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PubMed2006

How do body-dissatisfied and body-satisfied males and females judge the size of thin female celebrities?

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated males' and females' judgments of the actual size of thin female celebrities and their attitudes toward size for a female, depending on their current body satisfaction or body dissatisfaction. METHOD: In this study, 118 undergraduate Sydney University students (64 female, 54 male) were separated into body-satisfied and body-dissatisfied groups as a result of their scores on the Body Esteem Scale. Participants were presented with one accurate and six distorted photographs of five thin female celebrities, making the celebrity appear thinner or heavier than actuality. Participants chose what image they thought was the actual size of each female celebrity and which they thought was the ideal size for a female. RESULTS: Body-dissatisfied individuals judged the actual size of thin female celebrities thinner than actuality and chose an ideal size that was thinner than the celebrity's real size. Body-satisfied individuals were accurate in their judgments of the actual size of female celebrities and chose ideals that were larger than the celebrity's real size. CONCLUSION: Misperceptions of media images appear to result from prior body dissatisfaction. Importantly, body-dissatisfied males misperceive female bodies and view a thin body size as ideal for females, implicating the need to target both body-dissatisfied males and females in future interventions.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

An evaluation of the use of total body electrical conductivity for the estimation of body composition in adult rats: effect of dietary obesity and adrenalectomy.

Total body electrical conductance (TOBEC) has been recommended for serial measurements of body composition in animals and humans. This study examined the accuracy of the TOBEC technique in predicting body composition of a population of adult male rats that had undergone seven different treatments, including adrenalectomy and blocking of glucocorticoid receptors, in the study of the etiology of obesity. The predicted body composition values of the animals (n = 57, body weight 550 +/- 8 g) obtained by using the manufacturer's and Baer's equations were compared to the actual body composition obtained by direct carcass analysis. Both equations underestimated lean body mass and reciprocally overestimated body fat (manufacturer's 103 +/- 4 g, Baer's 55 +/- 3 g). A new prediction equation was developed based on the conductivity index and the actual lean body mass. This revised equation was able to accurately estimate the lean body mass of the animals used in the same experiment but over-estimated lean body mass of larger animals (n = 10, wt. 647 +/- 13 g). Conclusions based on multiple comparisons (Duncan's) of predicted and actual values resulted in different effects of treatments on body composition. To improve accuracy and reliability of the TOBEC technique, a prediction equation should be developed from the same population as the studied population, and experimental group sizes used for examining treatment effects should be relatively large.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Loss of total body potassium during rapid weight loss does not depend on the decrease of potassium concentration in muscles. Different methods to evaluate body composition during a low energy diet.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to elucidate whether combustion of skeletal muscle glycogen during a very low calorie diet (VLCD) was associated with decreased muscle potassium content. A comparison between different methods was also performed to evaluate body composition during a VLCD and a low calorie diet (LCD). DESIGN: Dietary treatment of obese women by VLCD and LCD. Measurements after 1 and 2 weeks of VLCD and 6 months of LCD. SUBJECTS: Fifteen perimenopausal obese women aged 46.5+/-1.3 y and 15 of 48.0+/-0.7 y of age. MEASUREMENTS: Skeletal muscle biopsies under local anaesthesia. Body composition measurements by means of deal-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and measurements of total body potassium (40K) and total body nitrogen (TBN). Measurements of electrolytes and glycogen concentration in muscle samples. RESULTS: In the first study (1 week of VLCD) skeletal muscle glycogen decreased (P<0.01), but muscle potassium increased (P<0.01). Muscle sodium decreased (P<0.01), while muscle magnesium was unaltered. Body weight decreased by 2.9+/-0.5 kg and 40K decreased. Fat-free mass (FFM) calculated from 40K and DEXA decreased by 2.7 vs 1.9 kg (P<0.001). Body fat measured with DEXA decreased by 1.1 kg (P<0.01), but not body fat calculated from 40K. TBN decreased by 0.03+/-0.01 kg (P<0.05) and FFM calculated from TBN by 2.9+/-0.5 kg (P<0.002). In the second study, 6 months on the LCD resulted in 17.0+/-2.0 kg weight reduction and this was mainly due to reduced body fat, 14. 0+/-2.0 kg measured with DEXA and from 40K (P<0.001). The decrease in FFM was slight. CONCLUSION: One week of VLCD resulted in muscle glycogen depletion but increased muscle potassium content in spite of decreased total body potassium. FFM contributed to the main part of body weight loss during short periods of severe energy restriction, but remained unchanged during long-term dietary treatment. Body fat became mostly responsible for the body weight loss during long-term LCD. Calculations of changes of FFM from 40K and TBN seem to overestimate the FFM decrease associated with short-term VLCD. International Journal of Obesity (2000)24, 101-107

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Paternal body fat is a longitudinal predictor of changes in body fat in premenarcheal girls.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies in infants and children suggest that low total energy expenditure (EE) (TEE) and parental body composition are important predisposing factors to obesity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine potential predictors of changes in total or percentage body fat over 2.7 y in premenarcheal girls. DESIGN: We studied 47 normal-weight prepubertal girls aged 4.8-8.9 y in 3 visits. The girls' age, total and percentage body fat at baseline, sleep EE (SEE) and activity-related EE (AEE) adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) and total body fat, mothers' and fathers' total and percentage body fat and FFM at baseline, and time to follow-up visits were measured; 24-h EE and SEE were measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry. AEE was calculated as TEE minus (SEE + 0.1 TEE), with the assumption that the thermic effect of food was 10% of TEE. The girls' body composition was measured at each visit and that of the parents was measured at the time of the girls' enrollment by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: From baseline to the first (mean: 1.6 y) and the second (mean: 2.7 y) follow-up visits, the girls' mean (+/-SD) change in total fat adjusted for FFM was 1.2 +/- 2.7 and 3.3 +/- 4.0 kg, respectively, and the mean change in percentage body fat was -2.0 +/- 5.0% and -0. 8 +/- 5.9%, respectively. Fathers' total and percentage body fat were the main predictors of changes in the girls' total and percentage body fat. For the first follow-up visit, SEE, girls' age at baseline, and AEE were significant predictors of percentage body fat. CONCLUSION: Fathers' total and percentage body fat were predictors of changes in body fat of premenarcheal girls during a 2. 7-y period.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1984

Perception of body weight and body mass at twice earth-gravity acceleration levels.

On Earth, when standing on two feet, we experience particular patterns of force and pressure on the soles of our feet. As we lift one foot and balance on the other, little or no increase in force or pressure is perceived on the sole of the stance foot even though the contact forces of support on that foot have doubled. The failure to perceive this increase is actually an illusion resulting from the operation of spatial constancy mechanisms serving to preserve feelings of near constant force and pressure on the support surface(s) of the body. On Earth, body weight and body mass are perceived as remaining constant regardless as to whether we are standing on two feet or one and whether we are carrying large objects. In the high force phase(2 g acceleration) of parabolic flight, body weight is perceived as doubling, and a great increase in force is perceived on the soles of our feet if we are standing. When shifting balance from two feet to one, an increase in force of approximately 0.5 mg is felt on the sole of the stance foot. The actual increase in force is 1.0 mg but perceptual compensation is only being made for a 0.5 mg increase such as would be characteristic of shifting balance on Earth; accordingly an additional 0.5 mg (1.0-0.5 mg) residue is perceived. These findings indicate that body weight is dependent on the magnitude of the gravitoinertial forces acting on the body. Variations in the contact forces supporting the body due to passive or active locomotion of the body or to objects that are being carried are monitored and disregarded in computing apparent body weight. When stepping up and down from a low platform during the high force phases of parabolic flight, aberrant motion of the body and the aircraft is experienced. These illusory motions result because the doubling of body weight in a 2 g force background alters the normal relationship between patterns of alpha and gamma activation of antigravity muscles, muscle spindle activity, and the movements of the body. Accordingly, sensory-motor control and perceptual and postural stability on Earth are dependent on an active calibration to a 1 g background force level.

Acceleration↗