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PubMed1995

[Reliability of brain stem audiometry in specific learning disorders (disorders of sensory integration)].

Diagnostic audiological tests performed in ten children from 1985 to 1991 showed remarkable differences between the results of behavioral audiometry (free field or pure tone audiometry) and those of auditory evoked response audiometry. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was absent in seven children with sensory neural hearing loss. Neuropsychological evaluation was performed on four children, neuropsychological observation was performed on two children, pediatric examination was performed on three children and one child showed signs of neuropediatric disorder. The results of neuropsychological evaluation showed moderate to severe learning disabilities (sensory integration disorders, learning disorders) in all four children tested. Available neuropsychological observation also indicated the presence of sensory integration disorders in two children. Two children had multiple handicaps with cerebral abnormalities, two further children were diagnosed as suffering from "minimal cerebral dysfunction," one of which was mentally retarded. The fact that ABRs were absent in seven children indicates that a response desynchronisation in the auditory pathway may exist in these disorders. Thus, ABR might not be a reliable method for audiological testing in children with learning disabilities or other cerebral dysfunctions, but serves as an adjunct to conventional testing methods.

Audiometry, Evoked Response↗
PubMed2004

Auditory sensory gating deficit in abstinent chronic alcoholics.

P50 event-related potential was studied in abstinent chronic alcoholics to determine whether they had normal sensory gating. Repeated tones were presented to 17 recently detoxified chronic alcoholic patients and 17 healthy subjects while EEG was recorded. Low-resolution tomography (LORETA) was performed to obtain cerebral sources of P50. Abstinent chronic alcoholics showed reduced P50 sensory gating. Present results suggest an inhibitory deficit in early pre-attentive auditory sensory processing in chronic alcoholism.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Behavioural and event-related potentials evidence for pitch discrimination deficits in dyslexic children: improvement after intensive phonic intervention.

Although it is commonly accepted that dyslexic children have auditory phonological deficits, the precise nature of these deficits remains unclear. This study examines potential pitch processing deficit in dyslexic children, and recovery after specific training, by measuring event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioural responses to pitch manipulations within natural speech. In two experimental sessions, separated by 6 weeks of training, 10 dyslexic children, aged 9-12, were compared to reading age-matched controls, using sentences from children's books. The pitch of the sentence's final words was parametrically manipulated (either congruous, weakly or strongly incongruous). While dyslexics followed a training focused on phonological awareness and grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, controls followed a non-auditory training. Before training, controls outperformed dyslexic children in the detection of the strong pitch incongruity. Moreover, while strong pitch incongruities were associated with increased late positivity (P300 component) in controls, no such pattern was found in dyslexics. Most importantly, pitch discrimination performance was significantly improved, and the amplitude of the late positivity to the strong pitch incongruity enhanced, for dyslexics after a relatively brief period of training, so that their pattern of response more closely resemble those of controls.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Electrophysiological evidence of corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia during talking and thinking.

Failure of corollary discharge, a mechanism for distinguishing self-generated from externally-generated percepts, has been posited to underlie certain positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including auditory hallucinations. Although originally described in the visual system, corollary discharge may exist in the auditory system, whereby signals from motor speech commands prepare auditory cortex for self-generated speech. While associated with sensorimotor systems, it might also apply to inner speech or thought, regarded as our most complex motor act. We had four aims in the studies summarized in this paper: (1) to demonstrate the corollary discharge phenomenon during talking and inner speech in human volunteers using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), (2) to demonstrate that the corollary discharge is abnormal in patients with schizophrenia, (3) to demonstrate the role of frontal speech areas in the corollary discharge during talking, and (4) to relate the dysfunction of the corollary discharge in schizophrenia to auditory hallucinations. Using EEG and ERP measures, we addressed each aim in patients with schizophrenia (DSM IV) and healthy control subjects. The N1 component of the ERP reflected dampening of auditory cortex responsivity during talking and inner speech in control subjects but not in patients. EEG measures of coherence indicated inter-dependence of activity in the frontal speech production and temporal speech reception areas during talking in control subjects, but not in patients, especially those who hallucinated. These data suggest that a corollary discharge from frontal areas where thoughts are generated fails to alert auditory cortex that they are self-generated, leading to the misattribution of inner speech to external sources and producing the experience of auditory hallucinations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory processing in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

UNLABELLED: Temporal epilepsy, one of the most common presentation of this pathology, causes excessive electrical discharges in the area where we have the final station of the auditory pathway. Both the anatomical and functional integrity of the auditory pathway structures are essential for the correct processing of auditory stimuli. AIM: to check the Auditory Processing in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy regarding the auditory mechanisms of discrimination from sequential sounds and tone patterns, discrimination of the sound source direction and selective attention to verbal and nonverbal sounds. METHOD: eight individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy were assessed, after excluding those with non-confirmed diagnosis or with the focus of discharges not limited to this lobe. The evaluation was carried out through special auditory tests: Sound Localization Test, Duration Pattern Test, Digits Dichotic Test and Non-Verbal Dichotic Test. Their performances were compared to the performances of individuals without neurological diseases (case-control study). RESULTS: similar performances were observed between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and the control group regarding the auditory mechanism of sound source direction discrimination. Comparing the other auditory mechanisms assessed, the patients with temporal lobe epilepsy presented worse results. CONCLUSION: individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy had more deficits in auditory processing than those without cortical damage.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Complementing behavioral measures with electrophysiological measures in diagnostic evaluation: a case study in two languages.

This case study focuses on a bilingual, older man who spoke Polish and English and showed weaknesses on clinical measures of dichotic listening in English. It was unclear whether these test results were influenced by the participant's facility with his second language or by other nonauditory factors. To elucidate the nature of this deficit, the authors examined behavioral and electrophysiological responses during dichotic-listening tasks involving linguistic processing in both languages. A diotic (control) condition was included to examine whether nonauditory factors, such as language familiarity, memory, or decline in speed of mental processing, might explain the dichotic results. The results from this participant were compared with those obtained from a bilingual young adult who also spoke both Polish and English. Results showed a substantial left-ear deficit for the older individual on both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of dichotic listening. The pattern of results is consistent with previous findings in demonstrating that the left-ear deficit in this patient derived from an auditory-specific defect rather than from any of the extra-auditory factors associated with language facility or cognitive decline.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Central auditory processing in patients with auditory hallucinations.

OBJECTIVE: Data from a full assessment of auditory perception in patients with schizophrenia were used to investigate whether auditory hallucinations are associated with abnormality of central auditory processing. METHOD: Three groups of subjects participated in auditory assessments: 22 patients with psychosis and a recent history of auditory hallucinations, 16 patients with psychosis but no history of auditory hallucinations, and 22 normal subjects. Nine auditory assessments, including auditory brainstem response, monotic and dichotic speech perception tests, and nonspeech perceptual tests, were performed. Statistical analyses for group differences were performed using analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results of individual patients with test scores in the severely abnormal range (more than three standard deviations from the mean for the normal subjects) were examined for patterns that suggested sites of dysfunction in the central auditory system. RESULTS: The results showed significant individual variability among the subjects in both patient groups. There were no group differences on tests that are sensitive to low brainstem function. Both patient groups performed poorly in tests that are sensitive to cortical or high brainstem function, and hallucinating patients differed from nonhallucinating patients in scores on tests of filtered speech perception and response bias patterns on dichotic speech tests. Six patients in the hallucinating group had scores in the severely abnormal range on more than one test. CONCLUSIONS: Hallucinations may be associated with auditory dysfunction in the right hemisphere or in the interhemispheric pathways. However, comparison of results for the patient groups suggests that the deficits seen in hallucinating patients may represent a greater degree of the same types of deficits seen in nonhallucinating patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The role of the temporal pole in auditory processing.

Experiments in animals have shown that the temporal pole and the amygdala are involved in auditory processing. Comparable data are scarce in humans. It is only known that after temporal lobectomy, hearing may be impaired and dichotic listening scores reduced on the ear contralateral to the operated temporal lobe. Middle-latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs) and late auditory evoked potentials (LAEPs) have been recorded in 14 patients before and after temporal lobectomy for the treatment of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. The Na and Pa components of MLAEPs were significantly delayed and the Pa component amplitude reduced before and after surgery as compared to a group of 21 healthy subjects. Data in pre- and postoperative period were not statistically different. N100 and P200 component of LAEPs were similarly altered. It is concluded that in humans the amygdala and probably the temporal pole may be involved in the process of auditory activation-inhibition. The possible role of auditory processing impairment in cognitive deficits in TLE patients can also be questioned.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Differential language comprehension disorders: results of an explorative study].

OBJECTIVES: Deficits in the expressive language abilities of children are easily observed. Thus these children usually are detected early and receive appropriate professional help. Receptive language abilities are much more difficult to assess, so that deficits either go unnoticed or often are not treated early. METHODS: In a population of 100 children examined between 1993 and 1995 in the outpatient department for speech, language and behavior problems at the Heckscher Klinik in Munich-Solln and diagnosed as having clinically relevant deficits in language comprehension, we determined the ICD-10 diagnostic category into which the symptom "language comprehension deficit" would best fit. RESULTS: 16 children exhibited language comprehension deficits that were part of a general mental retardation, three other children were diagnosed as having a pervasive developmental disorder. 81 children fulfilled the clinical ICD-10 criteria of a specific receptive language disorder, often in combination with a hyperkinetic syndrome or an emotional disorder. For 42 of these children this diagnosis also was confirmed by test results showing a discrepancy of one standard deviation between the language comprehension test and the non-verbal IQ. The value of language tests for the diagnosis of specific developmental speech and language disorders is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Correlations between "questionnaire of auditory perception disorders" and "Heidelberger test of phonemic discrimination"].

BACKGROUND: A standardized anamnestic questionnaire of central auditory processing disorders ("Anamnestischer Erhebungs- und Beobachtungsbogen für auditive Verarbeitungs- und Wahrnehmungsstörungen") (FB-AVWS) was developed by German paedaudiologists. The present study examined the relations between this questionnaire and the results of selected auditory-perceptual tests to evaluate the validity of the FB-AVWS. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: As part of a multicentric study, 113 pupils in primary schools were examined by the "Heidelberger Lautdifferenzierungstest", a test of phonemic discrimination and identification (HLAD). Additionally, the parents answered the FB-AVWS. Sensitivity, specificity and correlations with the FB-AVWS were determined referred to the HLAD. RESULTS: We found significant, though moderate correlations, between the scale "auditory discrimination" of the FB-AVWS and the subtests "kinaesthetic/phonemic identification" and "phonemic analysis" of the HLAD. The other subscales of the FB-AVWS showed no significant correlations with the HLAD and its several subtests. The values for the sensitivity of the FB-AVWS were relatively high (93 and 100 %) as where the negatively predictive values for the HLAD as a whole and the subscale 1B (98 and 100 %), referred to HLAD. The specificity and the positive values were relatively low for the HLAD as a whole and for several of its subtests. CONCLUSION: The FB-AVWS is a useful supplementation for the complementary clinical evaluation of central auditory disorders. It allows an assessment of the child's auditory perception and processing skills compared to the general population of primary school children. However, it is not valid as a screening or diagnostic instrument.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Aetiology and clinical presentations of auditory processing disorders--a review.

Auditory processing disorders may have detrimental consequences on a child's life, if undiagnosed and untreated. We review causes of auditory processing disorders in order to raise clinical awareness. Auditory processing disorders may present against a background of neurological disease or developmental disorders, as well as in isolation. Clinicians need to be aware of potential causes and implications of auditory processing disorders.

Auditory Diseases, Central↗
PubMed2004

VSX1 (RINX) mutation with craniofacial anomalies, empty sella, corneal endothelial changes, and abnormal retinal and auditory bipolar cells.

PURPOSE: To present a previously unreported African American family with 1 variation and 1 mutation of the homeobox transcription factor gene, VSX1 (RINX), and to describe the clinical features of family members. DESIGN: Family genotype and clinical studies. PARTICIPANTS: A 3-generation family with 7 available family members. METHODS: Blood was drawn from all available family members, and the VSX1 (RINX) gene was sequenced. Craniofacial abnormalities, central nervous system defects, anterior segment features, and retinal and auditory function were assessed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Main outcome measures included identification and molecular characterization of 1 variation and 1 mutation in VSX1 (RINX) of 4 affected family members (3 adults and 1 child). Craniofacial features were documented. Central neuroimaging was performed. Ophthalmologic findings were described. Retinal and auditory functions were quantified. RESULTS: Two changes in VSX1 (RINX) were identified: a variation (R131S) not in a critical region and in few controls, and a mutation (A256S) in the critical CVC-domain and not in any controls. Both were present on 1 chromosome at 20p11.2 and were segregated with the 4 affected patients. Clinical features demonstrated extremely variable expressivity. Craniofacial features, including wide interpupillary distance and unusual pinnae, occurred in the 4 affected patients. Neuroimaging demonstrated that the propositus had an empty sella turcica, a posterior fossa cyst, an anterior encephalocele, hypertelorism, and severe hydrocephalus; her mother had a partially empty sella turcica, a small pituitary gland without any subarachnoid extension of fluid, and hypertelorism; and her older sister had hypertelorism but otherwise normal neuroimaging results. Anterior segment anomalies of the corneal endothelium were a constant finding in all affected family members. Electrophysiologic examination provided evidence for abnormal cone bipolar cells (visual evoked response and electroretinogram) in the adult affected patients and for abnormal auditory bipolar cells (audiogram and audio-evoked brainstem response) in the propositus. CONCLUSIONS: The new mutation in the VSX1 (RINX) gene described in this report results in abnormal craniofacial features, absence of the roof of the sella turcica, and anomalous development of the corneal endothelium. This mutation also impacts on the maintenance of cone bipolar cells of the visual system and of bipolar cells of the auditory system.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2005

Brainstem timing: implications for cortical processing and literacy.

The search for a unique biological marker of language-based learning disabilities has so far yielded inconclusive findings. Previous studies have shown a plethora of auditory processing deficits in learning disabilities at both the perceptual and physiological levels. In this study, we investigated the association among brainstem timing, cortical processing of stimulus differences, and literacy skills. To that end, brainstem timing and cortical sensitivity to acoustic change [mismatch negativity (MMN)] were measured in a group of children with learning disabilities and normal-learning children. The learning-disabled (LD) group was further divided into two subgroups with normal and abnormal brainstem timing. MMNs, literacy, and cognitive abilities were compared among the three groups. LD individuals with abnormal brainstem timing were more likely to show reduced processing of acoustic change at the cortical level compared with both normal-learning individuals and LD individuals with normal brainstem timing. This group was also characterized by a more severe form of learning disability manifested by poorer reading, listening comprehension, and general cognitive ability. We conclude that abnormal brainstem timing in learning disabilities is related to higher incidence of reduced cortical sensitivity to acoustic change and to deficient literacy skills. These findings suggest that abnormal brainstem timing may serve as a reliable marker of a subgroup of individuals with learning disabilities. They also suggest that faulty mechanisms of neural timing at the brainstem may be the biological basis of malfunction in this group.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

Subcortical auditory agnosia.

A case of generalized auditory agnosia without aphasia secondary to cardiogenic cerebral embolism is reported. The infarcts in this patient were localized within the bitemporal subcortices as confirmed by computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The findings suggested that interruption of both auditory radiations by bilateral subcortical lesions may play an important role in the occurrence of "cerebral auditory disorders."

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of SCAN results with other auditory and language measures in a clinical population.

This study was conducted to compare results of SCAN: A Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders with other central auditory and language tests. The SCAN, Staggered Spondee Word test (SSW), Competing Sentence test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised (CELF-R) were administered to 155 children between the ages of 6 and 15 years. All subjects were referred for possible auditory or language processing disorders. Results showed significant correlations between the SCAN, SSW, and Competing Sentence test results except for Filtered Word and Auditory Figure Ground subtests of SCAN that were not significantly correlated with the Competing Sentence Test. Significant correlations also existed between SCAN and the PPVT, but there were no significant correlations between SCAN and the CELF-R subtests. Patterns of responses according to histories of Attention Deficit Disorders were also found.

Adolescent↗