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PubMed1991

Ethnopharmacognostical survey of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae).

Literature data on respectively botany, chemistry, ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and toxicology of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) are reviewed and evaluated. In traditional literature, preparations of the tree are claimed to be vulnerable in wide spectrum of diseases. Especially for inflammation-related diseases a good correlation is found with the results of recent experimental investigations. In addition, a variety of other biological activities are reported. Most frequently the effects can be attributed to compounds representing the structural classes of the limonoids, phenolics and macromolecules. Reported toxicity of preparations and isolated compounds are low, except for the seed oil. In conclusion, A. indica can be regarded as a valuable plant source for the rationalisation of its use in traditional medicine and for modern drug development.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ethnobotany of nutmeg in the Spice Islands.

Nutmeg, endemic to the Maluku Province of Indonesia (formerly known as the Spice Islands), has long been of importance both as a spice and as a commodity that was once of geopolitical significance. Although its botany, cultivation, and history have been studied, ethnobotanical studies of nutmeg in its place of origin are noticeably lacking. The ethnobotany of nutmeg, Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), was studied in the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and Central and East Java. Historical and current indigenous uses of the fruit and seed are described. Information regarding medicinal aspects was gathered from vendors of herbal remedies, healers, and midwives. It was found that M.fragrans is still used for both culinary and medicinal purposes in its area of origin. M.fragrans is used for diarrhea, mouth sores, and insomnia. In addition, no evidence was found to support previously published reports of nutmeg's hallucinogenic or other psychoactive properties other than a mild sedative action. A renewed suggestion is made that anecdotal reports of nutmeg use as a hallucinogen be revaluated more critically.

Botany↗
PubMed2001

Joseph Hooker: the making of a botanist.

Joseph Hooker became one of the most influential botanists of his day. He is best remembered as a friend of Charles Darwin and an early advocate of natural selection. However, after returning to Britain from his first major voyage, Hooker spent years struggling to find a paid position that would allow him to pursue his studies of plant classification and distribution. As he worked to establish himself, he also helped transform the status of botany as a discipline. In all his efforts, Hooker relied on a network of unpaid, colonial collectors, whose often-forgotten contributions to Victorian natural history are vital to the understanding of the professionalization of the sciences in the 19th century.

Botany↗
PubMed2003

Carl Linnaeus: pictures and propaganda.

How do scientists become famous? Carl Linnaeus was an expert at self-promotion who used portraits to gain patronage and consolidate his reputation. His sexualized classification system was hugely controversial, yet his successors celebrated him as a great hero of botany.

Botany↗
PubMed1991

[Johann Gottfried Zinn--a Franconian anatomist and botanist].

Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727-1759), a franconian anatomist and botanist made important contribution to the anatomy of the eye during his short life span. In his main book "Descriptio anatomica oculi humani" he gave the first detailed and comprehensive description of the anatomy of the human eye. During his professorship at the university of Göttingen the emphasis of his scientific work was in the field of botany. His memory will be kept by the anatomical terms "zonula ciliaris Zinnii" and the circulus arteriosus sclerae = Zinn-Haller's arterial circle. As a botanist Zinn was honoured by the fact that a flower (Zinnie) was named after him.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1986

A package of computer programs for handling taxonomic databases.

A package of programs is described which processes taxonomic data, suitable to use when preparing monographs, handbooks, Floras or Faunas, in which species or other taxa are described and identified. There is also an interactive program for specimen identification, and conversion routines which prepare data for numerical taxonomy (clustering and cladistics). The programs are equally suitable for botany or for zoology, or even for non-biological data.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2003

Rainforest composition and histories of human disturbance in Solomon Islands.

On the basis of a Solomon Islands case study, we report that tropical rainforests hitherto perceived as untouched, pristine, virgin, etc., are actually sites of former settlement, extensive forest clearance, and irrigated/swidden agriculture. An unusually wide range of sources--rainforest ecology, forest classification and mapping, ethnobotany, land-use history, oral traditions, ethnographic and archaeological observations--supports our conclusions. These observations have bearings for contemporary perspectives on scenarios for rainforest regeneration after logging. They also force a revision of certain assumptions concerning Melanesian prehistory and historical demography, and indicate that interdisciplinary links between botany, archaeology and social anthropology are needed to achieve a better appreciation of rainforest dynamics.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2000

[Scientific schols of pharmacy. 8. Kurt Mothes (1900-1983) and his curriculum] .

The aim of this paper is to describe the historical development of Kurt Mothes and his research school. In 1935 Mothes was appointed Professor of botany in Königsberg and moved to the University of Halle in 1950, where he was the director of three departments. He proved to be a good director and an ideal teacher. In 1954 Mothes became president of the Leopoldina. The scientific accomplishments are represented by 391 papers and 56 dissertations. His work provided the basis for modern phytochemical research of plants. Mothes had approximately 800 students; 56 completed their dissertations under his supervision and 24 became professors. The research conditions in Halle were very good because Mothes had received a new Institute of Biochemistry of Plants. The research school of Mothes enjoyed important public and social recognition not only in the GDR but throughout the world.

Botany↗
PubMed1998

[Not Available].

It is the aim of the present dissertation to analyze the cultural and pharmaceutical history of the medicinal plant Ruta graveolens L. (rue) beginning in antiquity until the invention of letter-press printing (see Kap. 1). In contrast to other historical works which emphasize descriptive aspects or the transmission of the sources, an analysis of the content of the sources within their contemporaneous context was attempted here. The sources come from different scientific fields and were collected in numerous European and American (USA) libraries (See Kap. 1.4.2.1). In order to evaluate the medicinal uses of the plant as mentioned in the sources, basic knowledge in pharmaceutical botany is necessary. This qualification makes it possible to correlate the traditional indications of ruta with the current knowledge on the constituents of the plant. 1. Dioskurides' Materia medica presents a chapter on rue. The properties of ruta mentioned there can in part be explained by pharmacologically tested constituents (see Kap. 2). 2. Knowledge on rue was passed on to the middle ages by "Rezeptarien", "Antidotarien", and a latinized Dioskurides. Monasteries become important in medicine (see Kap. 3). 3. Garden history demonstrates that rue was actually cultivated and used for healing, seasoning, coloring, and magic (see Kap. 4). 4. Rue became part of the practically oriented textbooks of the Medical School of Salerno (10th-13th century). Thus, the plant is mentioned (see Kap. 5) and illustrated (see Kap. 6.1-6.3) in mnuscripts of this time period. These manuscripts are the predecessors of the modern pharmacopoeia, drug monograph and popular literature on health. 5. Rue is rarely shown in arts. The interpretation of illustrations of rue depends on some of its uses as a medicinal plant (antidote, eye medication, protection from evil; see Kap. 6.4). These results expand our image of ruta. We have shown here, that questions that lie in the fields of both humanities and natural sciences can be well addressed with an interdisciplinary approach.

Botany↗
PubMed2002

[The alpine garden of Monthabey in Vosges (1903-1914) and his creator, professor Camille Brunotte (1860-1910)].

At the beginning of the XXth century, professor Brunotte, of the school of pharmacy of Nancy, and the section vosgienne de Nancy du Club alpin français, undertook the creation of an alpine garden, in the Vosges, near the col de la Schlucht and le Hohneck, near also with the frontier with Germany. After the death of professor Brunotte, in 1910, the garden was given to the University of Nancy and completed until 1914, but the 1st World War destroyed it completely and it was impossible to recreate it. 1966 was the year of the creation of a new garden, not far from Monthabey, along the route des Crêtes, with a monument devoted to Monthabey garden and its promoter. The paper describes the creation of the first garden, the personality and career of professor Brunotte, its garden after his death and after the war, the precursors in botany of the Vosges Kirschleger and Bleicher, the new garden at Haut-Chietlet, finally the memories of professor Brunotte.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Armand-Jean de Mauvillain (1620-1685), Molière's friend and counsellor, Dean of the Faculté de médecine de Paris (1666-1668)].

Armand-Jean de Mauvillain was Marguerite Cardinal's and Jean de Mauvillain's son. Jean de Mauvillain was successively the King's and Gaston d'Orléans surgeon. His ancestors were native of the Poitou region. The Mauvillains' genealogy has been documented. Armand-Jean de Mauvillain completed his medical studies in Paris and graduated on May 19, 1649. He was appointed "Docteur-régent" on Februrary 3, 1650 and professor of botany in 1655. He was dismissed from his position at the Faculté de médecine for four years due to a quarrel with the Dean Antoine Blondel. Then he resumed his former position and was elected Dean in 1666. In 1650, he married Gemme Cornuty the daughter of the "Docteur-régent" Jacques Cornuty and Anne Bergeret. Jacques Cornuty was the son of Georges Cornuty, a former Dean of the Faculté de médecine (1608-1610). Mauvillain and his wife had four children: Armand-Jean, also future "Docteur-régent", Guillaume, Nicolas and Louise-Angélique.His property inventory enables us to discover his living conditions, his collection of books and the value of his belongings. His role as Molière's counsellor is disputable. The actual date of his first meeting with the famous comedian has not been ascertained. The geneaology of de Mauvillain's family has been documented from the end of the sixteenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century. Its members counted a surgeon, a priest, physicians and lawyers. These commendable activities were in accordance with those traditionally practised by the Ancien Regime middle class members.

Botany↗
PubMed2005

[Princess Anna Vasa--her fascinating life story and skeleton].

The Princess Anna Vasa was born in Sweden in 1568 and spent her first 19 years there. She was the daughter of the Swedish king Johan III and his wife, the Polish Royal Princess Katarina Jagellonica. She was brought up as a Catholic but converted to be a Protestant already in 1583 and remained a fervent Protestant to the end of her life. She was an exceptionally intelligent and extensively educated woman. When her brother became king, Sigismund III of Poland, she accompanied him there. She exerted great influence on Sigismund who was brought up to be a Catholic. She was persistent in her religion, yet working for religious liberty. "The Swedish Princess" was also named "the Queen of Polish Botany". She was never married and she died 57 years old in 1625. For religious reasons her body had to wait 11 years for a funeral of royal standing. The funeral took place in 1636 in St Mary's Church in Torun, Poland. During restoration work at the church in April 1994, Anna Vasa's skeleton was removed from the tomb, and an antropological investigation in order to establish her identity was carried by Dr Andrzej Florkowski at the Dept of Anthrop, Nicholas Copernicus University of Torun. I was invited to Torun to examine her remains in May 1995. The skeleton was in a rather good state of preservation. However, her grave had been plundered at least twice. Her skeleton lacked the right forearm and hand, probably as the result of the pillage of her rings and bracelets. Some other bones and teeth were also missing. At our ocular examination the skeleton revealed a number of anatomical deformations and pathological changes. A conventional radiography and CT of Anna Vasa's skeletal remains was later carried out in 1995 by M. Grzegorzewski, Z. Boron and W. Lasek at the Dept of Radiology, Med. Acad. of Bydgoszcz, Polen. A DNA-analysis was carried out by Dr Anders Götherström at the Archaeol. Res. Lab., Stockholm Univ. An odontological and radiological study was performed by Dr Sigrid I. Kvaal, Dept of Oral path., Univ of Oslo, Norway. 14C (Ua-10417) and delta 13C analyses were carried out by Prof. Göran Possnert at the Angström Lab., Uppsala Univ, Sweden. The article presents results from the different analyses. Anna Vasa's remains were reburied in the restored church in October 1995.

Botany↗
PubMed2005

[Linnés pupil J G Wahlbom, physician and eye surgeon].

Johan Gustaf Wahlbom (1724-1808). One of Linnés first pupils, physician and eye-surgeon. Studied at Uppsala University 1744-51. Defended a dissertation pro exercitio, Sponsalia Plantarum under Linné 1746, swed.translation Blomstrens Biläger 1750. Dissertation pro gradu Ampherina catarrhalis under Rosen 1750. Studied anatomy, surgery and obstetrics in Berlin !752-53. - Provincial physician in the county of Kalmar 1754-94. Introduced inoculatons against smallpox and started one of the first hospitals for venereal diseases in the country. - A scientific dispute with OlofAcrel on cataract surgery aroused great interest. After a public demonstration ofWahlboms and Acrels operative skils,.the controversies were finally settled in a friendly manner. - By employing a rigorous hygienic regime Wahlbom and Anders Sparrman were able to stop a serious infectious disease in Karlskrona 1789. - In appreciation of Wahlboms scientific contributions in Botany and Medicine, Linné named a moth and Thunberg a new plant after Wahlbom. He was appointed First Physician to the King in 1794.

Botany↗
PubMed1990

[Jirí Josef Camel, pharmacist and botanist].

Jirí Josef Camel (1661-1706), a pharmacist and botanist, was born in Brno, educated at a grammar school and then joined the Jesuit Order as a laic brother. He worked in the college pharmacies in Brno, Jindrichův Hradec and Ceský Krumlov. In 1687 he left for a religious mission to the Philippine Islands, where he worked for 17 years in a hospital as a pharmacist. He died in Manila in 1706. He wrote 19 treatises, in which he acquainted European medicine and pharmacy with the flora and fauna of the Philippines. Camel sent his papers to London to J. Ray, the then most distinguished authority in botany. Ray published them in the 3rd volume of Historia Plantarum in 1704. The most valuable part of his work are drawings of plants, published by Petiver in the journal Gazophylacei naturae et artis (1702-1709). More than 400 of them have survived till nowadays in the collection of the British Museum. Further 260 drawings were acquired in the course of years by the University Library in Louvain.

Botany↗
PubMed1986

[Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624)].

The paper describes the life and scientific work of Caspar Bauhin, whose 425th anniversary of his birth is in 1985. He is well-known in anatomy and botany and some species of plants are called after him. In anatomy his name is linked with the ileocaecal valve, though he apparently did not discover it. Especially Bauhin was engaged in improvement of anatomical and botanical nomenclature.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1985

Famous physicians-botanists.

Two hundred years ago a group of physicians laid the foundations of botany with their study of plants for medicinal purposes. Linnaeus of Sweden devised the binomial classification of plants, which is still in use today. Boerhaave of Leyden revitalized bedside teaching and was a major influence in the English-speaking medical schools. Sloane founded the still-existing Physic Garden in London; his natural history collection formed the foundation of the British Museum. Withering prepared digitalis from the purple foxglove and wrote a standard work on the cultivation of vegetables. The gardenia and poinsettia are named after New World physician-botanists Alexander Garden and Joel Poinsett. Swedish physicians Sparrman and Thunberg, pupils of Linnaeus, were the major and original describers of the Cape flora. Atherstone of Grahamstown--the first doctor to use a general anaesthetic (ether) outside America and Europe--is a 19th century example of the naturalist physician as an ardent botanist; he was also a geologist and identified the first diamond found in South Africa.

Botany↗
PubMed1999

The golden decade of molecular floral development (1990-1999): A cheerful obituary

Cloning of genes involved in the specification of floral meristem and organ identity and in the transition to flowering in some model plants such as Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum, and Petunia during the last decade represents an unprecedented step forward towards an understanding of floral development. Most of these genes belong to conserved and widespread gene families encoding transcription factors, such as the MADS-box genes, FLO-like, and AP2-like genes. Current work on the molecular genetic basis of floral development still focuses on a deeper understanding of the classical model systems, which are all higher eudicots. However, in order to apply the current knowledge about floral developmental genetics to plant breeding and evolutionary biology, flowering plant diversity is now also seriously taken into account. In the next decade, developmental control genes will be studied less and less individually, but rather as components of complex gene regulatory networks. The necessary technology is currently being developed. Learning to understand the origin and evolution of these gene networks will also help to clarify the origin and diversification of flowers, one of the most "abominable" and long-standing mysteries of botany. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗