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Results for “Allocation and cooperation”

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PubMed1984

A cooperative organizational form for hospitals.

Hospitals face severe financial pressures at the same time that patients and physicians are demanding quality medical care and the latest technology, which is becoming increasingly costly. Hospitals must consider adopting and experimenting with a cooperative organization system, which groups physicians, nurses and administrators together in teams to plan jointly and allocate resources.

Budgets↗
PubMed2006

Women in developing countries and benefit sharing.

The aim of this paper is to show that any process of benefit sharing that does not guarantee the representation and participation of women in the decision-making process, as well as in the distribution of benefits, contravenes a central demand of social justice. It is argued that women, particularly in developing countries, can be excluded from benefits derived from genetic research because of existing social structures that promote and maintain discrimination. The paper describes how the structural problem of gender-based inequity can impact on benefit sharing processes. At the same time, examples are given of poor women's ability to organise themselves and to achieve social benefits for entire communities. Relevant international guidelines (e.g. the Convention on Biodiversity) recognise the importance of women's contributions to the protection of biodiversity and thereby, implicitly, their right to a share of the benefits, but no mechanism is outlined on how to bring this about. The authors make a clear recommendation to ensure women's participation in benefit sharing negotiations by demanding seats at the negotiation table.

Biodiversity↗
PubMed2002

Discounting and reciprocity in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma.

The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) is a central paradigm in the study of animal cooperation. According to the IPD framework, repeated play (repetition) and reciprocity combine to maintain a cooperative equilibrium. However, experimental studies with animals suggest that cooperative behavior in IPDs is unstable, and some have suggested that strong preferences for immediate benefits (that is, temporal discounting) might explain the fragility of cooperative equilibria. We studied the effects of discounting and strategic reciprocity on cooperation in captive blue jays. Our results demonstrate an interaction between discounting and reciprocity. Blue jays show high stable levels of cooperation in treatments with reduced discounting when their opponent reciprocates, but their levels of cooperation decline in all other treatment combinations. This suggests that stable cooperation requires both reduced discounting and reciprocity, and it offers an explanation of earlier failures to find cooperation in controlled payoff games.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

What can you ask about? The effect on response to a postal screen of asking about two potentially sensitive questions.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to determine whether asking about ethnic origin and housing tenure in a postal survey affects the response rate. DESIGN: The study derived from a postal survey designed to determine eligibility for a study of outpatients. A two way factorial design was used to look at the two experimental factors, questionnaires being randomly divided into four groups with or without questions about ethnic origin and housing tenure. PARTICIPANTS: 10,000 people (1000 from each of 10 areas) were systematically sampled from electoral registers, the areas being chosen to give a nationally representative sample. MAIN RESULTS: The response rate was 66% irrespective of whether ethnic origin was asked about, but was 65% and 67% respectively to questionnaires with and without questions about housing tenure. CONCLUSIONS: Asking about ethnic origin did not affect the overall response to this survey although it is possible that the response from some ethnic minority groups was lower. Asking about housing tenure slightly, but significantly, decreased response.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Do firms with unique competencies for rescuing victims of human catastrophes have special obligations? Corporate responsibility and the AIDS catastrophe in sub-Saharan Africa.

Firms possessing a unique competency to rescue the victims of a human catastrophe have a minimum moral obligation to devote substantial resources toward best efforts to aid victims. The minimum amount that firms should devote to rescue is the largest sum of their most recent year's investment in social initiatives, their five-year trend, their industry's average, or the national average. Financial exigency may justify a lower level of investment. Alternative social investments may be continued if they have an equally compelling rationale. These duties apply to the global pharmaceutical companies in the context of the AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Utilization review, DRGs, and physician autonomy.

Utilization review and the current Medicare prospective payment system are part of a continuum of Federal legislation aimed at controlling scarce health care resources. Physicians have met these attempts to establish standards of utilization and fiscal control with varying levels of cooperation and resistance. This paper examines the physician's perceived threat to professional practice that these allocation strategies represent. The paper addresses four major areas of concern: bureaucratic tensions; income; clinical decision-making; and self-regulation. The paper ends by discussing the benefits for physicians in taking a proactive stance toward these measures.

Medicare↗