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PubMed2000

Control of communicable diseases; apprehension and detention of persons with specific diseases; transfer of regulations. Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HHS. Final rule.

The Secretary of Health and Human Service (the Secretary) is transferring a portion of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) "Control of Communicable Diseases" regulations to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In general, these regulations provide the Secretary with the authority to apprehend, detain, or conditionally release individuals to prevent the spread of specified communicable diseases. The regulations implement the provisions of the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases from one State or possession into any other State or possession. CDC will have authority for interstate quarantine over persons, while FDA will retain regulatory authority over animals and other products that may transmit or spread communicable diseases. The Secretary is taking this action to consolidate regulations designed to control the spread of communicable diseases, thereby increasing the agencies' efficiency and effectiveness.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2001

Evolution of the Control of Communicable Diseases Manual: 1917 to 2000.

For 84 years, The Control of Communicable Diseases Manual has provided public health practitioners with relevant and timely information on infectious diseases. An examination of the contents of the Manual's 17 editions provides insight into the changes in medical understanding of infectious diseases. This article provides an evolution of the manual and examines the diseases described in each edition.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1994

Control of communicable diseases in the People's Republic of China.

Communicable diseases were rampant in old China. Since the new China was founded, the Government has assigned high priority to the prevention of infectious diseases. A series of measures were adopted, such as instituting health policies in the vein of "Prevention First" as well as health laws and regulations, coordinating department participation and setting up the network of prevention and control of diseases. The incidence of leading infectious diseases has declined dramatically. Although great success has been achieved, infectious diseases still form one of the major public health problems in China. There are some existing problems which hinder the progress of infectious disease control. This situation is being addressed by the government and the slogan "Health for All in 2000" has become the focus of the nation.

China↗
PubMed2001

Evidence base of incubation periods, periods of infectiousness and exclusion policies for the control of communicable diseases in schools and preschools.

BACKGROUND: The optimal control of communicable diseases requires accurate information on incubation periods, periods of infectiousness and the effectiveness of exclusion. We collected the available evidence for a wide range of infections and infestations and produced evidence-based guidelines for their control in schools and preschools. METHODS: A thorough MEDLINE literature search was conducted on the incubation period, period of infectiousness and effectiveness of exclusion for 41 infections. The quality of the information obtained was indicated by levels of evidence. The information was used to produce guidelines on exclusion, and the recommendations were graded according to the levels of evidence available. Grades A, B and C represented strongly, reasonably and poorly evidence-based recommendations, respectively. RESULTS: The quality of data obtained was highly variable. Information on incubation periods was obtained for all 41 infections and was generally of good quality. Information on periods of infectiousness and effectiveness of exclusion was of a lesser quality and was found for only 11 and 4 conditions, respectively. There were 3 Grade A, 17 Grade B and 21 Grade C recommendations on exclusion. Examples of exclusion periods include: 5 days for chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis and scarlet fever; and 24 h from the cessation of diarrhea for most gastrointestinal diseases In contrast to existing guidelines exclusion was not recommended for school age children with hepatitis A. CONCLUSIONS: We have been able to present the best available data on the incubation periods and periods of infectiousness of 41 childhood infections. It was possible to produce strongly or reasonably evidence-based guidelines on exclusion periods for approximately one-half of the infections.

Child↗
PubMed2005

[Infectious disease epidemiology education and training Programs. FETP and EPIET].

The German Field Epidemiology Training Programme (FETP) and the European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) were founded to develop a network of epidemiologists for the surveillance and control of communicable diseases. During their 2-year training, FETP or EPIET fellows are based at the Robert Koch-Institut or other European host institutes and have to conduct outbreak investigations, carry out surveillance and research projects and publish the results. Since 1995, all 22 FETP and 94 EPIET fellows have conducted and published numerous outbreak investigations, surveillance and research projects, for example on pathogens inducing salmonellosis, influenza, SARS or avian influenza. Currently, 70% of FETP and EPIET alumni are working in key positions in communicable disease control on a regional, national or international level. The German FETP and the European EPIET programme offer high quality practical training in applied epidemiology. The expert knowledge of the alumni of both training programmes will be incorporated into the new European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC) and determine the future direction of infectious disease epidemiology in Germany and Europe.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

International migration and control of communicable diseases.

The epidemiology and policy implications of communicable disease (CD) transmission associated with international migration have received little systematic study. This is a review of clinical and epidemiological reports in search of strategies to assess and manage the impact of international migration on the transmission of CDs. The economics and demography of migration from less developed to industrialized nations is considered. Migration-related transmission should differentiate between actual transmission as opposed to geographic relocation of disease. Limitations of current screening and disease prevention strategies are discussed. Social and ecological processes through which migration can contribute to increased CD transmission are described, including placement in refugee camps, unclear legal status of migrants in recipient nations, and temporary return migration. Strategies for non-discriminatory and non-punitive control of migration-related CDs, needed changes in clinical practice, and complexities presented by CDs of long latency (such as HIV infection) are reviewed.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2003

Control of communicable diseases; restrictions on African rodents, prairie dogs, and certain other animals. Interim final rule; opportunity for public comment.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are issuing this interim final rule to amend their regulations to establish new restrictions and modify existing restrictions on the import, capture, transport, sale, barter, exchange, distribution, and release of African rodents, prairie dogs, and certain other animals. We are taking this action to prevent the spread of monkeypox, a communicable disease, in the United States.

Africa↗