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PubMed1993

Kappa-casein polymorphisms among cattle breeds and bison herds.

We identified the HindIII restriction site polymorphism of kappa-casein in cattle reported by Pinder et al. (Animal Genetics 22, 11, 1991) and found an additional polymorphism (RsaI) in cattle and bison. The HindIII and RsaI restriction sites were mapped and three haplotypes (alleles) were identified. Preliminary screening of 39 cattle and 71 bison revealed one allele restricted to cattle, one restricted to bison, and one shared by the species. No fixed allelic differences were observed among cattle breeds or among bison herds or subspecies.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Development of a linkage map and QTL scan for growth traits in North American bison.

PCR protocols incorporating fluorescently labeled multiplexed primer combinations were developed to produce a linkage map for bison. Three hundred fifty eight microsatellite loci spanning all 29 autosomes were genotyped via 83 PCR multiplexes and nine individual amplifications. A total of 292 markers were integrated into an autosomal linkage map for bison. The sex averaged bison map (2,647 cM) was approximately 9% longer than the corresponding USDA MARC map, which covered 2,415 cM. Utilizing weaning, yearling and 17-month weights from two private bison herds, a QTL scan was conducted using the developed linkage map. LOD peaks suggestive of QTL were identified on chromosomes 2, 7, 15, and 24 for weaning weight, chromosomes 4, 14, and 15 for yearling weight and chromosomes 8, 14, and 25 for 17-month weight. Four of the identified chromosomes have conserved synteny with regions harboring growth QTL in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Marker genotypes and population admixture and their association with body weight, height and relative body mass in United States federal bison herds.

Elucidating genetic influences on bison growth and body composition is of interest, not only because bison are important for historical, cultural, and agricultural reasons, but also because their unusual population history makes them valuable models for finding influential loci in both domestic cattle and humans. We tested for trait loci associated with body weight, height, and bison mass index (BMI) while controlling for estimated ancestry to reduce potential confounding effects due to population admixture in 1316 bison sampled from four U.S. herds. We used 60 microsatellite markers to model each phenotype as a function of herd, sex, age, marker genotypes, and individual ancestry estimates. Statistical significance for genotype and its interaction with ancestry was evaluated using the adaptive false discovery rate. Of the four herds, two appeared to be admixed and two were nonadmixed. Although none of the main effects of the loci were significant, estimated ancestry and its interaction with marker loci were significantly associated with the phenotypes, illustrating the importance of including ancestry in the models and the dependence of genotype-phenotype associations on background ancestry. Individual loci contributed approximately 2.0% of variation in weight, height, and BMI, which confirms the utility and potential importance of adjusting for population stratification.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Concentrations of selected vitamins and selenium in bison cuts.

We analyzed individual cuts from clod (Triceps brachii), ribeye (Longissimus thoracis), top round (semimembranosus), and top sirloin (Gluteus medius) from 12 fed bison bulls for content of selected vitamins and selenium. The bulls came from producers in the United States and Canada and had consumed concentrate diets plus hay free choice for at least 180 d. The mean nutrient concentrations of all of the bison cuts combined were as follows (per 100 grams of wet weight): .045 mg thiamin, .253 mg vitamin B6, 2.131 microg vitamin B12, no detectable vitamin C, .848 microg vitamin A, .047 mg alpha-tocopherol, .013 mg tau-tocopherol, and 25.464 microg selenium. The nutrient content values did not differ (P > .05) among the cuts of meat. Cuts from individual bulls were different (P < .05) with regard to alpha- and tau-tocopherols, selenium, and vitamin A but not with regard to thiamin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Nutrient concentrations, with the exception of one nutrient, of five bison from the same producer were similar. Great variation was observed between the alpha- and tau-tocopherols, selenium, and vitamin A contents among bison bulls but not among cuts of meat.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Serologic survey for bovine pathogens in free-ranging European bison from Poland.

From 1980 to 1983, blood was taken from 60 selected European bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. Serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against Brucella abortus, 14 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, Chlamydia spp., Coxiella burnetti; foot and and mouth disease virus, bovine leukemia virus and bovine herpes virus-1. In addition, an attempt was made to isolate bovine herpes virus-1 from the prepuce of selected bulls. Serological tests suggested chlamydial infection in 28 bison, subclinical Q-fever of a 2-yr-old heifer, subclinical bovine leukemia virus infection in a 12-yr-old bull and bovine herpes virus-1 infection in five bulls and three cows. Attempts to isolate bovine herpes virus-1 were not successful. These results suggest the possibility of cross transmission of several of these bovine pathogens between free-ranging bison and domestic cattle in Poland.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1993

Hematologic, serologic values, histopathologic and fecal evaluations of bison from Yellowstone Park.

Hematologic and blood chemistry parameters were measured in 149 free-ranging American bison (Bison bison) from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). Additionally, histopathologic evaluations of lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and mesenteric and bronchial lymph nodes were made from ten animals. Forty-five fecal samples were screened for the presence of helminth ova. Leukopenia and markedly low blood urea nitrogen concentrations were the most notable differences observed from other bison populations. All tissues examined were essentially normal; there was evidence of moderate intestinal parasite burdens.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Serologic survey for infectious pathogens in free-ranging American bison.

From November 1991 through March 1992, we evaluated 101 free-ranging American bison (Bison bison) from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA) for exposure to infectious organisms that commonly infect cattle. No titers were detected for bluetongue virus, bovine leukemia virus, or Campylobacter fetus in these 101 bison. Detectable antibodies occurred against Anaplasma marginale (eight of 76, 11%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (31 of 101, 31%), bovine viral diarrhea (31 of 101, 31%), bovine herpesvirus 1 (29 of 76, 38%), Leptospira interrogans icterohaemorrhagiae (four of 101, 4%), L interrogans hardjo (seven of 101, 7%), L interrogans autumnalis (one of 101, 1%), L interrogans bratislava (seven of 101, 7%), L interrogans australis (one of 101, 1%), and parainfluenza 3 virus (27 of 75, 36%). The low antibody titers and the lack of gross lesions are evidence that while previous exposure to infectious organisms may have occurred, none appeared to have active infections.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed2001

Immunolocalization of PTHrP in the European bison and pine vole testis and epididymis.

The present study deals with immunohistochemical localization of PTHrP in European bison and pine vole testis and epididymis. PTHrP immunoreactivity was observed in spermatogenic cells of seminiferous tubules in European bison and pine vole testis, with the strongerst reaction occurring in spermatozoa of pine vole testis and epididymal duct. We also observed PTHrP expression in vascular smooth muscle of epididymis and testis in both animal species, as well as slightly weaker reaction in endothelial cells of European bison epididymis. PTHrP was also expressed in the smooth muscle of the epididymal duct in European bison and pine vole. In conclusion, PTHrP is a multifunctional peptide showing both paracrine and autocrine action. Its presence in vascular endothelium and smooth muscle of testis and epididymis is connected with the regulation of vascular muscle tone, thus affecting blood flow in the vessels. PTHrP expression depends on a number of local factors. Moreover, we suppose that PTHrP also contributes to the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogenic cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The occurrence of parasitic arthropods in two groups of European bison in the Białowieza primeval forest.

Within 1992-2000, a total of 181 Białowieza Forest bison were examined from two winter herds. Twelf parasitic arthropod species were observed, a high infestation being typical of Demodex bisonianius, Chorioptes bovis, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus, and Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii. The infestation in section 422 herd being higher for B. sedecimdecembrii, I. ricinus, D. reticulatus, Ch. bovis. D. bisonianus was slightly more prevalent in the section 391 herd, the intensity being, however, lower than that in the other herd. Among the remaining arthropods found in the Bialowieza Forest European bison, some Lipoptena cervi occurred in both herds, Demodex sp. and Sarcoptes scabiei were recorded only in the section 422 herd, Ixodes persulcatus was present only in the section 391 bison and those kept in the reservation, while D. bovis, Psoroptes ovis, and Melophagus ovinus were found in the reserve bison only. In the present study, the largest differences in the extent of infestation involved the hair-dwelling arthropods (B. sedecimdecembrii, I. rixinus).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Forming of gastro-intestinal nematodes fauna of free ranging European bison in Bialowieza Primeval Forest during last 17 years (1984-2001)].

28 European bison of both sexes and in different age shot in Białowieza Primeval Forest in January 1984, (10 animals), January 1992 (10 animals) and in January and the beginning of February 2001 (8 animals) have been necropsied. The examined animals in mentioned years were of similar age. There were examined abomasa and duodena of shot animals. All necropsied bison were infected with gastro-intestinal nematodes. The highest intensity of infection with nematodes of abomasum was found in 1992 year and with nematodes of duodenum in 2001 year. In the examined period were found as many as 21 species of gastro-intestinal nematodes, and 15 of them occurred in 1984, 16 in 1992 and 17 in 2001; 12 species, namely: Trichostrongylus axei, T. capricola, Ostertagia ostertagi, O. lyrata, O. leptospicularis, O. kolchida, Spiculopteragia boehmi, Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus helventianus, N. roscidus, N. europaeus and Aonchotheca bilobata occurred in all 3 examined years. The highest mean intensity of infection and the percentage index of intensity of these 12 species of nematodes showed O. leptospicularis which was 45% to 47% of all Ostertagiinae. Beyond of these 12 species of nematodes which occurred in all examined years, there were found 9 species more: Ostertagia antipini, Spiculopteragia mathevossiani, S. asymmetrica, Mazamastrongylus dagestanicus, Cooperia surnabada, C. punctata, C. pectinata, Haemonchus placei and Ashworthius sidemi. They occurred sporadically and in low density. During the examined period, bison have adapted 10 species of parasites from Cervides. Mazamastrongylus dagestanicus - parasite primary typical for moose, was for the first time found in bison.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Investigation, control and epizootiology of anthrax in a geographically isolated, free-roaming bison population in northern Canada.

In July 1993 anthrax caused significant mortality in an isolated, free-ranging population of bison (Bos bison athabascae) west of Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories. There was no previous record of anthrax in this area. An emergency response was undertaken to reduce the scale of environmental contamination and dissemination of anthrax spores and hence to reduce the likelihood of future outbreaks. One-hundred-and-seventy-two bison, 3 moose (Alces alces), and 3 black bear (Ursus americanus) carcasses were found. Visual detection of carcasses was enhanced with the use of an airborne, remote infrared sensing camera mounted externally on a helicopter. Fifty-five percent of the carcasses were located in forested or shrub-covered sites where detection would not have been likely without the thermal imaging equipment. Carcasses were disposed of by incineration and the sites were decontaminated with formaldehyde. Application of formaldehyde to carcasses prevented scavenging. The outbreak occurred after a prolonged period of drying between April and mid-July 1993 which followed several successive years of flooding of bison habitat. The "spore concentration hypothesis" provides the most conservative explanation for the occurrence of anthrax under the observed conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Diagnosis of pregnancy in wood bison using a bovine assay for pregnancy-specific protein B.

Blood samples were collected from 51 wood bison (Bison bison athabascae ) and evaluated for the presence of an antigen that cross-reacted with antisera to pregnancy-specific protein B(PSPB). The objective of this study was to determine if the PSPB radioimmunoassay (RIA) was a reliable indicator of pregnancy in these animals. Pregnancy of mature females was determined either at autopsy (20 animals) or by palpation per rectum after chemical immobilization (18 animals). The antigen was not detected in either males or juvenile females. There was minor cross-reaction in sera of one of nine nonpregnant females that had been exposed to males. The antigen was found in the sera of 25 of 27 females that were confirmed pregnant. It was concluded that the PSPB RIA was a useful tool in the determination of pregnancy in wood bison.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Hematology, blood chemistry and selenium values of captive pronghorn antelope, white-tailed deer and American bison.

Pronghorn were observed to have a significantly higher whole blood selenium concentration than either the white-tailed deer or bison. Pronghorn colloid values were significantly less than those of the bison, and approached statistical significance for the white-tailed deer. Differential white blood cell counts for the white-tailed deer were markedly different from those of the pronghorn and bison. The American bison had significantly higher cortisol values and lower T3 values than either the white-tailed deer or pronghorn.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Bovine coccidia in American bison.

Three species of coccidia, found in American bison sampled in Wyoming, are identified. The described coccidial species, common to cattle, have not been reported previosuly from American bison, (Bison bison). Identification of the parasites was determined by oocyst structural measurements and by oocyst sporulation times.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Some hematologic values of bison from five areas of the United States.

Seventeen hematologic values of the American Bison (Bison bison) from five areas of the United States were determined using standard techniques. The means of the principal blood measurements for all bison were 10.08 +/- 1.43 million erythrocytes/mm3, 8.03 +/- 1.41 thousand leukocytes/mm3, 16.92 +/- 1.43 gm % hemoglobin and 47.11 +/- 4.06% hematocrit. There was a significant variation (P less than 0.05) among age groups of males for erythrocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. However, no significant variation between female age groups or sexes was found for any of the blood cell values determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sarcocystis in free-ranging herbivores on the National Bison Range.

Heart, esophagus, diaphragm and skeletal muscle obtained from various herbivores on the National Bison Range were examined grossly for Sarcocystis. Sarcocystis was found in 81, 50, 50, and 13% of the mule deer, (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), elk (Cervus elaphus), and bison (Bison bison), respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimental anaplasmosis in American bison: persistence of infections of Anaplasma marginale and non-susceptibility to A. ovis.

Blood collected 314 and 496 days after experimentally infecting splenectomized and spleen-intact American bison (Bison bison) with Anaplasma marginale was infective for splenectomized bovine steers. The pathogenesis was identical to that seen in bovine studies using bovine blood inoculations. A splenectomized bison remained normal clinically, hematologically and serologically for 10 mo after repeated inoculation of ovine blood infected with A. ovis.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1979

Ostertagiosis in captive bison in New York State: report of nine cases.

Type II ostertagiosis was found at necropsy in 9 American bison (Bison bison) from 3 farms in New York. Clinical signs included severe diarrhea, emaciation, unthrifty coats, anemia, and weakness. In severely affected animals, the macroscopic abomasal changes consisted of irregular thickening and edema of the mucosa, resulting in a pebbly or morocco-leather appearance. Microscopically, many gastric pits and glands were dilated, lined by hyperplastic epithelium, and contained nematode sections or debris. Parasites recovered included Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus lerouxi, Cooperia oncophora, Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus helvetianus, Trichuris discolor, Setaria labiato-papillosa, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Hypoderma lineatum, and Sarcocystis sp. Nodules in the small and large intestine were attributed to Oesophagostomum sp. Trichostrongylus lerouxi, Trichuris discolor, and Nematodirus helvetianus are reported from bison for the first time.

Abomasum↗