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PubMed2002

The role of socioeconomic circumstances in differences in height of pre-school children within and between the Czech Republic and southern Brazil.

Children's height is an important indicator of nutritional status and health of populations. Little is known about the role of individual socioeconomic factors and whether socioeconomic differences within countries can help explaining differences in children's height between countries. This paper examines the effect of socioeconomic factors on children's height in two population with different social environments. Two separate cross-sectional studies of children 36-59 months old from Southern Brazil and the Czech Republic collected data on height and socioeconomic and demographic variables. Height was converted into height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) based on one growth standard, and the effect of socioeconomic and demographic factors on children's heights was studied by multiple regression. First, these effects were estimated separately for each country, and secondly, it was assessed whether some of the difference in height between the two countries could be explained by these factors. Czech children were 0.61 HAZ (approximately 2.6 cm) taller than Brazilian children. In Brazil, income, dwelling conditions, birth order, birth weight and maternal age were independently and significantly associated with height (multiple R-squared 0.27). In the Czech Republic, maternal education, birth order, birth weight and maternal age predicted height in a multivariate analysis (multiple R-squared 0.11). Maternal education alone explained 30% of the difference in children's height between Brazil and the Czech Republic; further adjustment for education of the father, birth weight, number of siblings and birth order slightly increased the proportion of explained difference to 41%. Our results suggest that although socioeconomic and demographic factors predicted children's growth in both countries, the role of individual factors differed and the associations were stronger in South Brazil. The finding that these factors explained a large part of the between-population difference further illustrates the importance of social environment for children's growth.

Body Height↗
PubMed2004

Homicide trends and characteristics--Brazil, 1980-2002.

Brazil is the largest and most populous country in South America (2002 population: approximately 175 million) (Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute [BGSI], unpublished data, 2004). Although life expectancy in Brazil has increased and rates of infant mortality have decreased as a result of reductions in infectious disease mortality, homicide and other forms of injury-related mortality have increased as a proportion of overall mortality. Homicide is now the leading cause of death for persons aged 15-44 years. To describe trends and characteristics of homicides countrywide and in Sĕo Paulo city (2000 population: approximately 10.4 million) (BGSI, unpublished data, 2004), the State Health Department of Sĕo Paulo (SHDSP) analyzed vital statistics and census data for 1980-2002. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that the homicide rate in Brazil more than doubled during this period. Since 2001, Brazilian authorities have implemented several initiatives to reduce the number of homicides, including a law that controls gun ownership and prohibits anyone other than police and members of the armed forces from carrying guns. However, homicides among adolescents and young adults remain a substantial public health problem in Brazil, and additional prevention strategies that target young persons are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The decentralization of the health system in Colombia and Brazil and its impact on leprosy control.

Decentralization policies are an integrated component of health sector reform in an increasing number of countries. The ability of such policies to improve the health system's quality and efficiency is backed up by limited scientific evidence. This study intends to evaluate the impact of decentralization on a specialized field of disease control (leprosy control) in Colombia and Brazil. It analyses the respective juridical base, epidemiological indicators and local publications. Furthermore, 39 semi-structured interviews with key informants were conducted. In both countries, the devolution of technical responsibility and financial resources to the municipalities was the implemented form of decentralization. Access to preventive and curative health care and the community participation in decision-making improved clearly only in Brazil. The decentralization to private providers in Colombia had dubious effects on service quality in general and still more on public health. The flow of finances (including finance collection through state-owned taxes instead of insurance companies) seemed to be better controlled in Brazil. Leprosy control in Brazil took advantage of the decentralization process; in Colombia, it came close to a collapse.

Brazil↗
PubMed2003

A new species of Ulmeritoides from Brazil (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae).

The leptophlebiid mayfly genus Ulmeritoides is composed of nine species, three of which have been recorded in Brazil: U. patagianus, U. uruguayensis, and U. misionensis. In the present paper, a new species of this genus, Ulmeritoides oepa sp.nov., is described and illustrated based on fifteen larvae collected in Uraricoera River, state of Roraima, northern Brazil. The species was compared to U. misionensis, U. tifferae, and U. guanacaste, the other species of Ulmeritoides known from the larval stage. U. opea sp.nov. can be distinguished from these species by the following combination of characteristics: 1) medial denticle on anteromedian emargination of labrum much larger than others; 2) anterior tibiae slightly stained black toward the apex; 3) medial femora with few dorsal spines, similar to short thick needles; 4) hind femora with numerous dorsal spines, similar to short thick needles; 5) medial femora with no medial black markings, apical brown markings. The new species seems to be more closely related to U. misionensis, another species in which the anteromedian emargination of the labrum has a median denticle much larger than the others. The studied specimens were deposited in the Invertebrates Collection of the Amazonian Research National Institute, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil, and in the Entomological Collection of the Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[The eradication of African swine fever in Brazil, 1978-1984].

The African swine fever episode in Brazil was due to trade and tourism between Spain, Portugal and Brazil, at a time when outbreaks were on the rise in Europe. The eradication of the disease, the slaughter of pigs, the elimination of the carcasses and the isolation of affected farms were given wide media coverage, and had a major socio-economic impact. It was forbidden to raise pigs in garbage dumps or to give them feed considered hazardous. Analyses performed in Brazil as well as national and international investigations by researchers from reference laboratories concluded that the disease had spread from Rio de Janeiro to other states, as is stated in official reports. Following emergency measures, a control programme was implemented, leading to enhanced quality in the pig farming sector. The authors describe epidemiological surveillance of African swine fever, classical swine fever and related diseases, biosafety in swine farming, and the emergency action plan comprising animal health training for veterinarians and social workers. The results of the eradication programme were excellent, despite the controversy over compulsory sacrifice in a country with serious social problems. In 2004, Brazil was the fourth largest pork producer and exporter, with an output of 2.679 million tons and exports of 508,000 tons to international markets with very high standards.

African Swine Fever↗
PubMed2006

Molecular epidemiology of dengue type 3 virus in Brazil and Paraguay, 2002-2004.

We studied the molecular epidemiology of dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) in Brazil and Paraguay by analyzing the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (5' and 3'UTRs) and the E protein gene of viruses isolated between 2002 and 2004. Both 5' and 3'UTRs were highly conserved. However, the 3'UTR of two isolates from Brazil contained eight nucleotide deletions compared with the remaining 26 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that DENV-3 was introduced into Brazil from the Caribbean Islands at least twice and into Paraguay from Brazil at least three times.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2006

Canada and Brazil. Health satisfaction older adults.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare patterns of social factors explaining health satisfaction of older adults in selected regions of Canada and Brazil. DESIGN: The study was a secondary analysis of data from two descriptive exploratory studies of quality of life of older adults in Canada and Brazil. METHODS: A secondary analysis of two data sets was conducted. The data sets included responses from 202 older adults from Canada and 288 older adults from Brazil. The Canadian data were collected in a mail survey of randomly selected older adults conducted in early 2004 and the Brazilian data were collected in a household survey in the fall of 2004. In both countries, instruments used in data collection were the short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and a demographic data sheet. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine predictors of health satisfaction in each of the samples. The independent variables were: age, gender, perceptions of access to health services, transport, social support, personal relationships, capacity for work, opportunities for leisure activities and enough money to meet needs. All indicators (except for age and gender) were taken from the WHOQOL-BREF instrument and were measured by a single global item on a five point Likert scale. FINDINGS: In the Canadian data set, it was found that perceptions regarding capacity to work and opportunities for leisure activities were significant predictors of health satisfaction. In Brazil, the significant predictors were perceptions of capacity to work and enough money to meet needs. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies some common social factors that explain health satisfaction, but many other variables thought to be important were not significant in these samples. Examination of social factors influencing health at the individual as well as societal level may help in planning interventions that enhance health and well-being of older adults.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Analysis of scientific information published in Brazil in 5 years on Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, malaria, leishmaniasis and filariasis].

This paper offers a quantitative evaluation of the scientific information produced in Brazil on several endemic diseases: Chagas' disease, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, leprosy, malaria and filariasis. The source of data was the Index Medicus Latino Americano (IMLA), and the published scientific information was analyzed in general and specifically, by type of disease and year of publication. The indexed production of articles on the material of the Latin American countries as a whole increased from 3,506 articles in 1978 to 5,528 in 1982 (for an increase of 52.7%), whereas that of Brazil alone rose from 1,781 to 2,531 (an increase of 42.1%) during the same period. The output of articles on endemic diseases totaled 703 papers (6.3% of the total indexed production). Of this total, 441 (62.7%) was on applied research and 262 (37.3%) were on basic research, and these proportions held relatively constant. Chagas' disease and schistosomiasis accounted for 75.2% of that total over the period considered. The production of papers on the diseases of interest grew 79.2%, at the same rate as that of all biomedical information published in Brazil over the period. An equilibrium was reached between the numbers of basic and applied papers. The analysis also identified the core of Brazilian periodicals that most frequently publish information on those endemics. It was also found that a large proportion of articles by Brazilian authors are published in journals of international circulation, and the foreign journals that publish papers by researchers in Brazil were identified.

Brazil↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of daily fluoride intakes from food samples in Japan and Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the fluoride content of Japanese infant foods and foods in Brazil and to estimate daily fluoride intake calculated for a 6-month-old infant which reflects supplemental fluoride increased from infant foods and decreasing breast-feeding and commercial milk-feeding. Fluoride concentrations of 26 samples were assessed by a modified microdiffusion method and fluoride ion selective electrode. The fluoride content varied from 0.53 to 1.33 microgram/g for milk-base formulas, from 0.46 to 2.94 micrograms/g for infant foods in Japan, and from 0.06 to 0.25 microgram/g for foods in Brazil. The daily fluoride intake was calculated according to feeding pattern. The minimum and maximum fluoride values were 0.080 mg/day and 0.248 mg/day, respectively. These fluoride intakes, expressed in milligrams per kg of fluoride intake, ranged from 0.010 to 0.033 mg F/kg body weight. No significant differences in fluoride intake values were found between Japanese infant foods and foods in Brazil. The results of this study indicate that daily fluoride intakes of Japanese infant foods and foods in Brazil could be considered within the optimal recommended level.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Non-communicable chronic diseases in Brazil: from risk factors to social impact].

The current epidemiologic profile of Brazil includes both the diseases of underdevelopment and those associated with modern life. Consequently, the country faces the difficult task of carrying out health promotion and protection activities aimed at controlling communicable diseases as well as noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs). This study sought to describe the epidemiologic situation of Brazilian adults with regard to NCDs and to present available data on the quality of care provided for these diseases and their social impact. To these ends, a literature review was conducted for the period 1964-1995--that is, since the beginning of the production and dissemination of data on cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Of the 153 bibliographic references that were discovered, 97 were used. The social, political, economic, and health inequities that exist among Brazil's geographic regions are reflected in the national scientific production, which is concentrated in the Southeast and South. Most of the studies based on primary data come from those regions. Information is scarce from the North-east, except the city of Salvador. Therefore, the health profile of adults--including risk factors and morbidity and mortality--can be better delineated for residents of the South and Southeast of the country, whereas for the other regions the necessary information is practically nonexistent. Risk factors linked to life-style are as widespread and important in Brazil as they are in industrialized countries. Prevalence and mortality rates among persons with or without certain socio-environmental risks (such as low level of schooling or unskilled occupations) indicate that NCDs predominate in the lowest social strata. Inter-regional differences in the prevalence of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the most common fatal cardiovascular causes, and the predominant cancers, as well as morbidity and mortality in both sexes, illustrate the political, social, and economic inequities of development in each region. Comparisons with other countries of the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a capital in the Northeast or mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the capitals in the South and Southeast show, in the first case, that Salvador has the highest incidence among the Western countries analyzed and, in the second case, that the mortality data rank among the top seven. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes show increasing trends, with the exception of a small decline for ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in the municipality of São Paulo. Deaths rates in hospitals from specific cardiovascular diseases and avoidable complications of diabetes are high, especially among indigent patients as opposed to private patients. Premature mortality, as measured by productive years of life lost, reflects the poor quality of medical care and the absence of targeted control programs. These data, combined with other sources of information, such as consents for treatment and pensions paid for illness, give some idea of the impact of NCDs on the society. The authors point to the basic research that could be done in all the country's regions to serve as a basis for planning and implementing populational strategies to reduce risk factors and to treat and control chronic noncommunicable diseases in Brazil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Study of the area affected by onchocerciasis in Brazil: survey of local residents.

An epidemiologic survey encompassing most of Brazil's Federal Territory of Roraima and the northern tip of Amazonas State has been carried out in an effort to define the boundaries and the epidemiologic characteristics of onchocerciasis in Brazil. This article describes results relating to human infections--including discovery of a new focus at Auaris in northern Roraima and analysis of data from tests conducted there and at various other locations. These findings lead the authors to conclude that the three known Brazilian foci represent independent influxes of the disease from neighboring Venezuela, that groups of both Yanomama and Makiritare Indians have been infected, and that various factors (including proximity of these foci and the route for Brazil's Northern Perimeter Highway) indicate the disease could pose a potential danger for other areas of Brazil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Female mortality in Brazil: the weaker sex or stronger sex?].

Population ageing in Brazil has been more rapid and more intense among women. This phenomenon is well described in developed countries where mortality rates are higher for men than women. In this regard, the analysis of mortality patterns by cause contributes to elucidate the determinant factors of the present situation in Brazil and provides indications of some future trends in female mortality. This is especially important due to the fact that in Brazil the social role of women has experienced great changes. This study presents data on mortality from ten capital cities in 1985, showing age-standardized overall and cause-specific mortality rates for five of the main groups of causes by sex. Ratios and differences effect estimators were used. The results revealed that regional patterns are associated with the urban and industrial processes with greater differences by sex in more developed regions. External causes and cardiovascular diseases are the main factors responsible for higher mortality among men with special emphasis on violent deaths. It is inferred that the present trend will be maintained, though it is possible that mortality differences by sex could decrease in the near future. The authors discuss that longer survival among women in Brazil does not reveal better life conditions.

English Abstract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Soroepidemiology of Varicella in Brazil - results of a prospective cross-sectional study]

OJECTIVES: Varicella has more serious consequences in adolescents and adults. Recent reports from Europe and Asia show an increasing number of adolescents and young adults being seronegative. As there is only limited data on varicella zoster virus (VZV) seroprevalence in Brazil and to facilitate the strategy for varicella vaccination we conducted a VZV seroprevalence study in Brazil. METHODS: This population-based, cross sectional seroepidemiology study was performed in 4 different regions of Brazil. The studied population was stratified according to gender, age and socioeconomic status. VZV IgG antibodies were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS: 3,879 subjects aged 1-40 years were included into the study. The overall anti-VZV seropositivity rate across all age groups and centers in Brazil was 85.4%. There was a strong age relationship. Especially in the South East and South seroprevalence was low in the age group 1-5 years (44.5% and 57.8%, respectively) while in the North the rate was 88.9%. Overall, Varicella infection was independent of the socioeconomic level, but in the youngest age groups (1-10 years) seroprevalence rates were significantly lower in the high/medium socioeconomic class for most regions. Clinical history of chickenpox correlates well with anti- VZV seropositivity with a predictive value of 95.1% CONCLUSIONS: In preadolescence a substantial proportion of the Brazilian population is susceptible to Varicella infection, and a considerable part of the adolescents and young adults remain VZVseronegative and are thus also at risk.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Calving and weaning characteristics of Angus-, Gray Brahman-, Gir-, Indu-Brazil-, Nellore-, and Red Brahman-sired F1 calves.

Calving and weaning data from crossbred calves sired by five Bos indicus breeds and one Bos taurus breed were evaluated. Data included calving and weaning records of F1 calves out of multiparous Hereford cows and sired by Angus, Gray Brahman, Gir, Indu-Brazil, Nellore, and Red Brahman bulls. At calving, Angus-sired calves had shorter gestations and lower (more desirable) calving ease scores and were smaller than Bos indicus-sired calves. Among the Bos indicus crosses, Gir calves had the shortest gestations, lowest calving ease scores, lightest birth weights (P less than .05), and smallest cannon bone lengths and heart girths. Nellore calves had the longest gestations (P less than .05) and largest heart girths. Calves by Indu-Brazil sires had the highest calving ease scores, highest birth weights (P less than .05), and greatest cannon bone lengths (P less than .05). Gray Brahman- and Red Brahman-sired calves were similar and intermediate for all calving characters. At weaning, Angus-sired calves had gained slightly faster than the Gir crosses and weighed more but were shorter at the hip than Gir crosses. Gir calves gained the least preweaning, weighed the least, and were shortest at weaning of the Bos indicus crosses. The Nellore and Indu-Brazil crosses were intermediate in preweaning gain and weaning weight to the Gir and the Red and Gray Brahman but were tallest at weaning. Gray Brahman and Red Brahman calves gained the most and were heaviest at weaning but were not as tall as the Nellore and Indu-Brazil.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The dynamics of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemics in the south of Brazil: increasing role of injection drug users.

Changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among injection drug users (IDUs) are provoking a shift in the pattern of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in some regions of Brazil. IDUs living in 2 cities (Porto Alegre and Itajaí) in southern Brazil were contacted, interviewed, and tested for HIV. In 1998, 187 IDUs were surveyed and, in 2000, 352 IDUs. In Porto Alegre, HIV seroprevalence, age, and duration of injection history increased significantly over time. In contrast, a trend toward decline was observed in Itajaí. Homelessness, joblessness, and prison incarceration, as well as lifetime needle sharing, also increased over time in Porto Alegre. At the time of the study, at both sites, rates of needle sharing and condom use were similar, but use of syringe exchange programs, health and drug treatment, and HIV testing had increased over time. IDUs living in southern Brazil are at increased risk of HIV infection, indicating the continued need for permanent surveillance and preventive strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Aplastic anemia in Brazil: incidence and risk factors.

This study is the first large-scale epidemiological investigation of acquired aplastic anemia (AAA) in South America. The objective was to estimate the incidence and to identify risk factors for AAA in Brazil. A national case-control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for the disease. One hundred twenty-five cases and 129 controls were included. Multiple logistic regression was used in the estimation of odds ratios (OR) to control confounding. The size of Brazil made it unfeasible to estimate the incidence of AAA in the whole country, and we limited the calculation to the state of Parana. The annual incidence of AAA in Parana was 2.4 cases/10(6) inhabitants. There was no positive association between chloramphenicol use and AAA (OR 0.4; 95% CI: 0.1-2.9). The OR of AAA associated with household pesticides that include organophosphates in their composition was 2.7 (1.0-8.4). The OR for the usage of unspecified thinner and/or acetone for at least 7 days was 3.0 (1.2-7.3). Cases of AAA in Brazil seem to be associated with some factors traditionally related to this disease, such as certain solvents and the incidence is similar to what has been reported from Europe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

African gene flow to north Brazil as revealed by HBB*S gene haplotype analysis.

Haplotypes linked to the HBB*S gene were analyzed in a sample of 260 chromosomes of Brazilian sickle cell anemia patients from the population of Belém, state of Pará, to evaluate if the present-day haplotype frequencies correlate as well as expected with historical information on the geographic origin of African slaves sent directly to Northern Brazil. The HBB*S gene haplotype distribution (66% Bantu, 21.8% Benin, 10.9% Senegal, and 1.3% Cameroon) is in agreement with those observed for other Brazilian populations regarding the highest proportion of the Bantu type, followed by the Benin type, but it differs significantly concerning the Senegal type as this haplotype is rare or absent in samples from other Brazilian regions already studied. In addition, our results are in accordance with historical records that establish that about 90% of the slaves sent to Northern Brazil were from Angola, Congo, and Mozambique, where the Bantu haplotype predominates, in contrast to 10% of slaves from Senegambia, Guine-Bissau, and Cape Verde, where the Senegal haplotype is the most common. On the other hand, the observed frequency of the Benin haplotype in Belém was much higher than that expected by historical data. This fact corroborates the suggestion that the high prevalence of the Benin type in Belém is due to domestic slave trade and later internal migrations, mainly from the Northeast, since there are no historical records of direct slave trade from Central West Africa to North Brazil.

Africa↗
PubMed2001

Elderly Japanese emigrants to Brazil before World War II: I. Clinical profiles based on specific historical background.

OBJECTIVE: To research the demographic and clinical profiles of elderly Japanese emigrants, who arrived in Brazil before World War II, in order to give them appropriate psychogeriatric care. DESIGN: Elderly Japanese immigrants aged 65 years and over, belonging to the Miyagi Association in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, were targeted. They emigrated from Miyagi Prefecture to Brazil and are now living in the area. We were able to interview 166 respondents. All data were gathered using standardized interview methods covering (a) free interview about the immigration history, (b) demographics, and (c) physical status. RESULTS: Through the free interview, we found their immigration histories, which affected their clinical profiles. The mean age and educational level were 77.5 years and 6.3 years, respectively. Sixty per cent of them immigrated when they were younger than 14. Ninety-four per cent of them still keep Japanese nationality. Fifty-seven per cent of them usually use Japanese, while 10% of them use Portuguese. Although their emigration histories were hard, 76% of them perceived their health as being excellent or relatively good. The percentages of subjects with histories of disease were hypertension, 52.5%; cardiac disease, 20.8%; diabetes mellitus, 24.2%; and hyperlipidemia, 25.0%, which were affected by the Brazilian environment. CONCLUSION: The elderly Japanese who emigrated to Brazil before World War II have a unique historical and demographic background. Their clinical profiles cannot be fully understood without knowing their histories. They definitely need high quality international psychogeriatric care.

Age Distribution↗