Effect of beta-adrenergic blocking compounds on tissue catecholamine levels.
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Acetanilides↗
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Results for “Allyl Compounds”
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Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons produce volatile Salmonella mutagens.
Production of volatile mutagenic metabolites from 5 halogenated promutagens was examined by a simple modification of the conventional Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. This method incorporates the taping together of 2 agar plates face to face during the initial portion of their incubation at 37 degrees C. By varying the contents of the soft agar in each of the two plates with respect to promutagen, S9 and tester strain cells, mutagenesis due to volatile promutagens and their metabolites could be quantitated separately. Using the taped plate assay, volatile mutagenic metabolites were detected from the promutagens 3-(2-chloroethoxy)-1,2-dichloropropene, the herbicides diallate, triallate and sulfallate, and the flame-retardant tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP). All compounds except Tris-BP were also found to be volatile promutagens. The mutagenic metabolites accounted for 50-80% of the activity of these compounds observed in the standard assay. Morever, our studies suggest that a small, but appreciable percentage of the mutagenic metabolites from all 5 compounds escaped detection in the conventional, untaped assay. Mutagenic activity of the volatile mutagenic metabolites from diallate was quenched by various Salmonella tester strains independent of their responsiveness to diallate mutagenesis. Detection of volatile mutagen formation from diallate was also prevented by cysteine and glutathione, but not by DNA or metyrapone. This taped plate method for the Salmonella assay should facilitate future investigations of the detection, isolation and identification of volatile mutagenic metabolites from other promutagenic compounds or mixtures.
Allyl Compounds↗
Relaxation filtered hyperfine spectroscopy (REFINE).
A simple and general applicable method to separate spectrally overlapping hyperfine spectra of two paramagnetic compounds is presented. Overlapping spectral contributions from different paramagnetic species are a common situation in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, resulting in complicate EPR spectra of metal enzymes, organic radicals or in the field of material sciences. On the other hand, the longitudinal relaxation times T1 of these species contributing to the overall EPR signal can vary by several orders of magnitude, depending on the paramagnetic component under study. These differences can be used to selectively study individual species by using an inversion-recovery preparation sequence as a filter. Here, we demonstrate the possibility to separate hyperfine spectra of two spectrally overlapping paramagnetic species by combining an inversion-recovery based relaxation filter together with ESEEM or ENDOR hyperfine spectroscopy (REFINE). The feasibility of the presented method is demonstrated on model compounds and the necessary requirements are discussed.
Allyl Compounds↗
[A simultaneous determination of honokiol and mangolol in Oriental pharmaceutical decoctions containing magnolia bark by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. II].
A simple method using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography was established for the rapid and precise determination of honokiol(3',5-di-2-propenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-2,4'-diol) and magnolol(5,5'-di-2-propenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol) in eighteen species of oriental pharmaceutical decoctions containing Magnolia bark. An ODS column and a mixed solvent system of water involving 10 mM tetra-n-amyl-ammonium bromide (TAA) and acetonitrile (4:6) as a mobile phase were used for the separation. Honokiol and magnolol were eluted without interference of other coexisting components within 12 min.
Biphenyl Compounds↗
[A simultaneous determination of honokiol and magnolol in oriental pharmaceutical decoctions containing magnolia bark by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography].
A simple method using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography was established for the rapid and precise simultaneous determination of honokiol (3', 5-di-2-propenyl-1, 1'-biphenyl-2,4'-diol) and magnolol (5,5'-di-2-propenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol) in oriental pharmaceutical decoctions containing Magnolia bark. An ODS column and a mixture of water involving 10 mM tetra-n-amylammonium bromide (TAA) and acetonitrile (4:6) as a mobile phase were used for the separation. Honokiol and magnolol were eluted without interference of other co-existing components within 12 min.
Biphenyl Compounds↗
[A study on bark quality of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils].
OBJECTIVE: To understand the main factors influencing the bark quality of Magnolia officinalis so as to theoretically establish a basis for quality assessment, genetic improvement and layout of bark producing areas. METHOD: Eighty-two samples from the main bark producing areas(11 counties of 7 provinces such as Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Hubei) were collected. Totally there were 121 samples, including 39 from the trial stand located in Jingning of Zhejiang the obtained out of the seeds from the bark producing areas mentioned above. HPLC was used in the analysis of phenols contained in the bark of Magnolia officinalis. RESULT: The main factors influencing the bark quality have been made clear. CONCLUSION: The quality is affected by provenance, leaf shape, DBH, tree height, crown size, age, bark thickness color of bark powder, oiliness, grounding nature, bark type, position of sampling, etc., of which provenance, leaf shape, powder color, bark thickness and DBH are the most influential factors. These factors should be fully considered when making quality assessment and genetic improvement of the bark of Magnolia officinalis.
Biphenyl Compounds↗
In vitro efficacy of a compound derived from garlic against Pneumocystis carinii.
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AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
Evaluation of the efficacy of dill apiol and pyriproxyfen in the treatment and control of Xenopsylla cheopis flea Roths (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).
The effect of LC50 of the isolated dill apiol compound and pyriproxyfen caused significant prolongation in the first gonotrophic cycle and great reduction in the percentage of female (Xenopsylla cheopis) reproductive potential as well as egg hatchability. The results indicated that, the larval treatments inhibited the ovarian development and evolved drastic changes in the ovarian histology and histochemistry. The two tested compounds reduced the vitellogenesis and synthesis of carbohydrates, protein, DNA & RNA materials and lipids in oocytes. The two compounds are similar in their mode and site of action.
Allyl Compounds↗
Effects of allyl mercaptan and various allium-derived compounds on cholesterol synthesis and secretion in Hep-G2 cells.
The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of allyl mercaptan (AM), a major metabolite of garlic, with several garlic constituents and extracts on cytotoxicity, cholesterol synthesis and its secretion in Hep-G2 cells. The cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and treated with 5, 25, 50, 125, 250 and 500 microg/ml of AM, diallyl disulfide (DD), diallyl trisulfide (DT), steam-distilled garlic oil (SD) or vinyl-dithiin oil of garlic (VD) for 4 h. At concentrations up to 50 microg/ml, no significant cytotoxic effect was found in any group, but at concentrations above 250 microg/ml, the cell viability decreased drastically in all groups compared to the control. The treatment of cells with 25 microg/ml (non-cytotoxic concentration) of AM, DD, DT, SD for 4 h significantly inhibited [3H]acetate incorporation into cholesterol compared to that of the control (P < 0.05). The secretion of cholesterol into the medium was also significantly decreased in all groups except for VD. The treatment of cells with those allium constituents had no effect on either [3H]acetate incorporation into fatty acids or [3H]glycerol incorporation into triglyceride or phospholipid.
Allium↗
A comparative study of upright counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatograpohy for preparative isolation and purification ofphenolic compounds from Magnoliae officinalis.
A comparative study of preparative isolation and purification of the phenolic compounds magnolol and honokiol from the Chinese medicinal plant Magnoliae officinalis by upright counter-current chromatography (CCC) and semi-preparative HPLC is presented. The comparison reveals that with a two-phase solvent system composed of light petroleum (bp 60-90 degrees C)-ethyl acetate-tetrachloromethane-methanol-water (1:1:8:6:1, v/v), 1250 mg of honokiol and 520 mg of magnolol, with a purity of 98.7 and 99.5%, respectively, were obtained from 2.0 g of a crude sample of Magnoliae officinalis in a single CCC separation. In contrast, semi-preparative HPLC allowed isolation and purification of these two phenolic compounds with significantly lower productivity and higher solvent consumption. Structures of the purified compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR.
Biphenyl Compounds↗
Rapid purification and scale-up of honokiol and magnolol using high-capacity high-speed counter-current chromatography.
In this paper, a rapid separation approach has been developed using high-capacity high-speed counter-current chromatography (high-capacity HSCCC) to isolate and purify honokiol and magnolol, which are the main bioactive constituents from Houpu. The optimization of the solvent selection process, sample loading volume and flow rate is systematically studied using analytical high-capacity HSCCC. The optimized parameters obtained rapidly at analytical scale were used for a 1000 x scale-up preparative run using pilot scale high-capacity HSCCC in a MAXI-DE centrifuge. A crude sample of 43 g was successfully separated and the fractions were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This large scale preparative single step run yielded 16.9 and 19.4 g of honokiol and magnolol with purities of 98.6 and 99.9%, in only 20 min. This is the first time that high-performance counter-current chromatography has been used to purify multiple gram grade bioactive compounds in less than 1h and at such high concentrations of final products (10.8 g/l for magnolol and 7.0 g/l for honokiol).
Biphenyl Compounds↗
[Pharmacokinetics of honokiol in rats].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics of honokiol in rats. METHODS: Honokiol injection was delivered by vein injection to SD-rats. The blood samples were gathered at a series of time lags. Honokiol in rat plasma was determined with an RP-HPLC method and the data were analyzed with program 3P87. RESULTS: After i.v. injection of honokiol, concentration-time curves were fitted to a 3-compartment model: with halftime of 2.8 min, 11.9 min, and 56.8 min. CONCLUSION: Honokiol was quickly distributed in rats after i.v. and the concentration decreased rapidly. Our studies provided important referrence to the research on the pharmacodynamics and the pharmaceutics of Honokiol.
Animals↗
Anti-arrhythmic effects of herbal medicine.
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Alkaloids↗
Effect of garlic oil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation.
Different concentrations (3, 30, 300, and 3000 mg/L of culture fluid) of garlic oil (GAR), diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DAD), allicin (ALL), and allyl mercaptan (ALM) were incubated for 24 h in diluted ruminal fluid with a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet (17.7% crude protein; 30.7% neutral detergent fiber) to evaluate their effects on rumen microbial fermentation. Garlic oil (30 and 300 mg/L), DAD (30 and 300 mg/L), and ALM (300 mg/L) resulted in lower molar proportion of acetate and higher proportions of propionate and butyrate. In contrast, at 300 mg/L, DAS only increased the proportion of butyrate, and ALL had no effects on volatile fatty acid proportions. In a dual-flow continuous culture of rumen fluid fed the same 50:50 forage:concentrate diet, addition of GAR (312 mg/L), DAD (31.2 and 312 mg/L), and ALM (31.2 and 312 mg/L) resulted in similar changes to those observed in batch culture, with the exception of the lack of effect of DAD on the proportion of propionate. In a third in vitro study, the potential of GAR (300 mg/L), DAD (300 mg/L), and ALM (300 mg/L) to decrease methane production was evaluated. Treatments GAR, DAD, and ALM resulted in a decrease in methane production of 73.6, 68.5, and 19.5%, respectively, compared with the control. These results confirm the ability of GAR, DAD, and ALM to decrease methane production, which may help to improve the efficiency of energy use in the rumen.
Allyl Compounds↗
Effect of allyl alcohol on xanthine dehydrogenase activity in the perfused rat liver.
Xanthine oxidase has been implicated in the production of reactive oxygen species and cell injury produced by various toxic compounds. Since allyl alcohol injuries the liver by an oxygen-dependent mechanism, we examined the actions of this hepatotoxicant on the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase into xanthine oxidase in perfused livers. A microassay for NAD(+)-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase, based on measuring the production of NADH fluorometrically under anaerobic conditions, was developed and used to examine the actions of allyl alcohol on this activity in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule. The oxygen-dependent activity, xanthine oxidase, was monitored in whole liver homogenates by uric acid formation at 302 nm under aerobic conditions. Perfusion of the liver with allyl alcohol (350 microM) increased xanthine oxidase and decreased xanthine dehydrogenase in whole liver consistent with the hypothesis that allyl alcohol enhanced calcium-dependent proteolytic conversion of the NAD(+)-dependent to the O2-dependent form. Xanthine dehydrogenase was higher in pericentral than in periportal regions of the liver lobule and tended to decrease selectively in periportal zones of livers exposed to allyl alcohol. O2 uptake was stimulated transiently by allyl alcohol followed by subsequent inhibition of respiration. These results are consistent with the idea that conversion of NAD(+)-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase is involved in the zone-specific hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol.
1-Propanol↗
Use of fiber interface direct mass spectrometry for the determination of volatile flavor release from model food systems.
Described in this paper is a fiber interface direct headspace mass spectrometric system for the real-time measurement of flavor release. The system was optimized for the detection of the garlic aroma volatile, diallyl disulfide, from water. Parameters investigated included interface temperature, flow rate through the fiber, flow rate through the sample vessel, and sample stir rate. The delay time for detection of sample after introduction into the sample vessel was determined as 43 s. The system proved to be reliable and robust with no loss in sensitivity or contamination of the mass spectrometer over a 6 month period. The technique was applied to a homologous series of aliphatic alcohols from C(2) to C(7). Results showed that as polarity decreased with increasing chain length the release of volatile into the headspace was faster and gave a higher maximum intensity. Release of the garlic aroma volatile from different commercial mayonnaise products clearly showed a decrease in the release of diallyl disulfide as fat content increased. These results demonstrate the potential of using this technique as a tool for understanding the complex interactions that occur between flavor compounds and the bulk food matrix.
Alcohols↗
Subchronic inhalation toxicity of 1,3-dichloropropene/1,2-dichloropropane (D-D) in mice and rats.
Groups of 28 male and 28 female CD-1 mice and Fischer 344 rats were exposed to a mixture of 1,3-Dichloropropene and 1,2-Dichloropropane (D-D) vapors. Exposure concentrations were 0, 5 (4.7), 15 (14.4), or 50 (53.7) ppm, 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 6 or 12 wk. The following parameters were evaluated: pharmacotoxic signs, body weights, hematology (HGB, HCT, RBC, WBC, and diff. leukocyte count), serum chemistry (BUN, GLU, ALB, GPT, and ALP), urinalysis, gross pathology, histopathology, organ weights, and organ weight/body weight ratios of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, testes or ovaries, and adrenals. The only exposure-related clinical effects observed were increased mean liver/body weight ratios of male rats and mean kidney/body weight ratios of female rats at the 50 ppm exposure level. Slight to moderate diffuse hepatocytic enlargement in 12 of 21 of the 50-ppm male mice after 12 wk exposure was the only compound-related histopathologic change present.
Allyl Compounds↗
Application of the elevated plus-maze test in mice for evaluation of the content of honokiol in water extracts of magnolia.
In our previous study using an improved elevated plus-maze in mice, the oriental herbal medicine Saiboku-to prolonged the time spent in open arms, showing an anxiolytic effect, and the effect was mainly caused by honokiol derived from magnolia. This study was carried out to compare the anxiolytic potentials of honokiol and water extracts of three magnolia samples; two being Kara-koboku (Magnolia officinalis) (KA: from Zhejiang-sheng, China; honokiol 0.25% and magnolol 1.16%, and KB: from Sichuan-sheng, China; honokiol 1.72% and magnolol 1.71%), and one being Wa-koboku (Magnolia obovata) (WA: from Iwate-ken, Japan; honokiol 0.32% and magnolol 0.81%). Seven daily treatments with 0.1-1 mg/kg honokiol, but not 0.2 and 1 mg/kg magnolol, revealed an anxiolytic effect with the peak potential at 0. 2 mg/kg. The anxiolytic potentials of 40 and 80 mg/kg KA, which contained the highest amount of magnolol, were almost equivalent to those of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg honokiol, respectively. KB, at 11.6 mg/kg, and 62.5 mg/kg WA resulted in almost the same anxiolytic potential as that of 0.2 mg/kg honokiol. No significant change in the ambulatory activity was produced by any drug treatment. These results suggest that honokiol is the chemical responsible for the anxiolytic effect of the water extract of magnolia and that the other chemicals including magnolol in magnolia scarcely influence the effect of honokiol. It is also considered that the elevated plus-maze test is applicable for evaluation of the content of honokiol in magnolia.
Animals↗