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PubMed1987

Attitudes towards mental illness in the Athens area: implications for community mental health intervention.

Attitudes towards mental illness were measured in a probability sample of 1574 male and female adults, residents of two boroughs in the greater Athens area before the development of community mental health services in the area. The objective of this study was to identify the components of these attitudes, taking into account the fact that public opinions about mental illness influence the utilization of community mental health services and the level of reintegration of the mentally disabled into society. The instrument used to measure attitudinal dimensions was the Cohen and Struening Opinion about Mental Illness (O.M.I.) scale. Factor analysis revealed five attitude dimensions: social discrimination, social restriction, social care, integration, and etiology. Among the socio-demographic variables age, education, occupational status and place of residence up to 18 years of age affected the factors mainly, reflecting social discrimination and restriction. O.M.I. factor scores underlying the need for social care and reintegration of the mentally ill into society were found to be socially invariant, implying the need for social care and more humane treatment methods for mental patients. Certain population groups responded with rejection or suspicion and considerable fear of the mentally ill, indicating the necessity for the planning of appropriate community mental health intervention programs parallel to the development of community mental health services and psychiatric reforms in Greece.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Depressive symptoms and depression among elderly people in Athens.

A total of 251 elderly residents of 2 boroughs of greater Athens were examined by a psychiatrist. For the assessment of depressive symptoms, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used. Cognitive functioning was also evaluated. The prevalence of affective disorders of any type was estimated by a clinical examination with a semistructured psychiatric interview (PEF) supplemented by DSM-III criteria. A total of 27.1% of the elderly respondents reported a significant number of dysphoric or depressive symptoms and were identified as depressed cases. Respondents who had lower socioeconomic status, were widowed, were experiencing stressful life events or were living alone exhibited a significant degree of depressive psychopathology. An association between depressed mood and cognitive impairment was also found. A total of 9.5% of the sample was diagnosed as suffering from any type of affective disorder (1.6% major depression, 0.6% bipolar, 5.5% dysthymic disorder and 2.0% adjustment disorder with depressed mood). Affective disorders constitute nearly half of the total number of psychiatric diagnoses (20.3% at the sample). It is interesting that, of the 27.1% of the sample with depressed mood (> or = 16 score on CES-D Scale), only 9.5% of the sample were diagnosed as suffering from clinical types of depression.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Dental health of 12-year-old children in Athens.

A 10% sample (684) of boys and girls in the final year of state primary schools in three different areas of the city of Athens were examined. Their mean age was 11 yr 7 months and a mean DMFT of 2.41 was found. The majority of children claimed to be regular dental attenders. When the dental data from the three different socio-economic areas of the city were analysed independently, differences in the caries experience were noted. This investigation has reported lower DMFT scores than other Greek studies.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Oral health status of adult population in Athens, Greece.

An epidemiological study of dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral hygiene status in 736 employed adults aged 19-64 yr, was conducted in Athens, Greece. Dental caries was found to be prevalent, affecting almost the entire population examined. The mean DMFT values varied from 8.99 +/- 5.98 to 17.05 +/- 6.58 in different age groups. No difference was found in the mean DMFT values between sexes. Periodontal disease affected the 92.7% of the examined sample. The PI scores increased with age from 1.08 +/- 0.84 in the age group 19-24 yr to 3.7 +/- 1.84 in the age group 55-64 yr. Women showed lower PI index values than men but this difference was not statistically significant. The mean values of oral hygiene index varied from 1.60 +/- 1.05 to 1.97 +/- 1.42 in different age groups. Women presented better oral hygiene status than men and this difference was statistically significant for the younger age groups. Data concerning the toothbrushing frequency of the examined population are also presented. The results of this baseline study indicate that effective dental care is needed for the improvement of oral health status of the adult population.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Nosocomial outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-5-producing isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Athens, Greece.

Seven nonrepetitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates producing the clavulanic acid-inhibited extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-5 were isolated in the same hospital in Athens, Greece, from 1998 to 2002. All isolates except one were clonally related, and the bla(SHV-5) gene was chromosomally located. This study underlined that this gene, which is widespread in Enterobacteriaceae in Greece, may disseminate also in P. aeruginosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit in the high-prevalence area of Athens, Greece.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (EPKP) strains are frequently implicated in outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). During the period from 1997 to 1998, 21 infections and 23 colonizations with EPKP were recorded in the NICU of a children's hospital in Athens, Greece. Seventeen of the infected and 12 of the colonized neonates had been referred from other hospitals. The remaining infections and colonizations occurred during the current hospitalization. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing showed that the latter cases were due to an outbreak strain that persisted in the unit, while the repeated introduction of EPKP carriers was mostly due to clonal outbreaks in two maternity hospitals.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field↗
PubMed1999

Factors affecting motorcycle helmet use in the population of Greater Athens, Greece.

OBJECTIVES: Helmet use is the best preventive measure available against two wheel motorized vehicle (TWMV) related head injuries. In some countries, however, helmets are used only by a minority of TWMV riders. In collaboration with the Road Traffic Police Department, an inspection survey was undertaken to assess the prevalence and to determine predictors of helmet use. SETTING: The Greater Athens area, Greece, during July and August 1998. METHODS: A total of 982 TWMVs were stopped, 349 of which had two riders (36%). All riders were interviewed by staff members of the Centre for Research and Prevention of Injuries among the Young. RESULTS: The average prevalence of helmet use was 20.2%. It ranged from 9.7% on small suburban roads to 50.8% on highways. Prevalence of use was significantly lower during the weekend days and at night. Women were significantly more likely to wear a helmet and, controlling for gender, drivers were significantly more likely to be helmet users. Riders of more powerful TWMVs and passengers, who themselves had a TWMV driving license, were helmet users more frequently. Among non-users, the majority (46%) indicated that "the helmet made them feel uncomfortable", particularly in warm weather, whereas 18% claimed that there was little need for a helmet in low speed riding. CONCLUSIONS: A multipronged campaign is urgently needed in Greece to increase the prevalence of helmet use by TWMV riders. The campaign should include not only police enforcement but also initiatives to make helmets more convenient to wear and less expensive.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Wulst efferents in the little owl Athene noctua: an investigation of projections to the optic tectum.

The efferent projections from the Wulst were studied in the little owl, Athene noctua, using anterograde migration of wheat-germ-agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Wulst projections were distributed to telencephalic, diencephalic and mesencephalic targets in a general pattern similar to that previously described in other avian species. Our results on the organization of the Wulst-optic tectum pathway in the little owl reveal well defined and laminarly arranged terminal projections into the superficial tectal layers, with a distribution suggestive of topographical relationships between neurons of origin in the Wulst and termination fields in the optic tectum. In contrast to lateral-eyed birds, the little owl possesses conspicuous contralateral projections to the optic tectum. Ipsilateral and contralateral efferents are restricted to different tectal regions, i.e. ipsilateral projections to the caudo-dorsal and contralateral projections to the rostro-ventral optic tectum. In addition, the anterior and posterior Wulst differentially contribute to the ipsilateral and contralateral projections to the optic tectum. This differential organization of Wulst efferents, as well as the presence of substantial contralateral projections, might be related to the high degree of binocular overlap typical of frontal-eyed birds. At a functional level, electric potentials recorded in the optic tectum and evoked by visual stimulation showed that information from one eye can reach the ipsilateral optic tectum. After Wulst ablation, the amplitude of these potentials was significantly reduced, indicating that Wulst efferents may influence visually-evoked activity in the optic tectum.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Binocularity in the little owl, Athene noctua. I. Anatomical investigation of the thalamo-Wulst pathway.

The efferent projections from the visual thalamus to the Wulst were studied in the little owl, Athene noctua. Cells of origin were identified by retrograde labeling after injections of wheat-germ-agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the Wulst. The labeled-cell distribution was correlated with the distribution of anterogradely labeled retinal terminals as revealed by intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase. The results demonstrated a bilateral thalamofugal visual pathway ascending from the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami (DLA). Projections from the visual thalamus to the Wulst showed a specific and orderly pattern, and retrogradely labeled cells of DLA were distributed equally, in a complementary fashion, on both sides of the brain, with a small region of overlap. Retinal termination fields in DLA largely overlapped relay neurons projecting to either Wulst, although the overlap was not complete. Despite differences in the organization of avian and mammalian visual pathways, which reflect their separate evolutionary origins, similarities between the DLA in the little owl and the lateral geniculate nucleus in mammals suggest that, during evolution similar selective pressures for binocularity led to a similar morphological organization.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Binocularity in the little owl, Athene noctua. II. Properties of visually evoked potentials from the Wulst in response to monocular and binocular stimulation with sine wave gratings.

Visually evoked potentials (VEPs) have been recorded from the Wulst surface of the little owl, Athene noctua, in response to counterphase-reversal of sinusoidal gratings with different contrast, spatial frequency and mean luminance, presented either monocularly or binocularly. Monocular full-field stimuli presented to either eye evoked VEPs of similar amplitude, waveform and latency. Under binocular viewing, VEPs approximately doubled in amplitude without waveform changes. VEPs with similar characteristics could be obtained in response to stimulation of the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, hemifield. These results suggest that a 50% recrossing occurs in thalamic efferents and that different ipsilateral and contralateral regions converge onto the same Wulst sites. The VEP amplitude progressively decreased with increase of the spatial frequency beyond 2 cycles/degree, and the high spatial frequency cut-off (VEP acuity) was under binocular viewing (8 cycles/degree) higher than under monocular (5 cycles/degree) viewing (200 cd/m2, 45% contrast). The VEP acuity increased with increase in the contrast and decreased with reduction of the mean luminance. The binocular gain in both VEP amplitude and VEP acuity was largest at the lowest luminance levels. Binocular VEP summation occurred in the medium-high contrast range. With decreased contrast, both monocular and binocular VEPs progressively decreased in amplitude and tended to the same contrast threshold. The VEP contrast threshold depended on the spatial frequency (0.6-1.8% in the range 0.12-2 cycles/degree). Binocular VEPs often showed facilitatory interaction (binocular/monocular amplitude ratio greater than 2), but the binocular VEP amplitude did not change either by changing the stimulus orientation (horizontal vs. vertical gratings) or by inducing different retinal disparities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Stereometric observations on the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminck, in total preparations.

The configuration of the HNS of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminck, was studied by employing the bulk-staining technique. This enabled a three-dimensional view of the HNS. The neurons of the SON are distributed into three divisions, namely, the preoptic, median and lateral. The PVN is U-shaped; the distal portion of the arms of the U extends laterally to form the lateral division of the PVN, which remains in continuity with the lateral division of the SON. The periventricular division of the PVN joins ventrally the median division of the SON. Unlike in the passerine birds, in the spotted owlet the PVN is more prominently developed than the SON. Since the axonal pathways are not stained, the proximal portion of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract could not be demonstrated in bulk-stained preparations. Hence it was not possible to trace with certainty the origin of the axonal terminations in the ME and in the NL. Anterior of the ME, the tract branches into two; one branch enters the zona externa to the ME and the other is continued into the NL. The ME is divisible into an AF-positive anterior region and an AF-negative posterior region. The NL is saccular and heavily loaded with the NSM. Studies on the HNS of the spotted owlet by the bulk-staining technique reveal that the general configuration of the system is comparable to that of the HNS of birds studied previously.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Changes induced by formalin in the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet, Athene brama temminck.

Histological changes induced in the HNS of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminck, by injection of 1 ml 5 or 10% formalin are described. No difference could be detected in the response of the HNS to 5 or 10% formalin administration. In the HNS of birds killed within 5 min of formalin administration, there was only partial depletion of NSM from the neurons, the tract and the NL; the quantity of NSM in the AME remained more or less unchanged. In animals killed 10-90 min after formalin injection, the depletion of NSM from the neurons, the tract and the NL was more complete. The neurons of the preoptic division of the SON exhibited the maximum response; these neurons were also moderately hypertrophied. The NL also was hypertrophied in some animals; the NSM in the AME registered only a partial loss. The interval between formalin administration and killing did not influence the degree of changes in the HNS. The depletion of NSM was no greater at 90 min following formalin injection than at 10 min. Since it is well established that formalin stress causes augmented secretion of ADH and that there is a close functional relationship existing between ADH and NSM, the depletion of NSM noticed in the HNS of the spotted owlet following formalin administration is interpreted as indicating augmented secretion of ADH. Hence it seems that the response of the HNS of birds to formalin stress are comparable to those of the HNS of mammals. The results thus provide histological evidence in favour of the concept that stressful stimuli cause increased secretion of ADH.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The Perì ouron treatise of Stephanus of Athens: Byzantine uroscopy of the 6th-7th centuries AD.

In the 6th-7th centuries AD, treatises on uroscopy were written by Theophilus, Magnus and the author of work transmitted through the ms. Parisinus gr. 2260, Stephanus of Athens. These works are the first to deal comprehensively with the problem of urines, uroscopy and their clinical role, so that a philological and content analysis and examination of their reciprocal relationships may clarify an important period in the birth and development of Byzantine uroscopy, which represents a significant epistemological passage in the medieval history of medicine (e.g. the positing of relationships between physical signs and systemic diseases).

Byzantium↗
PubMed1975

Postmortem study of the prevalence of gallstones in Athens.

The prevalence of gallstones in Athens in 1973 was studied in an autopsy survey that covered 1,448 subjects of all ages and both sexes. Gallstones were found in 5.2% of all subjects and in 6.2% of subjects older than 40 years. The prevalence was higher in females and considerably higher in persons who died from cirrhosis of the liver or from ischaemic heart disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survival from childhood leukemia depending on socioeconomic status in Athens.

One hundred and twenty children first diagnosed as having acute leukemia between 1988 and 1992 in Athens, Greece, were followed until May 15, 1993. The socioeconomic status of the children's families was assessed by means of paternal occupation, paternal schooling, maternal schooling, ownership of a car, ability to choose a private medical facility and freedom in the choice of the attending physician. The analysis was done by proportional-hazards modelling, controlling for age and gender. All six socioeconomic indicators, alternatively evaluated, showed that fatality rates were higher in the lower socioeconomic groups, although nominal statistical significance was reached for only one of them. With respect to family ownership of a private car, the fatality rate ratio between children of families who own a car and children of families who do not was 0.29 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.13-0.62 (p = 0.002). These results suggest that in Greece, socially disadvantaged children have a less favorable survival from childhood leukemia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Dental caries changes between 1982 and 1991 in children aged 6-12 in Athens, Greece.

The aim of this study was to compare dental caries and oral hygiene status in children aged 6-12 years in the Athens area between 1982 and 1991. Dental examinations were carried out by the same examiners in 773 children attending the same randomly selected schools sited in areas of different socioeconomic levels. The findings concerning the deciduous dention showed that the percentage of caries-free children increased in 1991 compared to 1982 by 38%. The mean deft scores were reduced by an amount ranging from 21 to 34%. Changes in caries prevalence were also observed in the permanent dention. The percentage of caries-free children for the total examined population increased by 94% while the reduction in DMFT index ranged between 38 and 70%. Treatment need was significantly lower in 1991 compared to 1982 in both dentitions. Debris index scores were similar while oral hygiene habits had slightly improved by 1991. The decline in caries levels may be attributed to the increased use of various forms of fluoride. Furthermore, dental health awareness of the population has improved.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Psychiatric disorders in 6- to 8-year-old children in the greater Athens area.

603 schoolchildren of the greater Athens area were screened for psychiatric disorders as expressed by a total score of 13 or more in the Rutter parents' questionnaire, and 10 or more in the Rutter teachers' questionnaire. Psychiatric disorder was negatively correlated with school marks. IQ (vocabulary, draw-a-man, visual-motor integration), motor coordination, and achievement in reading and arithmetic, and positively with size of family. The incidence of disturbance as assessed by the teachers' questionnaire was similar to that in other big cities in other countries, while the incidence of disturbance as assessed by the parents' questionnaire was greater in comparison to that of other countries. The incidence of hyperkinesis in our sample was considerably greater in comparison to other studies in other countries. Boys were found to be generally more disturbed than girls with the exception of neurosis.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Relation of hematocrit values to coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, and respiratory impairment in occupational and population groups of the Athens area.

Hematocrit values (Hct) were studied in relation to clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of coronary heart disease (CHD), arterial hypertension (AH), and respiratory impairment (RI) in 2901 adults (2033 men, 868 women) thirty to seventy years old, who comprised selected groups of large occupational (8611 workers) and population (5573 individuals) samples of the Athens area. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The women of the population sample with high Hct values had a significantly greater frequency of CHD (14.6%) as compared with women of the same sample with low Hct values (7.4%) (chi 2 = 12.778 P < 0.005). 2. Subjects of both sexes in the population sample with high Hct values had significantly higher mean levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as compared with subjects of the same population sample with low Hct values (F:4.61, P < 0.01). 3. In the women of the population sample with RI, the mean Hct values were significantly higher than those in the normal population (t:1.994, P < 0.05). It is concluded that high Hct values as an indirect measure of increased blood viscosity seem to be related to CHD and AH. Moreover, RI is correlated with high Hct values.

Adult↗