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PubMed1995

A Russian version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory: preliminary data.

Spielberger's (1988) State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory represents a conceptual advance over previous anger measures. It measures both immediate anger experiences and longer term dispositions to experience anger, as well as modes of anger expression. In American samples, the inventory has been shown to be both internally consistent and conceptually valid. This study presents initial data on a Russian version of the inventory. Our subjects were 120 students from St. Petersburg University and 31 psychiatric patients from the St. Petersburg Top Security Hospital. The results provide initial support for Spielberger's factorial model of anger in a Russian sample. All of the scales, with the exception of Anger-In, showed good alpha coefficients, and the means were generally similar to those found in American subgroups. Russian men scored higher on Anger-Out than did Russian women. Determination of subgroup norms in larger samples will allow us to explore further the cross-national similarity of anger in Russia and America.

Anger↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of reported levels and expression of anger in everyday and driving situations.

Incidents of road rage are frequently reported in the media, yet despite claims that aggression on congested roads is a serious social problem, little empirical research has explored the question of whether people really do become more aggressive behind the wheel. This study compares levels and expression of anger in everyday and driving situations with the aim of testing some of the commonly held beliefs about aggression on the roads. A survey questionnaire presented 15 short scenarios describing frustrating situations and included a measure of anger and three levels of expression, outward, displaced, and suppressed. The questionnaire was posted on the Internet and received 226 responses during a 3-month period. Analysis revealed that people were no more likely to report experiencing anger while driving than in non-driving situations. However, the expression of anger did differ in the two contexts. In response to the driving scenarios, respondents were significantly more likely to report displacing their anger than in non-driving situations. Those individuals who reported high levels of anger were also more likely to be outwardly aggressive while driving than they were in non-driving situations. Although males and females reported very similar levels of anger, their expression of anger did differ. For females, the largest difference is between outwardly expressing anger and the other two forms, displacing and suppressing, whereas for men, the differences between these three forms are more alike. The paper concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of these findings.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Anger, interpersonal relationships, and health-related quality of life in bullying boys who are treated with outpatient family therapy: a randomized, prospective, controlled trial with 1 year of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Ten to 30% of students engage in bullying behavior. Bullies stand out on account of increased anger, poor interpersonal relationships, and poor quality of life. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of outpatient family psychotherapy as a monotherapy for anger reduction and improvement of behavior and interpersonal relationships and of health-related quality of life in male youths with bullying behavior. METHODS: Twenty-two boys with bullying behavior took part in a family therapy program for 6 months. The control group was also composed of 22 youths and took part in a placebo intervention program. Every 2 weeks, results were checked with the Adolescents Risky-Behavior Scale (ARBS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-D), and the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Follow-up testing took place 12 months after treatment. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group (according to the intention-to-treat principle), bullying behavior was reduced (family therapy group: from n = 22 to n = 6; control group: from n = 22 to n = 20). Significant changes on all ARBS scales and on the STAXI scales State-Anger, Trait-Anger, Anger-Out, and Anger-Control were observed after 6 months. In the IIP-D, significant differences were found on the scales for overly autocratic, overly competitive, overly introverted, overly expressive, and exploitable/compliant. In the SF-36, significant differences were observed in general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. The reduction in expression of anger correlated with a reduction in several scales of the ARBS, IIP-D, and SF-36. Follow-up after 1 year showed relatively stable, lasting treatment effects. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that outpatient family therapy seems to be an effective method of reducing anger and improving interpersonal relationships and health-related quality of life in male youths with bullying behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Expression of anger and alexithymia in patients with psychogenic excoriation: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: Psychogenic excoriation (PE), which is characterized by lesions formed by self-picking, has a significant place among the dermatoses related to psychological factors. Emotions, particularly anger that cannot be expressed, may be important in the etiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics of patients with PE and with another psychodermatosis, and compare them in terms of anger, manner of anger expression, and alexithymia. METHODS: Thirty-one consecutive subjects with PE and thirty-one patients with chronic urticaria were recruited from an outpatient dermatology clinic. All of the subjects completed Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale. RESULTS: PE patients had higher levels of anger (p < .01), tended not to show their anger (p < .05), and were more alexithymic (p < .05). There was also a positive correlation between anger and alexithymia scores (r = .49, p < .05). DISCUSSION: PE, a severe and chronic psychiatric and dermatological problem, may be related to affect-regulation, particularly anger and alexithymia. Due to the fact that it has a different place among psychodermatoses, individuals with PE might benefit from learning how to regulate their affects other than by excoriation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Expression of anger by Samoan adults.

A modified version of Spielberger's 1988 Anger Expression Inventory including four Samoan culture-specific anger terms was administered to 593 adult American and Western Samoans, 25 to 55 years, to assess intrasample age, sex, and location differences and to examine its cross-cultural utility by an exploratory factor analysis. American Samoans men's and women's scores showed greater difficulty controlling anger than Western Samoan men and women, American Samoan males scored higher on Anger-Out and Samoan anger expression than Western Samoan men, and Western Samoan women scored higher on Anger-Out and higher on Samoan anger expression than Western Samoan men. Factor analysis showed that Spielberger's original factor structure was replicated in all subpopulations except American Samoan women. Control of anger, a Samoan cultural core value, appears to be more difficult in modern American Samoans of both sexes compared with the more traditional Western Samoans. Among American Samoan women, we speculate that role expansion may be responsible for their heterogeneous factor structure of anger expression.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Further evidence of reliability and validity for the driving anger expression inventory.

This study provided evidence of reliability and validity for the four scales of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory. Alpha reliabilities for scales ranged from .84 to .89. Measures of aggressive anger expression while driving (Verbal Aggressive Expression, Personal Physical Aggressive Expression, and Use of the Vehicle to Express Anger scales) correlated positively with each other and negatively with the Adaptive/Constructive Expression scale. Scores on the three aggressive forms of anger expression correlated positively with trait anger and measures of driving-related anger, aggression, and risky behavior, whereas scores on the Adaptive/Constructive Expression scale correlated negatively with these variables. Reports of aggressive and risky behavior correlated most strongly with the Use of the Vehicle to Express Anger scale. Forms of anger expression were minimally or uncorrelated with rated trait anxiety and reports of moving violations, close calls, and accidents. Findings replicated earlier findings and provided further evidence for the reliability and validity of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2003

Anger expression: parental and cognitive factors.

The associations of parental moral disengagement, guilt, prosocial behavior, and anger, with their children's maladaptive anger was examined. 98 college undergraduate students and their parents participated. Both students and parents completed the Anger Response Inventory, the Mechanism of Moral Disengagement Scale, the Texas Social Behavior Inventory, the Fear of Punishment Scale, and the Need for Reparation Scale. A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the students' variables which predicted maladaptive anger. Only moral disengagement was a predictor of the students' maladaptive anger. Subsequent multiple regression analyses were used to examine whether parental variables predict students' anger. Fathers' maladaptive anger, and prosocial skills were significantly related to students' maladaptive anger. Maternal variables produced an increase in the multiple R similar to the fathers', but none of the individual measures were significantly associated with the students' maladaptive anger.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

[The relationship between depression, perceived stress, fatigue and anger in clinical nurses].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between depression, perceived stress, fatigue and anger in clinical nurses. METHOD: A descriptive survey was conducted using a convenient sample. Data was collected by questionnaires from four hundred clinical nurses who worked at a university hospital. Radloff's CES-D for depression, Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein's Perceived Stress Scale, VAS for Fatigue, and Spielberger's STAXI for anger were used. The data was analyzed using the pearson correlation coefficient, students' t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULT: The depression of clinical nurses showed a significantly positive correlation to perceived stress(r=.360, p=.000), mental fatigue(r=.471, p=.000), physical fatigue(r=.350, p=.000), trait anger(r=.370, p=.000), anger-in expression(r=.231, p=.000), and anger-control expression(r=.120, p=.016). There was a negative correlation between depression and age(r=-.146, p=.003). The mean score of depression of nurses, 26, was a very high score and 40.8% of clinical nurses were included in a depression group. The main significant predictors influencing depression of clinical nurses were mental fatigue, trait anger, perceived stress, anger-in expression, and state anger, which explained about 32.7%. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that clinical nurses with a high degree of perceived stress, mental fatigue and anger-in expression are likely to be depressed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anger and aggression in psychiatric outpatients.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to evaluate the degree of anger and aggression experienced by psychiatric outpatients and to determine whether anger is as prominent an emotional state in these patients as are depression and anxiety. We also sought to determine which Axis I and Axis II disorders were associated with increased rates of subjective anger and aggressive behavior. METHOD: 1300 individuals presenting to a psychiatric outpatient practice underwent semistructured interviews to evaluate current DSM-IV Axis I (N = 1300) and Axis II disorders (N = 687). Levels of subjective anger and aggression during the preceding week were assessed in each patient, and the odds ratios were calculated for each disorder. A multiple regression analysis was performed to determine which psychiatric disorders independently contributed to the presence of subjective anger and aggressive behavior. RESULTS: Approximately one half of our sample reported currently experiencing moderate-to-severe levels of subjective anger, and about one quarter had demonstrated aggressive behavior in the preceding week. This level of anger was found to be comparable to the levels of depressed mood and psychic anxiety reported by our sample. Major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, and cluster B personality disorders independently contributed to the presence of both anger and aggression. CONCLUSION: Anger and aggression are prominent in psychiatric outpatients to a degree that may rival that of depression and anxiety; it is therefore important that clinicians routinely screen for these symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[The calming process of anger experience: time series changes of affects, cognitions, and behaviors].

This study investigated time series changes and relationships of affects, cognitions, and behaviors immediately, a few days, and a week after anger episodes. Two hundred undergraduates (96 men, and 104 women) completed a questionnaire. The results were as follows. Anger intensely aroused immediately after anger episodes, and was rapidly calmed as time passed. Anger and depression correlated in each period, so depression was accompanied with anger experiences. The results of covariance structure analysis showed that aggressive behavior was evoked only by affects (especially anger) immediately, and was evoked only by cognitions (especially inflating) a few days after the episode. One week after the episode, aggressive behavior decreased, and was not influenced by affects and cognitions. Anger elicited all anger-expressive behaviors such as aggressive behavior, social sharing, and object-displacement, while depression accompanied with anger episodes elicited only object-displacement.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Anger attacks in patients with depression.

Anger attacks are sudden intense spells of anger that resemble panic attacks but lack the predominant affects of fear and anxiety associated with panic attacks. They typically occur in situations in which an individual feels emotionally trapped and experiences outbursts of anger that are later described by the patient as being uncharacteristic and inappropriate to the situation at hand. Anger attacks consist of both behavioral and autonomic features, and various criteria and an Anger Attacks Questionnaire have been designed to identify the presence of these attacks. The prevalence of anger attacks in depressed patients is approximately 30% to 40%, and the attacks have disappeared in 53% to 71% of depressed patients treated with fluoxetine, sertraline, or imipramine. This article discusses the development of the concept of anger attacks, the presence of anger attacks in depression and other psychiatric disorders, and the current treatment of anger attacks.

Anger↗
PubMed2001

Anger on and off the road.

Participants reported on two recent experiences of anger, of which one had occurred while they were driving and the other in a non-driving situation. Anger while driving was described as less mixed with other emotions, involving purer appraisals of other-blame, more likely to be caused by communication difficulties, and slower to be noticed by the person who was its target. Levels of negative affect preceding anger were rated as significantly lower in driving than non-driving situations, and mood and unrelated pressure were considered to be less influential causes of the subsequent emotional reaction. Frequency estimates supported the popular notion that anger is relatively more likely while driving than during other activities. Individual difference measures relating to ambivalence over emotional expression, self-consciousness, and empathy showed no reliable correlations with frequency of anger while driving, but previously developed self-report indices of driving anger and aggression made a significant contribution to its prediction even after controlling for anger frequency in other situations. These results support everyday intuitions that certain features of the road situation differentially predispose drivers to become angry and that the resulting anger tends to take a different form from anger experienced off the road.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

An application of cognitive-behavioral anger management training in a military/occupational setting: efficacy and demographic factors.

OBJECTIVE: This treatment outcome study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral psychoeducational anger management training application offered in a military/occupational setting. Additionally, demographic factors were analyzed to identify any relationship among age, gender, occupational/educational status, and anger subscale scores or treatment effects. METHOD: The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory was used as a pretest/post-test measure for 91 total participants in a series of four-session cognitive behavioral anger management training groups conducted through Francis E. Warren Air Force Base mental health clinic over an 18-month period. RESULTS: Significant improvements (p < 0.05) on all State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory anger scales were noted for the 46 participants who completed the program. Post hoc comparisons of demographic factors yielded no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with previously published findings insofar as the intervention was effective in reducing self-reported anger as measured by the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The present study affirms the efficacy of a brief cognitive-behavioral psychoeducational approach to treat problem anger in a noncontrolled community/occupational sample.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Multidimensional anger scale].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new and original scale which can measure anger on a multidimensional level. METHOD: In the first phase of this study, 2 pilot studies were conducted. The first pilot study was conducted on a sample of 60 individuals to develop an item pool. A second pilot study was conducted with another group of 148 individuals using a 429 item scale that was developed from this item pool. After the item analyses, a 158 item 'Multidimensional Anger Scale' (MAS) was derived for use in the second phase of the study to investigate the psychometric properties of the instrument. In the second phase reliability and validity analyses of this scale with 5 dimensions, Anger symptoms, Anger eliciting situations, Anger related cognitions, Anger reactions and Interpersonal Anger, were conducted on a sample of 756 individuals. RESULTS: Psychometric analysis of the scale showed that it possessed adequate internal consistency (alpha coefficients between 0,64 and 0,95). The validity of the scale was supported by the expected pattern of relations with other inventories (Brief Symptom Inventory and Guilt and Shame Scale). CONCLUSION: Multidimensional Anger Scale, for Turkish culture, may be suggested as a valid and reliable scale to measure anger in different dimensions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Value of the interactional anger model: studies in management and competitive sports].

This study focuses on testing the interactional approach underlying the anger models of Novaco (1978) and Spielberger (1988). An additional goal was to demonstrate different types of situations that give rise to anger and different dimensions of anger response in two samples of 97 managers and 74 athletes. Results showed that an anger response could be differentiated into a physiological, a cognitive, and two behavioral components. For the latter, it was confirmed that the expression of anger could be categorized into two independent components, anger in and anger out. Classifying anger situations revealed only a limited situation specificity of the tendency toward anger. The results on the validity of the interactional approach depended on the methods of analysis chosen. If the percentage of variance components were interpreted in the direction of an interactional approach, the external validity coefficients in at least one sample could not be interpreted unequivocally in this direction.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with anger in cancer patients and their caregivers.

In this descriptive, longitudinal study, the authors explored the emotional symptom of anger among cancer patients and their caregivers at home. Anger was measured using an abbreviated version of the Siegel Multidimensional Anger Inventory during three interviews over a 6-month period. The sample consisted of 165 adults with solid tumors and 73 caregivers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to measure the severity of anger and its association with selected demographic factors, symptom distress, functional status, physical caregiving responsibilities, and depression. Findings included overall low, stable anger scores for both patients and their caregivers; and significant associations among anger and symptom distress, age, depression, and church attendance for patients. These findings suggest that anger may be perceived as an unacceptable emotion and may appear in other forms such as symptom distress and depression. Alternative ways for measuring anger need examination and patients and caregivers may need guidance in addressing their anger.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A preliminary study on the efficacy of sertraline and imipramine on anger attacks in atypical depression and dysthymia.

There is clinical and biological evidence suggesting that patients with anger attacks, sudden spells of anger accompanied by intense autonomic activation, may represent a distinct psychopathological subgroup of patients with depressive disorders. We compared the prevalence of anger attacks in 168 outpatients with atypical depression or primary dysthymia with 38 normal subjects and tested the effect of treatment on anger attacks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline versus imipramine. Patients were randomly assigned to sertraline (n = 56), imipramine (n = 52), or placebo (n = 60) and were administered the Anger Attacks Questionnaire before and after treatment. Depressed outpatients were significantly more likely to report anger attacks than controls. Anger attacks ceased in 53 percent of the patients receiving sertraline, 57 percent of those receiving imipramine, and 37 percent of those in the placebo group. Our findings support previous studies indicating that anger attacks are more prevalent among depressed outpatients than normals. Our results also suggest that sertraline and imipramine may be more effective than placebo in reducing the number of anger attacks following treatment although the differences were not statistically significant. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1997

[Anger outbursts in unipolar depressive disorders].

Approximately one third of depressed outpatients present with "anger attacks", sudden spells of anger accompanied by symptoms of autonomic activation such as tachycardia, sweating, flushing, and tightness of the chest. These anger attacks are experienced by the patients as uncharacteristic of them and inappropriate to the situations in which they occur. Depressed patients with anger attacks are significantly more anxious and hostile, and they are more likely to meet criteria for borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders than depressed patients without anger attacks. Treatment studies suggest that antidepressant treatment of anger attacks in depression is helpful and sage. Anger attacks disappear in 53-71% of depressed outpatients treated with antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline and imipramine. In addition, the rate of emergence of anger attacks after treatment with fluoxetine (Prozac) (6-7%) is no different from the rates observed after treatment with sertraline (8%) and imipramine (10%), and lower than the rate with placebo (20%). Finally, one can hypothesize that antidepressants that affect serotonergic neurotransmission, known to be involved in the modulation of aggressive behavior in animals and humans, should be particularly effective in this population. Larger placebo-controlled studies, comparing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine with relatively noradrenergic tricyclic antidepressants such as desipramine, may help us understand whether depressed patients with anger attacks show a distinctive responsiveness to drug treatment.

Anger↗