribution preferences].

This article analyzes the extent to which younger and older persons are apt to stereotype and discriminate age groups. Several hypotheses are tested based on a recent (1987) large scale national Dutch survey. No evidence is found for the hypothesis that positive attributes are systematically more ascribed to younger people and negative attributes systematically more to older people. Only a small minority of the Dutch population holds negative images of older people. A large majority does not discriminate between age groups or finds positive attributes more characteristic of older people. It is demonstrated, however, that older people have a more positive perception of older people - or a more negative perception of younger people - than younger people. In accordance with our hypothesis, negative stereotyping of older versus younger people is related to authoritarian attitudes and a general tendency to social discrimination. The assumption that both older and younger people favour their own age group in (hypothetical) distributions of scarce goods and tasks is in general not supported. On the contrary both age groups, especially the elderly, exhibit a surprising willingness to support the other age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Patient compliance--concept formation, assessment methods].

The topic of patient compliance is presented synoptically in a three-part review. In this first part the definition as well as the methods for the measurement of compliance are treated. Patient compliance is a problem that concerns every physician and patient. The phenomenon is not new and is the term for an old central problem of cooperation between physician and patient. Compliance is the intention to follow a medical advice. Noncompliance is common, occurs in all kinds of diseases and is expensive. There are several methods of different accuracy that allow to assess the extent of compliance or noncompliance, respectively. Direct and indirect procedures are distinguished. Questionnaires offered to patients, 'pill-counting', 'appointment-keeping' as well as registration of drug effects represent indirect methods. The direct approach includes measurement of drugs or metabolites in urine or serum. The next issues feature on factors determining compliance, interactions between physician and patient as well as methods for the determination of compliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The unpackaging of routine in older women.

OBJECTIVE: A qualitative research design using grounded theory procedures and techniques was used to explore how routine changed in later adulthood for seven Caucasian, college-educated, middle-class women who were not employed and who were free of major functional impairments. METHOD: In-depth interviews, observations, an autobiography, and researcher-generated memos provided data. Data analysis involved concept formation, concept development, and conceptual modification and integration. Data collection and analysis were concurrent, iterative, reflective, and reflexive. RESULTS: Although the participants used routines to facilitate their well-being, they reported doing so to a lesser extent than when they had children living at home or when they worked. These participants unpackaged routines and molded them into increasingly flexible time-use strategies in response to age-related changes in their ecocultural niche, philosophy of life, and physical status. CONCLUSION: That the participants sought less obligation and more freedom as they aged may influence the way they respond to a health care practitioner's advocating for an increase in routine. Interventions with older women must be compatible with existing routines and family themes and directly linked to well-being.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Stimulus class formation and concept learning: establishment of within- and between-set generalization and transitive relationships via conditional discrimination procedures.

Three students with moderate mental retardation were taught a complex stimulus class with a two-choice conditional discrimination procedure applied across eight 10-member stimulus sets. Each set was composed of five age-appropriate and five age-inappropriate examples of clothing, accessories, and leisure items (e.g., a Walkman radio). Discrimination training was programmed serially across each set, and generalization probes were conducted concurrently among all sets. Generalization probes consisted of unreinforced conditional matching trials with comparison items being drawn from (a) the set undergoing training (within-set probes), (b) sets not undergoing training (between-set probes), and (c) both sample and comparison items from different sets (transitive stimulus control probes). Results indicate that within-set generalization, between-set generalization, and transitive stimulus relations controlled responding by all 3 students for items that had been contingently associated with reinforcement. However, items that gained control of responding through within-set and between-set generalization alone (i.e., not acquired through contingent reinforcement) remained at baseline levels during transitive stimulus control probes. Results are discussed in terms of a taxonomy of multiple sources of stimulus control that underlie socially defined and maintained stimulus classes.

Adolescent↗