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PubMed2006

Estimates of body height in adult inpatients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Different estimates of body height are broad applied in clinical practice, although its accuracy and precision are few known. In order to clarify the applicability of these estimates, concerned with the hypothesis that it is of too few accuracy and precision, the authors compared patient's actual height to their self reported height (SRH), to the value estimated by the equation proposed by World Health Organization (WHO-EQ) and total arm span (TAS). METHODS: 334 adult inpatients had their measured height (gold standard) compared to each estimate through paired t-test. Proportion of patients who had unacceptable errors (difference > 5 cm) is described. RESULTS: Mean difference between actual height and SRH was 1.9 cm, 3.3 cm for WHO-EQ and 5.7 cm for TAS. However, even accepting a 5 cm difference in relation to actual height, the percentage of patients who had errors bigger than so was 16.9% for SRH, 41.9% for WHO-EQ and 51.2% for TAS. A new equation could be obtained from this sample, but, despite methodologically adequate, it wrongly predicted height in more than 5 cm in 27.8% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tested estimates appeared to be little reliable to be applied to patients confined to bed due to lack of precision and accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Average body height of the middle and lower social classes in the middle European Germanic settlement area from the early Middle Ages to modern times].

This paper reviews the body height data of middle and low social classes of North and Central European populations from the early Middle Ages until the beginning of the 17th century. It is mainly based on anthropological data from the ancient Germans, but considers also some historical reports. From the data presented here it is seen that the initially rather considerable body heights in these two social groups are decreasing during the Middle Ages. This could be observed on population samples from the Central German Highlands and from Southern Germany as well as on samples from the utmost Western Teutonic settlement: Greenland. The reasons for these variations are most likely to be seen in nutritional changes, in increasing hard physical work due to the transition to predominating agriculture, in biological effects of birthrights, and in deteriorating hygienic conditions.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1990

Measurement variations in scoliotic angle, vertebral rotation, vertebral body height, and intervertebral disc space height.

Thirty consecutive posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with a mean Cobb angle of 24.4 degrees were read. In measuring the scoliotic angle, the interobserver error (SD) was 2.8 degrees and the intraobserver, 1.8 degrees. Rotation of the apical vertebra was estimated by measuring the translation of the pedicle on posteroanterior radiographs. For vertebral rotation, the interobserver measurement error (SD) was 3.4 and the intraobserver, 1.8%. The height of the apical vertebral body and the intervertebral disc space next inferior to it were measured on lateral radiographs as the anterior angles of the diagonals of the respective body or disc space. In measuring the vertebral body height, the interobserver error (SD) was 3.2 and the intraobserver, 2.6 degrees, and in measuring the intervertebral disc space height, the interobserver error was 2.4 and the intraobserver, 1.8 degrees. The angles can be transformed to a corresponding height/length ratio by a simple trigonometrical formula.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors for wrist fracture: effect of age, cigarettes, alcohol, body height, relative weight, and handedness on the risk for distal forearm fractures in men.

Fractures of the distal forearm (wrist) are among the most common of all fractures. While evidence exists concerning risk factors for wrist fracture among women, little is known about risk factors among men. This study examines the relation of lifestyle characteristics (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, relative weight) as well as body height and handedness to the risk for fracture in a male population that has been followed up for 6 years. The 51,529 men, who were between the ages of 40 and 75 years in 1986, were participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a national prospective cohort study. In 271,552 person-years of follow-up, 271 respondents reported a wrist fracture. The risk for wrist fracture in this population did not vary with age. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body height, and relative weight also were not related to risk for wrist fracture. Handedness, which was divided into four mutually exclusive categories (right-handed, left-handed, forced to change, and ambidextrous), was significantly associated with wrist fracture. Left-handers had a multivariate relative risk for wrist fracture 1.56 times that of right-handers (95% confidence interval 1.02-2.37), and men who reported they had been forced to change from left-handed to right-handed had a multivariate relative risk 2.47 times greater than right-handers (95 percent confidence interval 1.21-5.04).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Height, body weight, skinfold thickness and endurance fitness of children attending national schools in Ireland.

Height, body weight, the thickness of triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfolds and the six-minute run-walk test of aerobic endurance were measured on 1163 National school children between the ages of 7 and 13, who were attending rural or urban schools in counties Cork, Galway, Limerick, Mayo, Waterford and Wexford. Height, weight and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds were compared with 11 to 13 year-olds from Northern Ireland, for whom the same data is available. Endurance scores were compared with international norms. Although of the same height as other European children, the subjects were heavier and had higher skinfold thicknesses. Aerobic endurance scores averaged about 80% of international norms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Accuracy of visual estimation of body height and weight in supine paediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: When it is impossible to measure the weight and height of paediatric patients, these are usually estimated. We undertook this study to see how accurate these estimates are in practice. METHODS: Five observers estimated body height and weight, and subsequently calculated body surface area, in 48 paediatric inpatients who were lying on surgical ward trolleys. RESULTS: Regression analysis of the data revealed that good correlations existed between estimated and actual body size in all the investigators. However, we found large percentage errors in estimation for infants and younger children with small physical size, and a variation in scatter distribution of estimation errors among the five investigators. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the necessity to titrate drug doses for administration in this small paediatric population.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMed1999

Reliability of self-reported body height and weight of adult Japanese women.

The purpose of this study was to validate the self-reported body height and weight of adult Japanese women. The subjects were women, aged 20-42 years, who participated in a survey on eating disorders in women in 1995. Physically measured height and weight data were obtained for 368 (89.8%) of the 469 women who self-reported their height and weight. The report-based heights and weights were compared with the measured values. The correlation coefficients for height and weight were 0.990 and 0.963 (p < 0.0001), respectively. Mean reported height was 0.1 cm shorter and mean reported weight 0.2 kg lighter than the measured values. Shorter women tended to report a taller height than their actual height, and heavier women to report a lower weight than their actual weight. Despite these limitations, the self-reported heights and weights of adult Japanese women were precise and accurate, and their use in epidemiological surveys is considered acceptable.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Kyphoplasty versus vertebroplasty to increase vertebral body height: a cadaveric study.

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare the vertebral height restoration achieved with kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty in fresh cadavers by using multi-detector row computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was not required because the donors had registered in and consented to an anatomic gift program prior to their death. Thirty-seven vertebrae were harvested from four donated cadavers of elderly female individuals (mean age, 82 years; age range at death, 73-87 years). The vertebrae were dissected free of the surrounding muscles and imaged with multi-detector row CT. Compression fractures were induced, and the vertebrae were again imaged. The vertebrae were randomized to be treated with kyphoplasty (n = 19) or vertebroplasty (n = 18) and were then imaged at multi-detector row CT. The anterior, central, and posterior vertebral body heights and wedge angles were measured in the midsagittal plane of the reformatted images. The amount of cement injected was determined by weighing the vertebrae before and after treatment. The statistical significance of changes in vertebral body height, wedge angle, and weight with the two treatment techniques was evaluated with the independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The increase in vertebral height was greater with kyphoplasty than with vertebroplasty (5.1 mm vs 2.3 mm, respectively; P < .05). The original vertebral height was restored in 93% of vertebrae with kyphoplasty and in 82% with vertebroplasty (P < .05). There was a greater decrease in wedge angle with kyphoplasty than with vertebroplasty (3.1 degrees vs 1.6 degrees, respectively); however, this difference was not significant (P > .05). There was no significant difference in the amount of cement injected with kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Kyphoplasty increased vertebral body height more than vertebroplasty in this model of acutely created fractures in fresh cadaver specimens.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relation between body mass, body height and the blood picture to vital capacity in students exposed to air pollution].

The authors examined the relationship between body mass, body height, haemogram and vital capacity in two groups of pupils exposed to long aeropollution. The first group consisted of children with low vital capacity. In the second group the spirometric test was normal. The authors found differences between these two groups in relation to body mass and hemoglobin concentration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Secular changes of body height and mass in the children and adolescents of Lódź.

The report illustrates secular changes in the development of body height and mass in Lódź school children and youths in a period of time covering 65 years between 1930-1994. The lowest values of both traits were found in the early post-war period (1948-1949) increasing gradually until the end of the seventies. From that time the secular trend diminished successively, restraining completely in the last years (1992-1994). This seems to be connected with the economic crisis of the eighties in Poland, and the deep transformation of socio-economic relations in the last several years. According to the secular changeability values, the rate of that process in relation to younger groups of children increases considerably from the 12th year of life. The biggest changes (in centimeters and kilograms per decade) can be observed in the age of 15 and 16 years. Usually more distinctive variableness is apparent in boys than in girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Ultrasound organometry: the importance of body height adjusted normal ranges in assessing liver and spleen parameters among Chinese subjects with Schistosoma japonicum infection.

Hepatosplenic measurements among 550 Chinese subjects, aged 3-59 years from Yueyang city--a nonendemic area for schistosomiasis in Hunan province, China--were performed to define normal ranges of ultrasound organometry for assessing hepatosplenic morbidity in Schistosoma japonicum infection. Measurements included the size of the liver (left lobe and right lobe), the main portal vein stem, the peripheral periportal vein branches, and spleen length and thickness. The results document the significant relationship between body height and organometric parameters. The reference values stratified by body height improve the accuracy of assessment. Thus, height-based normal ranges established in this study can be applied in hospital routine and in field studies of patients infected with S. japonicum in Hunan province and in other endemic areas of China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Follow-up of linear growth of body height in children with nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Steroid treatment is a mainstay in the management of nephrotic syndrome, but has the potential to impair growth and development of children. This study evaluated the effects of steroid regimens on linear growth of body height in children with nephrotic syndrome. METHODS: Hospital records of height measurements were reviewed for a selected cohort of 50 children with nephrotic syndrome. Patient data were obtained from disease onset until follow-up of at least 32 months. Information on dosage of prednisolone and immunosuppressive agents was also analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation was 6.8 years, and the mean age at final consultation was 10 years. Around one-half and one-third of children received the immunosuppressive agents cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, respectively, in combination with prednisolone. Prednisolone treatment was associated with progressive reduction in height standard deviation score, which became statistically significant after 3 years (p<0.05). At year 3, patients receiving immunosuppressive agents in combination with prednisolone had significantly higher mean height standard deviation score values compared with prednisolone-only patients. There was a significant (p<0.05) inverse correlation between total prednisolone dose and percentile of body length during year 3 of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Prednisolone was associated with impairment of growth in body height, in a dose-dependent fashion. Combined administration of immunosuppressive agents significantly reduced this effect and appears to have a therapeutic role in this setting, particularly when long-term treatment is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Composition of body weight differences in subjects with the same body height.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the composition of body weight differences in men and women with the same height. DESIGN: A study of a random population sample of Danish subjects, aged 35-65 y. SUBJECTS: An age and sex stratified random sample of 3608 subjects of which 2987 (83%) subjects appeared for study. Of these, 548 men and 498 women were randomly selected for this present work based on their heights. RESULTS: The mean values of the slope of body fat against body fat free mass were 2.88 (s.e.m. = 0.09) in women and 1.84 (s.e.m. = 0.07) in men. There were no significant differences between the different body height classes. CONCLUSIONS: See results.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Dimensions of the growing trachea related to body height. Length, anteroposterior and transverse diameters, cross-sectional area, and volume in subjects younger than 20 years of age.

Using computed tomography, we measured the tracheas of 100 subjects younger than 20 yr of age. The 10 youngest were sleeping. The other 90 were awake, and most were measured near total lung capacity. Tracheal length, mean anteroposterior diameter, mean transverse diameter, mean cross-sectional area, and contained volume were plotted against body height for all 100 subjects. The relationships of these dimensions to body height were derived for the 90 subjects examined awake. The resulting regressions had r values of 0.88 to 0.92. The exponents for height were 1.22 to 1.37 for the linear dimensions, 2.58 for area, and 3.80 for volume. We found no differences between the sexes. Variability in diameters and area along individual tracheas was small, especially after early childhood. Such variability as occurred tended to preserve shape slightly more than size. This constancy allows accurate prediction of tracheal area from either tracheal diameter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Complex segregation analysis of body height, weight and BMI in pedigree data from Middle Dalmatia, Croatia.

It has recently been reported that the mode of inheritance of body height, weight and BMI in five ethnically and geographically different populations can be described in terms of a major gene (MG) model. Here, using the pedigree sample from the island populations of Middle Dalmatia, Croatia (1,312 observed individuals in 462 pedigrees), the evidence is presented that supports the above findings. By applying the usual transmission probability tests, the hypothesis has been accepted that a significant part of the variation of each one of those three basic morphological traits can be attributed to the effect of a putative large-effect gene. The effect of a putative MG is responsible for 39-50% of age and sex adjusted trait's variation and for 34-48% of the total (non age-adjusted) variation of height, weight and BMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between body height extremes and the conditioned patellar tendon reflex response.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of extreme body heights on the conditioned patellar tendon reflex response in an attempt to differentiate between the contributions of supraspinal and spinal mechanisms on long-latency reflex facilitation. Unilateral and conditioned right patellar tendon reflexes were assessed in 10 extremely short males and females and 10 extremely tall males and females. The conditioning stimulus was a contralateral patellar tendon tap and the conditioning intervals were 10, 15, 25, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, and 300 ms. There was a long-latency facilitation of quadriceps excitability beginning at the 75 ms conditioning interval regardless of the height of the subject. It is hypothesized that the similar conditioned patellar tendon recovery profiles in the extremely short subjects and the extremely tall subjects reflects the activation of a spinal polysynaptic pathway as the predominant mechanism for our long-latency reflex facilitation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Height, body mass index, and prostate cancer: a follow-up of 950000 Norwegian men.

The present study explored body mass index (BMI), height, and risk of prostate cancer in a large Norwegian cohort of 950000 men aged 20-74 years, whose height and weight were measured in a standardised way in the period 1963-1999. These were followed for an average of 21 years. The Cox proportional hazard models were used in the analyses. During follow-up, 33 300 histologically verified cases of prostate cancer were registered. The risk of prostate cancer increased by both BMI and height. The magnitude of the increase by BMI was modest, the relative risk (RR) of obese men (BMI>or=30) compared with normal weighted was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04-1.15). However, the RR at age 50-59 years was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.29-1.94) in men being obese at about age 45 years compared with normal weighted men. The tallest men had an RR of 1.72 (95% CI: 1.46-2.04) compared with the shortest men. The overall effect of BMI on the incidence of prostate cancer was modest. The larger effect found in men aged 50-59 years might partly explain the previous inconsistent findings.

Adult↗