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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Coincidence-anticipation performance of adolescent baseball players and nonplayers.

10 adolescent baseball players and 10 nonplayers made estimates of baseballs' arrival at the front edge of a home plate. Balls were projected 45 ft. by a pitching machine at speeds of 35, 40, 45, and 50 mph. Subjects made estimates with the dominant and nondominant eye closest to the oncoming ball. Analysis indicated that players were no more accurate than nonplayers but did respond significantly earlier and with consistency. Eye dominance had no effect on performance.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1997

Concentric isokinetic shoulder internal and external rotation strength in professional baseball pitchers.

Objective measurement of shoulder internal and external rotation strength is an important part in the comprehensive evaluation and rehabilitation of athletes who perform predominantly unilateral upper extremity movement patterns. Apparatus- and population-specific descriptive data are needed to enhance the interpretation of results from isokinetic dynamometers. The primary purpose of this study was to measure isokinetically glenohumeral joint internal and external rotator peak torque and work in professional baseball pitchers and determine whether significant differences exist between the dominant (throwing) extremity and nondominant extremity. One hundred twenty-five healthy professional baseball pitchers were tested bilaterally on a Cybex 300 series isokinetic dynamometer at 210 and 300 degrees/sec for concentric internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint with the arm in 90 degrees of abduction. A standardized protocol and testing guidelines were strictly followed. A dependent t test was used to test for differences between extremities for peak torque and single repetition work isokinetic parameters. No significant difference between the dominant and nondominant shoulder was found for external rotation peak torque or single repetition work at either testing speed. Significantly greater (p < .001) dominant arm shoulder internal rotation was measured for both peak torque and single repetition work at 210 and 300 degrees/sec compared with the nondominant extremity. The results of this study are important for the application and interpretation of isokinetic data on unilaterally dominant upper extremity athletes. The use of a population-specific, descriptive isokinetic data profile is important in both rehabilitation and prevention of shoulder injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Rate of injury in minor league baseball by level of play.

Professional baseball players are subjected to high stresses and repetitive motions that can lead to orthopedic injuries. Studies have documented significant differences in range of motion and muscle activity between professional athletes and amateurs. These differences are thought to result from adaptive changes occurring in response to repetitive microtrauma. The purpose of this study was to review rates of orthopedic injury in minor league baseball as a function of competitive level. The incidence and severity of orthopedic injuries from 1985 through 1997 were compiled for 6 minor league teams. Significantly greater injury rates were found at the rookie levels than at the higher minor league levels. Following injury, higher-level athletes were most often out 1 to 3 days, while rookies were more likely out 4 to 20 days. It is likely that some of the injuries in rookies occurred because the athletes attempted to participate in a higher level of competition without adequate conditioning and time for adaptive changes. Professional teams should not assume that amateur athletes have been properly conditioned for the increased demands of professional competition. Rookies should undergo specific conditioning and evaluation prior to competing at the professional level.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2000

[Isolated atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle in baseball players].

Atrophy of infraspinatus muscle caused by suprascapular nerve entrapment is a typical disease of overhead sports such as volleyball, baseball and javelin. The chronic distress of suprascapular nerve infraspinatus branch may derive from nerve kinking and friction caused by an entrapment at the spino-glenoid notch, often repeated during external-rotation and abduction of shoulder. From 1999 to 2000 4 athletes, out of 143 professional baseball players, were found suffering from this disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by MNR and EMG, while a isokinetic test quantified a loss of strength in external-rotation and allowed a standard parameter for the treatment result evaluation. The 4 athletes were submitted to a non-invasive rehabilitation protocol, thanks to electrostimulation and isokinetic exercises, aiming at strengthening the extrarotator muscles and restoring a suited musclar balance. A subjective improvement was verified and confirmed by isokinetic test in all the players; moreover no surgery was needed.

Arm↗
PubMed2001

Effects of general, special, and specific resistance training on throwing velocity in baseball: a brief review.

Throwing velocity is a necessary requirement for success in baseball. All position players, including pitchers, may increase their defensive performance if their throwing velocity is improved. A review of the literature suggests that throwing velocity can be increased by resistance training and/or biomechanical improvement of the throwing motion. This paper reviews the 3 broad categories of resistance-training methods by which throwing velocity is increased. The results of research using general, special, and specific throwing resistance-training exercises are presented. The role and applications of these different exercises for baseball players of different ages are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Musculoskeletal trauma: the baseball bat.

Between July 1987 and December 1990 in Washington, DC, 116 patients sustained 146 fractures and seven dislocations due to an assault with a baseball bat. The ulna was the most common site of trauma (61 fractures), followed by the hand (27 injuries) and the radius (14 injuries). Forty-two of the 146 fractures were significantly displaced and required open reduction and internal fixation to restore satisfactory alignment. Twenty-nine of the 146 fractures were open fractures. Treatment protocol for open fractures consisted of irrigation and debridement, antibiotic therapy, and bone stabilization with either internal or external fixation, or casting. Recognition of the severity of the soft tissue and bone damage is important in the management of musculoskeletal trauma secondary to the baseball bat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The effects of various therapeutic measures on shoulder range of motion and cross-sectional areas of rotator cuff muscles after baseball pitching.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various therapeutic measures on the shoulder range of motion (ROM) and muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) of rotator cuff muscles after baseball pitching. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: a mode of therapeutic measures was classified in 4 groups; the control (CON), ice treatment (IT), light shoulder exercise (LSE) and ice treatment with LSE (ILSE) groups. Each therapeutic measure was performed after pitching. PARTICIPANTS: 7 healthy, skilled baseball pitchers. MEASURES: ROM and mCSA were measured before pitching, immediately after pitching, at the time of the therapeutic measure, and 24 hours after pitching. Shoulder ROM at 90 inverted exclamation mark of abduction included internal rotation (IROM), maximum internal rotation (IMROM), external rotation (EROM) and maximum external rotation (EMROM). RESULTS: In all groups, both IROM and IMROM were significantly decreased after pitching compared with the pre-exercise values and conversely both EROM and EMROM were significantly increased. The mCSA of all rotator cuff muscles were increased significantly after pitching. For IMROM, ILSE showed a significant recovery at the post-therapeutic measure compared with the others and at 24 hours after pitching compared with IT, respectively. For IROM, both LSE and ILSE showed significant recovery compared with CON at the post-therapeutic measure. For the mCSA of external muscles, ILSE showed a greater decrease at the post-therapeutic measure than the others, and at 24 hours after pitching than CON. CONCLUSION: This study suggested the possibility that ILSE was more effective to recover ROM and decrease mCSA than the other methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The baseball bat: a popular mechanism of urban injury.

From January 1989 through December 1990, 74 patients were admitted to our urban level I trauma center with injuries inflicted by baseball bats. We investigated the demographics and dynamics of injury in these patients by retrospective analysis of the patient's medical record and Trauma Registry data. The average victim was 30 years old. Ninety-two percent of the patients were male, and approximately 89% tested positive for substance abuse. Injury to both the head and body occurred in 80% of our patients, isolated head injury occurred in 42%. Twenty percent suffered injury to the body only. On admission, 7% went directly to the operating suite, 16% were admitted to the trauma ICU, one patient was admitted to the pediatric ICU, and the remainder were admitted to the floor shock/trauma unit. These patients had a length of stay (LOS) that was not significantly different than the LOS for patients with penetrating trauma or the general trauma population. The mean Trauma Score was 13.8 (range, 6-16), and the average Injury Severity Score was 10.5 (range, 1-34). The mortality in our study was 3%. Four percent of the patients were left with some degree of permanent disability. Intentionally inflicted injury is most commonly seen in the thorax and abdomen. In contrast, head injury was evident in 80% of our patients with baseball bat injury. This represents a departure from classic patterns of violent injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Traumatic superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysms in a minor league baseball player: a case report and review of the literature.

Traumatic STA aneurysm is a rare complication of facial trauma occuring typically in young men. We present the case of a minor league baseball player who developed 2 pseudoaneurysms after being struck by a baseball and review all cases associated with sports activities. Reports associated with sports activities are increasing and may represent an increasing incidence. The team physician should suspect this condition when a player presents with a new temporal mass after facial trauma. Diagnosis is typically made on history and physical examination, but can be confirmed by duplex ultrasound. Definitive treatment is surgical resection of the aneurysm after proximal and distal ligation of the vessel.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Smokeless tobacco use and health effects among baseball players.

The effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) use were studied in 1109 members of major and minor league professional baseball teams during spring training in 1988. The prevalence of current ST use was 39%. The median age at initiation among users was 18 years, and the median duration of use was 5 years. Among users, 75% cited a snuff brand as their usual ST product. Oral leukoplakia was present in 46% (196/423) of current-week ST users and 1.4% (7/493) of nonusers (odds ratio, 60; 95% confidence interval, 28 to 130). Prevalence of oral leukoplakia among ST users increased with hours used per day and decreased with time lapsed since last use, and was higher in snuff users than in chewing tobacco users. Of the subjects with oral leukoplakia who underwent punch biopsy, 91 had benign hyperkeratosis and one had mild dysplasia. Overall prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, and plaque did not differ between ST users and nonusers. In analyses confined to facial surfaces of mandibular incisor teeth, where ST is most commonly used, there were significant increases among users in both gingival recession and attachment loss. Users of ST did not differ from nonusers in blood pressure, pulse, total or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, or white blood cell count, but among users high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were inversely associated with serum cotinine levels. The major health effects of ST use among professional baseball players are oral leukoplakia and localized periodontal disease. The study population was young, physically fit, and characterized by relatively moderate short-term ST use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Baseball during the growing years: repercussions on the cardiovascular system (echocardiographic evaluation)].

The influence upon the cardiovascular system of a period (21 months) of physical training program for baseball was studied in 40 normal children (aged 8 to 10 years) in an experimental (20) and control (20) group. The echocardiographic changes observed at the end of the period proved to be substantially alike in both groups. The physiopathological involvements linked to the baseball training in the prepubescent age are discussed.

Baseball↗
PubMed1994

Differences in physical characteristics in collegiate baseball players. A descriptive position by position analysis.

Physical characteristics including height, weight, body composition, and somatotype of NCAA Division II baseball players were evaluated to determine if differences in physical profiles exist by position at this level of competition. Differences in height, weight, lean body weight and somatoplots were found among various players. Pitchers were found to be taller that infielders and outfielders and displayed more endomorphy and less mesomorphy than the outfielders. Among the infielders, first basemen were taller than second basemen and third basemen while shortstops were found to be taller than second basemen. With respect to weight, first basemen and catchers were found to be heavier than second basemen. The second basemen had less lean body mass than all other infield groups. The data reveal more than a general description is warranted when describing the physical characteristics of baseball players at this level of play.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Ending batting slumps in baseball: a qualitative investigation.

This study used a qualitative method of inquiry to examine how baseball players cope with batting slumps. Players from one national junior (n = 30) and several semi-professional teams (n = 35) made up the sample. Through the use of an open-ended question, each subject was asked to provide advice to players experiencing a batting slump. Inductive content analysis procedures were used to analyse the quotes from the open-ended question. Six major categories of coping strategies emerged from the data: focusing on the task, returning to basics, being actively positive, avoiding negativism, increasing effort, and seeking coaching. These findings contribute to the suggestion that baseball players use a variety of coping strategies to deal with batting slumps. Results also showed that national junior and semi-professional players differed on some of the coping strategies they considered to be most helpful. How this information can be used by coaches and sport psychologists is discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1993

Sliding-associated injuries in college and professional baseball--1990-1991.

Softball and baseball are among the most frequent causes of sports-related emergency department visits in the United States, accounting for an estimated 321,000 injuries in 1989. Approximately 71% of softball-related injuries are caused by sliding. The use of breakaway bases substantially decreases the risk for or occurrence of sliding-related injuries among recreational softball league players. This report summarizes the findings of a study on the impact of breakaway base use on sliding injuries among college and professional minor league baseball players.

Baseball↗
PubMed1997

A biomechanical study of fast throwing movements of the shoulder in baseball pitching.

OBJECTIVE: To define the biomechanic function of the shoulder in fast throwing movements in baseball pitching. METHODS: Using NAC high-speed video and PIAS LA-555 computer system, overhand pitching movements carried out by 12 healthy Japanese professional baseball pitchers were analyzed in three dimensions. The pitching motion was displayed as stick to sick figures dynamically. RESULTS: Pitching motion was a combination of translational and rotational movements. Acceleration and deceleration, being two typical motion patterns, worked sequentially through the anatomic link system from the pivot leg to the pitching hand. During the acceleration phase, the shoulder joint acted as a junction point and a fulcrum, supporting the rotational acceleration motion, shoulder forward flexion and elbow extension. According to the changing glenohumeral angles of the pitching shoulder, shearing force turned into tension force which worked on the anterior shoulder structures and then shifted to the posterior part of the joint. CONCLUSIONS: In fast throwing motion, the shoulder functions as an important fulcrum to support the pitching arm during the acceleration phase. Avoiding excessive stress and shearing force on the joint components and enhancing coordination of muscle action are important to a successful throwing motion and the prevention of shoulder injury.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of smokeless tobacco and smoking practices of university varsity and intramural baseball players.

To examine the smokeless tobacco (ST) and smoking practices of collegiate varsity and intramural baseball players, 284 undergraduate athletes at two major Southwestern universities were surveyed using a questionnaire previously developed to measure use among this population. About one-fourth of all athletes were current ST users and 4% smokers. Over half of varsity players (53%) compared to 25.9% of intramural players used one or both forms of ST. Varsity players were about 20 times more likely to use ST as to smoke, while intramural players were about five times as likely to use ST than to smoke. On both teams, use of chewing tobacco was associated with use of snuff. Smoking was not associated with ST use in either group. Mean ages for initiation for all products was 15, and for quitting, 18. There was no evidence that one form of tobacco served as a gateway for the other among these young adult athletes. Over a fourth of all users started after age 17, suggesting that college is an appropriate locus for both ST prevention and cessation programming. Such programs for this population must address the unique characteristics of the social environment in collegiate baseball.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Baseball bat assault injuries.

The baseball bat, according to Baltimore City police crime statistics, is a commonly used weapon. To assess the severity of injuries inflicted by this modern-day club, we retrospectively reviewed 75 charts of patients treated at the University of Maryland Medical Systems Hospital for baseball bat injuries from January 1990 through July 1991. Multisystem trauma was documented, with craniocerebral injury being the most frequent and the most frequent cause of death. Of the victims struck on the head, 26% sustained an intracranial hemorrhage. In our series, the history of loss of consciousness and the Glasgow Coma Scale score failed to reliably identify the patients with serious injuries. Seventeen percent of our patients with intracranial hemorrhages had both a negative or uncertain history of loss of consciousness and a normal Glasgow Coma Scale score on arrival.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ballet of baseball: lessons of the game for hospice.

As Yogi Berra once said, "The future ain't what it used to be." In the era of rapid change in health care, hospice and palliative care programs will survive only through organizational teamwork. Using the lessons of baseball, we present a stadium-eye perspective on how programs can take the three fundamentals of baseball--pitching, batting, and fielding--and translate them into the three fundamentals of organizational teamwork--clinical, operational, and financial. The best clinicians (pitchers) are of no use if the office operations (batting) keep the patients (fans) out of the stadium and no program can survive without the financial resources (fielding.) When you come to a fork in the road, take it.

Hospice Care↗