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PubMed1998

Reduction in human exposure to pesticide using traditional work clothing fabrics with chemical finishing: carboxymethylation and starch.

Franz diffusion experiments with human skin combined with work-clothing fabric have shown that skin exposure to pesticides is reduced by the presence of traditional nonbarrier textiles. This study was undertaken to obtain further information about the reduction in exposure using traditional work-clothing fabrics that had chemical finishing to increase the sorption properties. The effects of a renewable starch finish and chemical modification by carboxymethylation on cotton fabrics on the pesticide (methyl parathion) retention, transfer, and decontamination by laundering were investigated. Two weights of work clothing fabrics made of 100% cotton were used, one appropriate for shirts and the other for pants. The amount of pesticide observed on human skin was reduced by the presence of clothing fabric. Carboxymethylation of the shirt fabric reduced the amount of pesticide observed on the human skin. This treatment also resulted in less pesticide being transferred to a second fabric layer within a clothing system. No pesticide penetrated to the second fabric layer when the heavier pant fabric was used as the outer layer. The lighter weight shirt fabric did not retain as much pesticide as the pant fabric. The pesticide retained on the shirt fabric was increased by the application of a renewable starch finish and by carboxymethylation; both of these finishes were found to be effective in enhancing the decontamination of cotton fabrics by laundering.

Decontamination↗
PubMed1997

Prior exposure of the entrance wound region from clothing is uncommon in firearm suicides.

According to an old rule still in use, gunshot suicides will rarely shoot through the clothing but will pull it aside to bare the skin. Thus, a bullet defect in the clothing would be an indicator for homicide or an accident. A total of 138 clearly defined gunshot suicides were analysed with regard to this topic. The thorax, which is commonly covered by textile, was the target for 27 suicides (19.5%). Of these 27 persons, 25 had fired through the clothing and 2 had placed the muzzle directly on the exposed skin, which represents a relative frequency of only 7%. Special features such as thick clothing or an affected state of mind did not appear to influence this behavior. Consequently, the perforation of textile does not suggest homicide or an accident - it is not applicable as a criterion for distinguishing different modes of death. Only in the rare cases when a gunshot victim is found with intact clothing covering the entrance wound can this finding be interpreted as an indication for suicide.

Clothing↗
PubMed2004

Manikin measurements versus wear trials of cold protective clothing (Subzero project).

The thermal insulation properties of clothing systems can be defined through physical measurements using thermal manikins or through wear trials using human test subjects. One objective of the European Subzero project was to define the relationship between physically measured thermal insulation values of cold-protective clothing and the corresponding physiological reactions on human test subjects. Four cold-protective clothing ensembles, intended for use in temperatures between 0 and -50 degrees C, were measured with manikins in eight European laboratories and on human test subjects in four of these laboratories. The results showed that reasonably good reproducible values from the manikin tests can be achieved (CV < 8%); however, the fit of the clothing on the manikin is a critical factor. There were greater individual differences in the wear trial results. Comparing the results from the manikin and the wear trials, good agreement in the thermal insulation values was shown if the amount of accumulated sweat was low. In these situations, which are normal when using cold protective clothing, the thermal comfort can also be determined with good accuracy by means of mathematical models based on manikin results. Special situations, e.g. for highly perspiring wearers, strong wind, or high friction between garment layers, need specific modelling; some suggestions have been made as a result of the Subzero project, but further research is required.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of sweat evaporation from clothing materials by the ventilated sweat capsule method.

The local influence of three clothing materials i.e. silk, cotton and nylon, in (1) full or (2) partial skin contact or (3) at 3 mm from the skin, on sweat evaporation from the chest skin surface of human subjects was studied. The hygrometer-ventilated capsule method was used and sweating was induced at ambient thermoneutrality by a central heat load following lower-leg immersion in water at 43 degrees C. The presence of clothing delayed the rise in capsule relative humidity (CRH) induced by heat loading. During the first 6 min of heating, CRH rose more steeply with clothing that was in full skin contact than with clothing that had partial or no contact. The rate of decrease in CRH from 1 min to 6 min after heating was not influenced by the presence of clothing or by the different degrees of skin contact. The subsequent return of CRH to the pre-heating level was delayed most by cotton, less by silk and least by nylon. For silk and nylon, partial contact with the skin prolonged the return to control conditions, as compared with full skin contact.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of hair and clothing on neck immobilization using a cervical collar.

An important step during spine immobilization is application of a cervical collar. Clothing or hair covering the neck may impinge on this process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of clothing and hair covering the neck on immobilization using a cervical collar. Study participants were 18 female volunteers with long hair aged 20 to 28 years. Cervical range of motion (ROM) was tested in 6 directions (flexion, extension, right and left lateral bending, right and left axial rotation) using a cervical ROM (CROM) device. After measuring unrestricted ROM (no cervical collar), a 1-piece rigid cervical collar was placed the neck (1) covered by hair and clothing; (2) covered by clothing; (3) covered by hair; or (4) uncovered. Range of motion was retested under all 4 conditions. Data were compared using crossover-design analysis of variance (P<.05 statistically significant). Range of motion in all directions was significantly restricted by cervical collar placement under all conditions. Unrestricted ROM in all directions ranged from 41.50 degrees (7.25 degrees) to 70.76 degrees (15.4 degrees). In contrast, ROM with a cervical collar under the 4 conditions in all directions ranged from 10.80 degrees (5.10 degrees) to 18.81 degrees (7.37 degrees). We were unable to detect any significant differences in ROM between the 4 conditions. Our data suggest that long hair and clothing, which cover the neck, do not alter the effectiveness of cervical collar immobilization as measured by the cervical ROM device.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cat allergen (Fel d 1) levels on school children's clothing and in primary school classrooms in Wellington, New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: New Zealand has a high prevalence of the major allergic diseases including asthma, rhinitis, and eczema, and cat ownership is common, with more than 50% of homes containing a cat. OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to examine the levels of cat allergen (Fel d 1) in the primary school environment, both on floors and on children's clothing. METHODS: We collected and analyzed dust samples from 11 school classrooms and from 202 children's garments using vacuum sampling and two-site monoclonal antibody ELISA, respectively. Environmental variables were identified by questionnaire. RESULTS: The geometric mean level of Fel d 1 in classrooms was 2.61 micro/gm (95% confidence interval, 1.28 to 3.84); however, seven classrooms had a floor sample with Fel d 1 greater than 8 microg/m2. Carpeted floor levels at 2.21 microg/gm (1.28 to 3.84) were considerably higher than those on uncarpeted floors, at 0.33 microg/gm (0.1 to 1.14). Floor levels and pupil cat ownership rates were positively correlated (r2 = 0.93, p = 0.0003). Children from homes with cats carried allergen on their clothes (mean Fel d 1, 6.10 microg per garment compared with non-cat owners (0.72 microg per garment). Wool and polyester garments contained more Fel d 1 than cotton clothing. Girls' clothing had significantly higher levels of allergen than did that of boys, even after controlling for cat status and fabric differences. CONCLUSIONS: Carpeting should be discouraged in environments such as schools and child care centers, where children spend considerable time. Transport of Fel d 1 on clothing from the domestic to the school environment is a major source of classroom cat allergen.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Relationship among house-dust mites, Der 1, Fel d 1, and Can f 1 on clothing and automobile seats with respect to densities in houses.

BACKGROUND: Locations where there are no dust mites or pets present may contain allergens that pose a risk factor for sensitizing and inducing rhinitis and asthma. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the prevalence of mites and mite, dog, and cat allergens in homes, on clothing, and on automobile seats. METHODS: Over a 2-year period (July 1998 to July 2000), dust mite and mite, dog, and cat allergen densities were determined in homes, associated automobiles, and on the clothing of the drivers. During this period 87 homes were sampled one to five times each. RESULTS: Low levels of live and dead mites were present in most dust samples obtained from automobile seats and in 16% from clothing. Seventy-two and 50% of the home samples had >2 microg and >10 microg Der l/g of dust, respectively, whereas 23% of automobiles seat samples had >2 microg Der l/g of dust with a mean of 1.3 microg/g. Mite and Der 1 densities were not different for homes with or without pets. However, homes with pets had significantly more Fel d 1 or Can f 1 allergen than homes without pets. Homes without cats and dogs had an average of 93 and 29 microg/g of Fel d 1 and Can f 1, respectively, which was well above threshold levels for sensitization and induction of allergic reactions. Although most clothing had detectable levels of pet allergen, the levels of these allergens were low. CONCLUSIONS: Der 1 densities in some automobiles were sufficiently high (>2 microg/g of dust) to be risk factors for sensitization and allergic reactions. However, most automobile seats had levels of dog and cat allergen that were well above the threshold levels considered to be risk factors for both sensitization and symptoms, regardless of the presence of a pet in the home. The presence of live and dead mites and mite, cat, and dog allergens in automobiles and on clothing suggests that both are vehicles in the dispersal of mites and mite and pet allergen.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

A case of contact urticaria syndrome due to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP) in work clothes.

We previously reported a case of contact urticaria syndrome (CUS) due to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP) in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) grip on cotton gloves. The patient reported in this previous paper was careful not to have any contact with PVC products in his daily life or in his working environment. He discontinued the use of protective gloves with a PVC grip that was the cause of CUS. When working, he used cotton gloves without a PVC grip. We prescribed antihistamines which slightly improved his condition. However, when he wore work clothes while on duty, CUS relapsed. This condition was severe and made him feel anxious. When we advised him to wear a cotton shirt under his work clothes, the contact urticaria did not develop. We suspected that some component of the work clothes was the cause of his symptoms. A prick test with the extract solution of his work clothes showed a wheal and flare at the 15 min reading. The common component of the grip and the work clothes was found by analysis to be DOP.

Diethylhexyl Phthalate↗
PubMed2005

Perceptions of temperature, moisture and comfort in clothing during environmental transients.

A study has been carried out to investigate the psychophysical mechanisms of the perception of temperature and moisture sensations in clothing during environmental transients. A series of wear trials was conducted to measure the psychological perception of thermal and moisture sensations and the simultaneous temperature and humidity at the skin surface, fabric surface and in the clothing under simulated moderate rain conditions. Jumpers made from wool and acrylic fibres were used in the trial. Analysis has been carried out to study the relationship between psychological perceptions of temperature and moisture and the objectively measured skin and fabric temperatures and relative humidity in clothing microclimate. The perception of warmth seems to follow Fechner's law and Stevens' power law, having positive relationships with the skin temperature and fabric temperatures. The perception of dampness appears to follow Fechner's law more closely than Stevens' power law with a negative relationship with skin temperature, and is nonlinearly and positively correlated with relative humidity in clothing microclimate. The perception of comfort is positively related to the perception of warmth and negatively to the perception of dampness. This perception of comfort is positively related to the skin temperature, which appears to follow both Fechner's law and Stevens' law, also non-linearly and negatively related to relative humidity in clothing microclimate.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of two kinds of clothing made from hydrophobic and hydrophilic fabrics on local sweating rates at an ambient temperature of 37 degrees C.

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of clothing made from hydrophobic and hydrophilic fabrics on the sweating physiology in environmental conditions where only the mechanisms of wet heat loss could occur. A comparison was made of the local sweat rates from the forearm and their related physiological parameters between polyester (E) and cotton (C) clothing at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 37 degrees C. Six female students, aged from 21 to 28 years, served as subjects. The subjects wore clothing made from either fabric E or fabric C and rested quietly for 60 min in a chair mounted on the bed scale under the influences of environmental conditions of 37 degrees C and 60% relative humidity (rh) with an air velocity of 0.1 m.s-1. The major findings are summarized as follows: (1) Local sweat rates were distinctly higher in E than in C in five out of six female subjects. (2) Clothing surface temperatures at the chest level were significantly higher in C than in E. (3) The positive relationship between local sweat rates and mean skin temperature (Tsk) existed both in E and in C. However, the local sweat rates were mostly higher in E under the influences of the same Tsk. These results are discussed in terms of thermal physiology and clothing sciences. It was concluded that the different properties of moisture absorbency between E and C could play a role for sweating physiology in the environmental conditions where only the mechanism of wet heat loss could occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Improvements in heat tolerance induced by interval running training in the heat and in sweat clothing in cool conditions.

To compare the effectiveness of training in heat and in sweat clothing in cool conditions on improving heat tolerance, two groups of active subjects (n = 6 in each) performed an interval running heat-tolerance test before and after a 7-day experimental treatment. On each treatment day the subjects attempted to complete 4 x 15 min interval treadmill running periods (a 7.5 s effort every 30 s, on 15 km h-1, 15% grade; the same exercise format as the heat-tolerance test), which were interspersed with 5-min recovery periods (total time each day = 80 min). Group 1 (heat) ran in shorts, socks and shoes in hot humid conditions, and Group 2 (sweat clothing) ran in cool conditions dressed in shorts, socks and T-shirt covered by a polyester-cotton tracksuit, over which was worn 100% nylon spray-proof pants and jacket (cotton lined) with an acrylic cloth bobble hat (beanie) on the head. Both groups displayed changes typical of heat acclimatization over the 7-day period, with significant decreases in final rectal temperature (Tr) and heart rate (HR) being evident, but no change in sweat loss. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) was similar in both groups during the training sessions (heat group: 34.8-35.7 degrees C; sweat clothing group 34.9-35.5 degrees C). After the heat-tolerance test, both groups had significantly lower Tr, Tsk and HR values than before, and sweating sensitivity (g m-2 h-1 degrees C rise in Tr) was significantly increased. There was only one significant difference between the two groups (Tsk, 20th min value). It was concluded that training in sweat clothing in cool conditions can provide the same improvements in heat tolerance as training in hot humid conditions where a fixed exercise intensity and duration are used.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2005

Effect of sunscreen and clothing on the number of melanocytic nevi in 1,812 German children attending day care.

The number of melanocytic nevi is the most important risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. This 1998 cross-sectional study of 1,812 children aged 2-7 years from 78 day-care centers in Germany analyzed the protective effect of sunscreen and clothing on the number of melanocytic nevi. Total body nevi were counted, and pigmentary features were assessed. Parents underwent a standardized interview concerning their children's sun exposure and sun-protective behavior. Almost 95% of the children had used sunscreen previously. Children who used sunscreen and wore more clothing spent significantly longer periods on holidays in sunny climates (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively) and had a higher outdoor activity score at home (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). Multivariate analysis adjusted for confounders showed no significant protective effects of applying sunscreen. Examination of the potential protective effect of clothing revealed an inverse dose-response correlation between the number of clothes worn at the beach or outdoor swimming pool and the number of melanocytic nevi (p < 0.001, adjusted for confounding). Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these results. Meanwhile, public education should aim to protect children primarily by sun avoidance and protective clothing, while sunscreen should also be used.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1998

Radioactive contamination incidents involving protective clothing.

The study focuses on incidents at Department of Energy facilities involving the migration of radioactive contaminants through protective clothing. The authors analyzed 68 occurrence reports for the following factors: (1) type of work; (2) working conditions; (3) type of anti-contamination material; (4) area of body or clothing contaminated; and (5) nature of spread of contamination. A majority of reports identified strenuous work activities such as maintenance, construction, or decontamination and decommissioning projects. The reports also indicated adverse working conditions that included hot and humid or cramped work environments. The type of anti-contamination clothing most often identified was cotton or water-resistant disposable clothing. Most of the reports also indicated contaminants migrating through perspiration-soaked areas, typically in the knees and forearms. On the basis of their survey, the authors recommend the use of improved engineering controls and resilient, breathable, waterproof protective clothing for work in hot, humid, or damp areas where the possibility of prolonged contact with contamination cannot be easily avoided or controlled.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2006

The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758.

Clothing is considered one of the most important tools for sun protection. Contrary to popular opinion, however, some summer fabrics provide insufficient ultraviolet (UV) protection. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN), has developed a new standard on requirements for test methods and labelling of sun-protective garments. This document has now been completed and is published. Within CEN, a working group, CEN/TC 248 WG14 'UV protective clothing', was set up with the mission to produce standards on the UV-protective properties of textile materials. This working group started its activities in 1998 and included 30 experts (dermatologists, physicists, textile technologists, fabric manufacturers and retailers of apparel textiles) from 11 European member states. Within this working group, all medical, ethical, technical and economical aspects of standardization of UV-protective clothing were discussed on the basis of the expertise of each member and in consideration of the relevant literature in this field. Decisions were made in consensus. The first part of the standard (EN 13758-1) deals with all details of test methods (e.g. spectrophotometric measurements) for textile materials and part 2 (EN 13758-2) covers classification and marking of apparel textiles. UV-protective cloths for which compliance with this standard is claimed must fulfill all stringent instructions of testing, classification and marking, including a UV protection factor (UPF) larger than 40 (UPF 40+), average UVA transmission lower than 5%, and design requirements as specified in part 2 of the standard. A pictogram, which is marked with the number of the standard EN 13758-2 and the UPF of 40+, shall be attached to the garment if it is in compliance with the standard. The dermatology community should take cognizance of this new standard document. Garment manufacturers and retailers may now follow these official guidelines for testing and labelling of UV-protective summer clothes, and the sun-aware consumer can easily recognize garments that definitely provide sufficient UV protection.

European Union↗
PubMed2002

Head insulation and heat loss in naked and clothed newborns using a thermal mannequin.

In newborns, large amounts of heat are lost from the head, due to its high skin surface area. Insulating the head (for example, with a hat or bonnet) can be a simple and effective method of reducing dry heat loss. In the present study, we evaluated the safety aspects of insulating the head of low-birth-weight naked or clothed newborns by using a heated mannequin that simulates a low-birth-weight newborn. Experimental conditions (comprising a nude and three clothed setups) were performed in a closed incubator at three different air temperatures (29 degrees C, 32 degrees C, and 34 degrees C) and with and without the head being covered with a bonnet in each case, i.e., 24 experimental conditions in all. The study shows that added clothing elements and insulating the head decreases the total heat loss of the mannequin as a whole. As regards the dry heat exchange from the head, wearing a bonnet decreases the local heat loss by an average of 18.9% in all clothed and thermal conditions. This phenomenon could be at the origin of brain overheating in heavily dressed newborns, when unrestricted heat loss is limited to the face only. Our results suggest that--apart from accidental hypothermia-in order to achieve thermal equilibrium of the body, it is preferable to leave the head unprotected and to increase the level of clothing insulation over the rest of the body.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1987

Physiologically derived critical evaporative coefficients for protective clothing ensembles.

When work is performed in heavy clothing, evaporation of sweat from the skin to the environment is limited by layers of wet clothing and air. The magnitude of decrement in evaporative cooling is a function of the clothing's resistance to permeation of water vapor. A physiological approach has been used to derive effective evaporative coefficients (he) which define this ability to evaporate sweat. We refined this approach by correcting the critical effective evaporative coefficient (K for sweating efficiency (Ke,eta') since only a portion of the sweat produced under such conditions is evaporated through the clothing. Six acclimated men and women walked at 30% maximal O2 consumption (150-200 W.m-2) at a constant dry bulb temperature as ambient water vapor pressure was systematically increased 1 Torr every 10 min. Critical pressure was defined as the partial pressure of water vapor (Pw) at which thermal balance could no longer be maintained and rectal temperature rose sharply. Each test was performed in various clothing ensembles ranging from cotton shirt and pants to "impermeable" suits. This approach was used to derive he by solving the general heat balance equation, M - W +/- (R + C) = w.he.(Psk - Pw), where M is metabolic heat production, W is external work, R is radiant heat exchange, C is convective heat transfer, w is skin wettedness, and Psk is water vapor pressure of fully wet skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1998

Sun-protective clothing.

BACKGROUND: Topical sunscreens have been used for many years on exposed areas (i.e., hands, face) to protect the skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. Most people do not use sunscreens on their bodies when they are wearing clothes. An average weight cotton T shirt gives only a sun protection factor (SPF) of 7. This is inadequate protection when out of doors. Therefore, clothing with adequate sunscreening properties should be worn. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors in clothing fabrics that contribute to or detract from blocking ultraviolet radiation and to recommend criteria for establishing a standard for sunprotective clothing. METHOD: The study involves a review of the dermatologic and textile literature to identify various factors in fabrics that contribute to blocking ultraviolet radiation through textiles. CONCLUSION: For fabrics, the term ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) is used as the measure of ultraviolet radiation penetration through the fabric. The UPF of a fabric depends upon fiber content and weave, fabric colour, finishing processes, and the presence of additives. The performance of a fabric depends upon stretching, shrinkage, hydration, laundering, and wear of the fabric over time. Based upon these criteria the minimum CDA standard UPF for clothing should be 40 to 50+.

Clothing↗
PubMed2006

The impact of clothing style on bone mineral density among post menopausal women in Morocco: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The clothing style is an important factor that influences vitamin D production and thus bone mineral density. We performed a case-control study in order to evaluate the effect of veil wearing (concealing clothing) on bone mineral density in Moroccan post menopausal women. METHODS: The cases were osteoporotic women whose disease was assessed by bone mineral density measurement. Each patient was matched with a non osteoporotic woman for age, and body mass index. All our patients were without secondary causes or medications that might affect bone density. The veil was defined as a concealing clothing which covered most of the body including the arms, the legs and the head. This definition is this of the usual Moroccan traditional clothing style. RESULTS: 178 post menopausal osteoporotic patients and 178 controls were studied. The mean age of the cases and the controls was 63.2 years (SD 7) and the mean body mass index was 32.1 (SD 8). The results of crude Odds Ratios analyses indicated that wearing a veil was associated with a high risk of osteoporosis: OR 2.29 (95% CI, 1.38-3.82). Multiparity or a history of familial peripheral osteoporotic fractures had also a significant effect on increasing the osteoporosis risk (ORs: 1.87 (95% CI, 1.05-3.49) and 2.01 (95% CI, 1.20-3.38)). After a multiple regression analysis, wearing the veil and a history of familial osteoporotic fractures remained the both independent factors that increased the osteoporosis risk (ORs: 2.20 (95% CI, 1.22-3.9) and 2.19 (95% CI, 1.12-4.29) respectively). CONCLUSION: our study suggested that in Moroccan post menopausal women, wearing a traditional concealing clothing covering arms, legs and head increased the risk of osteoporosis. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical impact of the above findings and to clarify the status of vitamin D among veiled women in Morocco.

Aged↗