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PubMed1978

Longitudinal evaluation of a teacher education course presented to dental faculty.

A three-day course on teaching methods was held for dental educators who were at various stages of their careers. The course was presented by the staff of the Academic Instructor and Allied Officer School of the Department of the Air Force. The purpose of the course was to aid in acquiring new knowledge of teaching methods and to produce behavioral changes in the participants' teaching techniques. A longitudinal evaluation demonstrated that participants changed teaching behaviors related to the courses' goals, and acquired and retained a significant amount of factual information presented in the course.

Attitude↗
PubMed1979

Comparative behavioral toxicology.

Behavioral conditioning together with conventional sensory testing methods may be used in the evaluation of toxic effects on sensory systems in experimental animal models. Such procedures yield precise quantitative estimates of impairment in absolute and differential acuity and in sensory perception. Additionally, these behavioral changes can be related to the presence of histopathology in peripheral sensory structures; this orderly relation between structure and function may aid in our understanding of the basis for sensory coding in the normal end organ.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of several psychotropic agents on changes in the behavior of mice induced by acetaldehyde].

Results of a study on the effect produced by 26 psychotropic agents on a complex set of behavioral changes in mice induced by introduction of acetaldehyde are presented. Experiments were conducted according to the method of Ortiz et al. (1973) who have proposed this test as a model of the abstinence syndrome. The effect of the agents was evaluated by removal of convulsions according to the Goldstein 4-point scale system (1972). In this respect the most effective proved tranquilizers, hypnotics, sodium oxybutyrate and ethanol. Little effective were neuroleptics and antidepressants. The model may be used in the screening of drugs when treating the abstinence syndromes in chronic alcoholism.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1978

Hyperkinesis and food additives: testing the Feingold hypothesis.

Teacher ratings, objective classroom and laboratory observational data, attention-concentration, and other psychological measures obtained on 36 school-age, hyperactive boys under experimental and control diet conditions yielded no support for the Feingold hypothesis. Parental ratings revealed positive behavioral changes for the experimental diet; however, they seemed primarily attributable to one diet sequence. Parents' behavioral ratings on ten hyperactive, preschool boys indicated a positive response to the experimental diet; again, laboratory observations showed no diet effect.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Additional comments on multiple-baseline designs in instructional research.

A number of measurement and design issues that are critical to the use of multiple-baseline procedures in evaluating instructional interventions were highlighted. First, issues related to the interaction between length of baseline assessment and the following outcomes were presented: (a) deceleration in behavior across baseline, (b) prediction of behavior change, (c) error analyses performance on instructional stimuli, and (d) reactivity of observation. Finally, an attempt was made to match the variety of multiple-baseline designs to specific questions often asked by instructional researchers.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Modification of behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine by haloperidol.

Cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) stimulated spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and induced stereotypy (ST) in rats. Haloperidol at 0.015 mg/kg, i.p. dose reduced or blocked cocaine-induced ST, but did not affect, drug-induced hyperactivity. At 0.03 mg/kg, i.p. dose of haloperidol, both behavioral effects were blocked. Cocaine decreased the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) contents of diencephalon-midbrain (DM) and pons-medulla (PM) and increased dopamine (DA) contents in the DM and caudate nucleus (CN) at 20 min after its administration. Haloperidol (0.03 or 0.015 mg/kg) at 30 min postdrug produced opposite effects on the levels of NE, DA and 5-HT in the respective brain areas compared to cocaine. Given in combination, haloperidol reversed the effects of cocaine on the levels of NE, DA and 5-HT. Thus the cocaine-induced behavioral changes and their modification by haloperidol can be correlated to the neurochemical changes produced by these drugs alone or their combination.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Central action of narcotic analgesics. V. Participation of serotonin in the mechanism of action of narcotic analgesics.

The influence of serotonergic system on the changes in locomotor activity of mice and rats brought about by morphine, fentanyl, codeine and pentazocine and on morphine induced catalepsy in rats was studied. p-Chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) did not affect the behavioral changes produced in mice by morphine, fentanyl, codeine and pentazocine but reduced the behavioral depression produced by these drugs in rats. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) but not tryptophan (TP) reversed the action of pCPA on the effect of morphine and fentanyl. After reserpine the depression produced in rats by morphine and fentanyl was more pronounced. TP did not change the depression produced by combination of reserpine and morphine but counteracted the depression observed after combination of reserpine and fentanyl. In mice reserpine protected against hypermotility produced by morphine or fentanyl and TP potentiated the depression produced by the combination of reserpine and morphine or reserpine and fentanyl. Serotonin precursors, 5-HTP and TP evidently potentiated the morphine induced catalepsy. pCPA counteracted only the enhancement of the catalepsy observed after TP administration. Naloxone abolished the catalepsy after combined treatment with morphine and TP. Similarly but weaker acted cyproheptadine. The results suggest that the serotonin system plays a role in the effects of morphine and fentanyl on rat locomotor activity. An increase in the cerebral serotonin level increases the morphine catalepsy in rats.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1979

[Role of the GABA-ergic systems of the brain in manifesting the activating effect of diazepam].

It was shown in experiments on rats that the selective blocker of GABA receptors bicuculline (2 mg/kg) does not decrease the activating effect of diazepam as to the reaction of self-stimulation. The GABA-mimetic muscimol (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) had no effect on self-stimulation rate, while in the dose of 2 mg/kg causing behavioral changes produced a powerful decrease in it (by 93.3%). During the combined administration of diazepam and muscimol (1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively) no potentiation of diazepam effect was observed. It is suggested that diazepam-induced facilitation of the reaction of self-stimulation is not due to the alteration in the activity of GABA-ergic processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Neurolepticlike actions of l-methadone: effect on mescaline-induced altered behavior and on tissue levels of mescaline in mice.

Mice were injected ip with either saline, l-methadone (2.5, 5, 20 mg/kg), perphenazine (1, 10, 15 mg/kg), or chlorprothixene (1.25, 2.5, 15 mg/kg) 30 min prior to mescaline-14C (25 mg/kg). Mescaline-induced behavioral changes such as agitation, excitement, slight increase in ventilation, and fright to sound stimuli were prevented by all doses of three drugs, and head-shaking, scratching, and locomotor-increasing effects by 5 and 20 mg/kg methadone and by all doses of both neuroleptics. Catalepticlike state and moderate to marked hypothermia induced by all doses of chlorprothixene, 10 and 15 mg/kg perphenazine, and 20 mg/kg methadone were not reversed by mescaline. Chlorprothixene (all doses), perphenazine (10, 15 mg/kg), and methadone (5, 20 mg/kg) caused marked retention of mescaline and its deaminated metabolite, 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl acetic acid in both brain and plasma. The fact that relatively higher doses of methadone than neuroleptics are needed to ensure effective antagonism to mescaline action tends to indicate a less specific interaction of the opiate with the neuroleptic/dopamine receptor proposed for central mescaline effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Reversible toxic psychosis.

Psychotropic medications may produce a toxic confusional state, especially in elderly patients. Tricylcic antidepressants particularly, and the phenothiazines to a lesser extent, may induce these behavioral changes by their anticholinergic activity. The situation may be compounded by the use of more than one psychotropic drug or the addition of an antihistamine or a belladonna alkaloid. Physostigmine can reverse the anticholinergic effects and clear the mental state.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

The relative contribution of pre- and neonatal ethanol administration to changes in mice behavior.

Parent C57BL/10Bg and DBA/1Bg inbred mice were fed 10% ethanol in their drinking solution during mating and pregnancy and/or early post parturition period. The susceptibility to audiogenic seizures and the open field behavior of their offspring were tested at age 29--33 days. Our previous experiments have indicated that continuous exposure to ethanol during pre- and neonatal periods enhanced the susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in both strains and decreased open field activity only in the strain C57. The present study, while confirming previous findings, assessed the relative contribution of the prenatal and the neonatal administration of ethanol to the behavioral changes. Among C57 mice, the neonatal period was most important for the induction of changes in seizures, but prenatal exposure which alone had no effect, enhanced the outcome of neonatal administration. Among DBA mice either period induced seizures, but the contribution of the neonatal period was the most significant. Early ethanol administration affected open field behavior only in C57 mice. There was an additive interaction between the two periods (latency), no effect by any period alone but together they produced a full effect (ambulation), or that either period alone was sufficent to produce a full effect (defecation).

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative anatomical and behavioral analyses of regeneration and collateral sprouting following spinal cord transection in the nurse shark (ginglymostoma cirratum).

The spinal cord was transected at the mid-thoracic level in 32 nurse sharks. Four animals per group were sacrificed at intervals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 days postoperative. Two groups of fish underwent a subsequent spinla1 cord retransection at the same site at 90 days and were sacrificed 10 and 20 days later. Three sections of spinal cord were removed from each shark for histological analysis. Behaviorally, timed trials for swimming speed and a strength test for axial musculature contraction caudal to the lesion site were performed at 5 day postoperative intervals. Histological analysis showed little regeneration (9-13 percent) of two descending tracts 90 days following the lesion and no return of rostrally controlled movements caudal to the lesion. However, synaptic readjustment did occur caudal to the lesion. This phenomenon was attributed to local segmental sprouting of adjacent, intact nerve fibers. A close correlation was shown between this synaptic readjustment and the strength of uncontrollable undulatory movements seen caudal to the lesion site following spinal cord transection. The relationship of regeneration and collateral sprouting to quantitative behavioral changes is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of chronic lead ingestion on social development in infant rhesus monkeys.

The social behavior of infant rhesus monkeys during the first year of life was examined under a variety of lead (Pb) exposure conditions in four separate experiments. Daily ingestion of PB acetate in milk for one year elevated blood Pb levels to 30-100 microgram/dl, suppressed play, increased social clinging, and exacerbated the disruption of social behavior caused by changing the play environment midway through the year of observation. The presence of control monkeys in social test-groups reduced the magnitude of Pb-induced social behavior changes. In contrast to daily postnatal Pb exposure, chronic exposure to Pb during gestation had no measurable effect on postnatal social development, and acute, transient postnatal Pb exposure (producing blood Pb levels > 200 microgram/dl during month 2 of life) affected only the monkeys' response to the change in the plan environment. These data suggest that daily ingestion of Pb, and not a previously-acquired tissue burden, was responsible for the long-term changes in social development observed. The results are discussed in the general context of primate social development, which is thought to require adequate interactive play for appropriate social integration and reproductive behavior at maturity.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

Nutrition education in the Little Rock school lunch program.

The Little Rock (Ark.) School Foodservice Department furnished a nutrition education unit to two groups of primary-grade children. For one group, use of the unit was left to the discretion of the teacher. Teachers of the second group received the assistance of a nutrition education coordinator and use of supplemental materials developed by the coordinator; in addition, the Foodservice Department provided other supplies and foods suggested for carrying out the unit. Change in eating behavior in both groups was measured by studies of plate waste of the test foods incorporated in the school lunch. The study showed that: (a) A cooperative effort between the cafeteria department and classroom can result in changing eating behavior, and (b) first and second graders showed more behavioral change than third graders.

Arkansas↗
PubMed1977

Some aspects of the neuropharmacology of phenylurea.

The neuropharmacology of phenylurea was studied. The compound is a potent sedative hypnotic agent with a fairly good margin of safety. It produced significant motor incoordination and behavioral changes in sub-sedative doses, thus suggesting that it acts on the areas of the brain which control motor coordination (neurological deficit) and spontaneous motor movements (awareness of environment). The activity pattern of phenylurea as measured on the rotarod treadmill was identical with that of an ataractic drug, meprobamate, and different from that of the sedative drug, 2-ethylcrotonylurea (ectylurea). It exhibited significant meprobamate-like antistrychnine (myorelaxant) activity, and at high doses only, anticonvulsant activity (pentetrazole antagonism). Phenylurea also protected mice against tremorine-induced tremors. A sub-sedative dose of phenylurea significantly prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A survey of the effects of oral contraceptive patient information.

A nationwide survey of 1,720 current and 949 former oral contraceptive (OC) users gathered information about receipt, readership, knowledge, opinions, and reported behavioral changes induced by two forms of patient-oriented OC information. A substantial majority of women said they received and read the patient insert dispensed with the drug. However, only about one third of pill users said that they received the longer informational brochure supplied by physicians on patient request. Directions for use and side effects were the most often recalled information. Physician-patient contact patterns were reported as generally unaffected by written patient information. Respondents preferred the longer informational brochure to the insert. Survey results have implications for recently proposed changes in required OC patient information and for the development of patient information on additional prescription drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative changes in astrocytes after portacaval shunting in chimpanzees and in man with normal liver parenchyma.

Chimpanzees without liver cell damage, but subjected to portacaval anastomosis, showed behavioral changes that were accompanied by "Alzheimer II" astrocyte hyperplasia and nuclear enlargement. These findings were similar to those in a human patient with encephalopathy, secondary to a portacaval shunt, whose liver was normal. Controlled quantitative study of astrocytic hyperplasia in different anatomic regions showed the hyperplasia to involve the gray matter with only moderate topographic variation. Individual degrees of hyperplasia somewhat paralleled the severity of clinical symptoms and ammonia levels; no clear-cut relationship with time after shunting could be established. Portacaval shunt encephalopathy in chimpanzees greatly resembles that in man and, thus, lends itself to more detailed experimental analysis.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Effects of single and repeated exposures to abate on rat behavior and cholinesterase activity.

Rats were injected i.p. with the organophosphate insecticide ABATE and tested over the next 16 days. Animals given 1000 mg/kg showed impaired performance of a previously conditioned avoidance response 6 days after injection but not 2, 8, 10, or 16 days after injection. No behavioral changes were observed in animals given 316 or 562 mg/kg. A subsequent experiment showed that the avoidance impairment in animals given 1000 mg/kg was accompanied by significant erythrocyte, plasma, and brain cholinesterase activity inhibition and decreased spontaneous motor activity. If administration of the same ABATE dose was distributed over 6 days (167 mg/kg/day), cholinesterase and motor activity depression was still evident but conditioned avoidance performance was unimpaired. The results were interpreted as differential behavioral adaption to repeated injections of ABATE.

Animals↗