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PubMed1998

Coeliac disease in north-eastern Libya.

We studied 243 children aged between 6 months and 18 years presenting with features suggestive of coeliac disease to Al-Fateh Children's Hospital, Benghazi, Libya from 1976 to 1993. The diagnosis of coeliac disease was made using the revised diagnostic criteria of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Seventy-seven of the children conformed to these criteria. The demographic and clinical features of the disease were studied and compared with other studies in Arab countries and elsewhere. The male:female ratio was 1:1.3. Weight loss, anaemia, anorexia, diarrhoea and abdominal distention, in descending order of frequency, were the most frequently occurring clinical features. Jejunal biopsy is mandatory for the diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Cardamom--production, technology, chemistry, and quality.

Cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton var. Miniscula Burkill (Fam. Zingiberaceae) known as true or lesser cardamom is the widely cultivated variety and important in the world trade. It occupies a high second or third place in world trade, being a high priced spice. It belongs to the sweet spices group and is used predominantly to flavor sweets, baked goods, and coffee, particularly in the Arab countries. This monograph critically reviews the post-harvest handling and processing and the chemistry of the volatiles. The components contributing to the characteristic aroma for which the spice is valued are specifically considered. Gas chromatographic analysis for quality control and attempts are evaluating the aroma quality by sensory profile are discussed in relation to regional varieties, and processing variables. The areas in which further research is required are indicated. The botanical and cultivation aspects and production and trade of the different growing and consuming regions are briefly considered. Available information on other "cardamoms" from related species and genera are summarized.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Spectrum of skin diseases in Yemen (Hajjah and adjacent region).

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological study of skin diseases from Yemen is not available, although some data has been published from nearby Arab countries. OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of skin diseases in Yemen and particularly in Hajjah and nearby regions. METHODS: This is a prospective study and analysis of the consecutive new patients attending the Dermatology Clinic of Saudi Hospital at Hajjah, Yemen, from January 1997 to December 1999. The majority of the patients were from Hajjah and nearby regions but a substantial number of patients came from different distant regions of Yemen. The diagnosis was mainly based on clinical features but supported by laboratory investigations, diagnostic procedures and histopathology when needed. RESULTS: The total number of new patients was 13,840 with 14,259 diseases, with a male to female ratio of 1:0.81. Ninety-nine percent of the patients were Yemeni nationals. The leading group of diseases was dermatitis and eczematous disorders, followed by infections and infestations (including cutaneous leishmaniasis and mycetoma), followed by acne and acneiform disorders. CONCLUSION: The spectrum of skin diseases in this analysis revealed that more than 50% of the diseases belonged to dermatitis and eczematous disorders and infectious diseases groups. Socioeconomic and environmental factors of the region are responsible for this. Implementation of public health programs, a proper health education, and inclusion of a suitable training program of dermatology in the undergraduate medical studies of this country may help to prevent and manage these problems rationally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Normal spirometric reference values for Omani children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: Normal lung function has been shown to be population specific. The aim of this study was to derive normal reference spirometric values for Omani children and adolescents. METHODOLOGY: Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)), peak expiratory flow and forced mid-expiratory flow were measured in 837 healthy Omani school children aged 6-19 years. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for each spirometric parameter against age, height and weight for boys and girls separately. RESULTS: All measured spirometric parameters increased with age and height and were significantly higher in boys than girls. Height explained the maximum variance for all parameters. After accounting for height in the prediction equations, the contribution of age and weight was minimal. The expiratory ratio (FEV(1)%FVC) was independent of age and height and its mean values (+/- standard deviation) were slightly higher in girls (91.1 +/- 6.1%) than boys (86.5 +/- 7.1%; P < 0.001). The predicted normal values of the subjects using the derived equations were between 5 and 10% lower than the respective values for subjects in Caucasian sample groups. CONCLUSION: The developed prediction equations can be used in clinical practice in Oman and can be considered for use in neighbouring Arab countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The effect of plaque control in subjects with shallow pockets and high prevalence of periodontal pathogens.

In a previous study, it was shown that professional tooth cleaning 3x a week had a significant influence on the subgingival microbiota of shallow pockets. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of a single episode of full-mouth supragingival cleaning and oral hygiene instructions in subjects with minimal periodontal disease but high prevalence of putative periodontal pathogens. 10 subjects from Arabic countries, aged between 22 and 48 years, which had previously not been exposed to any dental care other than extractions and fillings, were selected for this trial. DNA probe analysis of subgingival samples, taken in the deepest pocket of each quadrant, showed presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in all patients, and presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in 5 individuals. 85% of all samples were P. gingivalis-positive, 83% were positive for P. intermedia and 43% were A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive. 4 weeks after treatment, subgingival microbiological samples were again taken in the same sites. In 8 patients, P. gingivalis could still be detected after treatment. However, the number of P. gingivalis positive samples was reduced from 85% to 38%, and the bacterial counts in positive samples were markedly lower than at baseline. P. intermedia-positive samples were obtained from 7 patients after treatment. 33% of all samples were still positive, but showed markedly reduced bacterial counts. 4 patients still yielded A. actinomycetem comitans-positive samples after treatment. Here, the number of positive samples was reduced to 15%, and the bacterial counts were barely exceeding the detection limit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Kuwait, Syria, Egypt, Iran, Jordan and Lebanon.

A total of 3,501 male subjects from six Arab countries living in Kuwait were investigated for quantitative and phenotypic distribution of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The ethnic origins of those investigated were Kuwait, Egypt, Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. The distribution of G6PD deficiency among the different ethnic groups varied widely, ranging from 1.00% for Egyptians to 11.55% for Iranians. The activity of the normal enzyme was remarkably similar, with values ranging from 6.1 +/- 0.8 to 6.5 +/- 1.1 IU/g Hb. A low frequency of the Gd(A) allele was found in two ethnic groups, Egyptians (0.019) and Iranians (0.014). Gd(A-) was present at the very low frequency of 0.006 in another two ethnic groups, Kuwaitis and Jordanians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Contributions of monastic medicine: from Hippocratic School to Salernitan Medical School. De urinis et pulsis secundum praecepta dionisi.

Due to the intense relationship between Byzantium and the Abbey of Montecassino, which lasted for about three centuries, some of the Hippocratic Medical Texts were gathered by the Roman Catholic Church during the last years of the Roman Empire. Some texts were transferred directly from the Byzantine Empire to the abbey. Some of the earliest texts which were written in Greek and Latin have been lost; afterwards they were only written in Latin and in Beneventano-Cassinese type. They constituted the basis of medical assistance that was given in the "ospitia" near the monastery to sick monks and pilgrims needing treatment on their way from Rome to Monte Sant'Angelo of Gargano. The Diuresis et pulsis secundum praecepta Dionisi is kept in Cod. Cas. No. 69 (10th century), pp 551-562, in the Montecassino archive. The author of this text tried to perform a urine examination considering the clinical signs, such as high temperature and pulse examination. The text is thought to have been written by Dionysius, a Hippocratic physician and contemporary of Herophilus, who lived around the 4th century BC. This text was read again in the Salernitan Medical School and compared with other texts from Arabic countries also influenced by Hippocrates.

Christianity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spectrum of beta-thalassaemia mutations in the population of Saudi Arabia.

A study of beta-thalassaemia alleles in 29 beta-thalassaemia homozygotes and HbS/beta-thalassaemia patients from western Saudi Arabia using the allele-specific priming technique of the polymerase chain reaction revealed a total of five mutations. The spectrum of mutations found in the western region is significantly different to that previously reported in the eastern region, and brings the total number of mutations observed in Saudi Arabian nationals to ten. A comparison of the types and frequencies of the Saudi Arabian mutations with those found in neighboring Arab countries is made.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed1982

Breast cancer in Arabic women.

A case-control study of breast cancer was conducted in Cairo, Egypt and in Kuwait. This is the first such report from Arabic countries and the most significant finding is the animal incidence rate of 7.67 per 100,000 in Kuwaiti women, which ranks amongst the lowest thus far reported in the world. Factors which contribute to this low rate are a short period of active menstruation, low family history, first childbirth at very early age and most likely significant dietary factors. More than 45% of Egyptian women give birth to a child before the age of 20, with 56.5% of controls and 42.3% of patients (p less than 0.01). Many patients already have extensive disease at time of diagnosis as a result of considerable delay. However, this delay did not result in a high incidence of inflammatory breast carcinoma, such as has been reported in Tunisia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP). Design and rationale. The NHP Investigative Team.

Hypertension and its complications appear to be increasingly common in Egypt. The National Hypertension Project (NHP) is a collaborative Egyptian-American effort with the following objectives: (1) to determine the prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure-related preclinical and clinical complications in Egyptian adults, (2) to identify environmental factors associated with high blood pressure, and (3) to build an infrastructure for research and education in cardiovascular disease prevention in Egypt. The NHP surveys were conducted in six of Egypt's 26 governorates, representing distinct geographic regions. In each of these six governorates, a probability sample of 600 households was surveyed. NHP was conducted in two phases. In phase I a team of specially trained physicians conducted household surveys in which all adult residents (age > or = 25 years) were screened for hypertension. In phase II hypertensive adults identified in phase I (ie, those with systolic pressure > or = 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure > or = 90 mm Hg and/or those receiving antihypertensive drug therapy) along with a randomly selected sample of normotensive control subjects were asked to participate in a more extensive evaluation. This included a detailed history and clinical examination, an electrocardiogram, an echocardiogram, laboratory studies, and skin color reflectance (on a subsample). As the first systematic, national survey of hypertension and its complications in an Arab country, NHP should provide data of great interest to the scientific, provider, and public health communities.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Injuries in Aleppo, Syria; first population-based estimates and characterization of predominant types.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing burden of injuries worldwide, Syria and many other Arab countries still lack population-based estimates of different types of injuries. This study aims to provide first population-based estimates of major injuries in Syria and characterize groups at increased risk. METHODS: An interviewer-administered population-based survey of adults 18-65 years residing in Aleppo, Syria was conducted in 2004. The study sample involved 2038 household representatives in Aleppo (45.2% men, mean age 35.3 +/- 12.1, response rate 86%). We inquired about participants self-reported injuries in the past year that required medical attention as well as injuries among their household members. When reported, injuries were further assessed according to type, place, and outcome. RESULTS: Overall, there was 153 self-reported injuries in the past year (77.3 per 1000 adult respondents, 93.1 per 1000 in men and 64.4 per 1000 in women, p = 0.02). Other than gender, injuries differed by age (the older age group being least affected), and place of occurrence, as men were more likely to sustain traffic injuries and be injured outside the home. Injuries were reported among 236 household members (21.0 per 1000), and were slightly more frequent in children than adults (22.0 per 1000 for children, and 19.7 per 1000 for adults, p = 0.2). Traffic injuries, falls, and poisoning (food) were by far the most common types of injury experienced by participants as well as their household members. Falls and traffic injuries seem to have caused most morbidity for the injured, while burns, although not frequently reported, were associated with an unfavorable outcome in the majority of cases. CONCLUSION: This information provides baseline information about the burden of different injuries in Syria, and the sociodemographic factors related to them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The children of Yemen: bodies, medicalization, and nation-building.

Yemenite Jews were among the many immigrants from Arab countries who were flown to Israel after its establishment in 1948. Following many complaints regarding the disappearance of Yemenite children from hospitals and schools in the transit camps where the new immigrants were kept in the 1950s, a governmental investigation committee was established in 1995. This article provides a preliminary description, from an anthropological perspective, of what is called in Israel the "Yemenite children affair." My analysis focuses on interviews with Yemenite Jews, describing how the bodies of new immigrants were medicalized and commodified and how immigrants and their families have come to resist these processes. I then focus on the role of the Israeli medical profession in promoting national goals and maintaining collective identity.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of childhood type I diabetes in Sudan, 1987-1990.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of type I diabetes in children 0-14 yr of age in Khartoum, Sudan. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective registration of newly diagnosed patients in a hospital-based registry with independent validation of completeness of case ascertainment. Eligible patients were Sudanese children < 15 yr of age, who developed type I diabetes during the period 1 January 1987 through 31 December 1990, and who were living in Khartoum city at the time of diagnosis. The denominator is the stable childhood population of Khartoum city, as estimated by the National Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS: In 4 yr, 239 cases were notified in the primary source and 268 in the secondary source. Some 196 patients were registered in both sources. Using the capture-recapture method to correct for underascertainment, the estimated total number of cases was 327, and the overall degree of ascertainment was 95%. The incidence of type I diabetes in children 0-14 yr of age increased from 5.9/10(5) in 1987 to 10.1/10(5) in 1990 (P < 0.001). Girls exhibited slightly higher incidence rates than boys in the 10-14-yr age-group throughout the 4 yr, but the differences were not statistically significant. The age distribution at onset was bimodal with a clear peak at age 12 yr in girls and age 14 yr in boys and another smaller peak at age 7 yr in both sexes. The number of new cases was markedly higher in the cooler months of the year, with a peak in January and a nadir in June (P < 0.01). This trend was consistent over the period of observation. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood diabetes is increasing in Sudan. Our incidence figures are higher than those reported from other Arab countries and is similar to reports from France and Italy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

German version of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: psychometric parameters.

A German translation of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale, written originally in Arabic, was prepared. A sample of 207 men and women German college students was recruited. Coefficient alpha was .88, whereas the item-remainder correlations ranged from .21 to .63, denoting good internal consistency. The correlation of the scale with the German form of the Trait Anxiety Scale was .76, indicating high criterion-related validity. Three factors were identified: General, Somatic, and Cognitive/Affective Anxiety. German students scored lower (less anxious) than students from the U.S. and 18 Arab countries. The sex difference was not significant for the German sample.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anticoagulant activity of coumarins from Ferula communis L].

Ferula communis is an ombelliferous plant of the Mediterranean regions. It is represented in Morocco by two varieties: brevifolia and genuina. The later is very rich in a soap or resinous gum. This product, collected from the roots, is largely used in traditional medicine. It is know as fessoukh in Morocco and other Arab countries. This plant is also well known for its toxicity and its anticoagulant activity. In the present review, are discussed: (1) the ethnobotany of the plant, especially medicinal uses of fessoukh in traditional medicine as well as alimentary use of young stems as legumes; (2) clinical and biochemical data of intoxication by this plant, which are dominated by haemorrhage as a consequence of blood coagulation disturbance; (3) 4-hydroxycoumarins isolated from Ferula communis L. and their anticoagulant activity; (4) the role of vitamin K1 in the treatment of poisoning by this plant.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed2000

Profile of stroke in a teaching university hospital in the western region.

OBJECTIVE: An epidemiological study of stroke on patients admitted at King Abdul Aziz University hospital to determine the pattern of stroke, clinical presentation, risk factors and the outcome of the stroke in Saudis and non Saudis. METHODS: Case records of patients admitted with stroke between (January 1997 to January 2000) at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital which is a teaching hospital affiliated to Ministry of Education, provides health care to multinational population of mixed socioeconomic status. The diagnosis was established by radiological assessment either by computerized tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging. Pattern of stroke, clinical presentations, risk factors and the outcome of stroke and other relevant data were documented. RESULTS: A total of 71 patients were admitted with stroke during the period of the study with incidence of 3% of total admission to the medical unit. The mean age was 63 years with male: female ratio of 3.4:1. Cerebral infarction was recorded in 80% of the cases. The most common presentation of stroke in Saudis were ischemic in 77% and hemorrhagic in 20.5%. Where as in non-Saudis, it was 85% and 7%. Intra cerebral hemorrhage was recorded in 15% of patients, while the subaraichnoid hemorrhage only in 1%. Ruptured aneurysm diagnosed by cerebral angiogram attributed to the cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertension was the most important risk factor for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, as other risk factors were hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation and smoking. Death was the eventual outcome of stoke in 31% of patients, septicemia contributed to 35% of deaths, 77% of cerebral stokes were treated with aspirin, only 2 cases were treated by ticlopdine. Average hospital stay was 63 days, while 6 patients stayed longer than 600 days. CONCLUSION: Stroke is a common neurological problem among patients admitted at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital and the pattern of stroke is similar to those reported from other parts of Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries. There was a high incidence of thrombotic stroke in our study. Hemorrhage was rare in our study especially subarachniod hemorrhage. Hypertension was the most common risk factor, so emphasis should be made on strict control of blood pressure in the community to reduce the incidence of stroke. Since long hospital stay was observed in our study, we recommend establishment of more nursing homes and rehabilitation centers for stoke patients aiming to decrease the burden on the teaching hospital.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

The shaken baby syndrome.

Trauma is the most common cause of death in childhood and non-accidental injury is the leading cause of death in infants between one month and one year of life. This is a newly emerging entity in Saudi Arabia. However, there is little available literature on the extent of child maltreatment in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of the central nervous system insults resulting from the inflicted trauma of child abuse. We aim to raise awareness in the region as the tragic loss of life and function is unequalled in childhood beyond the perinatal period.

Battered Child Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Peak expiratory flow rate in Saudi school boys at Al-Khobar City, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal peak expiratory flow rate for Saudi school boys living at Al-Khobar City. METHODS: A self administered questionnaire was completed by the parents of 1312 school boys who satisfied the selection criteria of the study. Peak expiratory flow rate was measured for them, using Wright peak flow meter. The multiple linear regression equation for peak expiratory flow rate was generated where height, age, weight, socio-economic class, presence of smoker, pets or both at home were the independent variables RESULTS: Height, age and weight were found to correlate significantly with peak expiratory flow rate. However, only height and age were included in the final regression model which had a reasonably high coefficient of multiple determination value (R2 =0.72). CONCLUSION: Peak expiratory flow rate values in this study were lower than those reported from Riyadh, other Arab countries, Europe and North America. However, they are close to those reported from Yanbu (Saudi Arabia). Normal values of peak expiratory flow rate for Saudi children should be developed.

Adolescent↗